Smart material: Difference between revisions
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'''Smart materials''' are materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as [[stress (physics)|stress]], [[temperature]], moisture, [[pH]], [[electric field|electric]] or [[magnetic field|magnetic]] fields. |
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There are a number of types of smart material, some of which are already common. Some examples are as following: |
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* [[Piezoelectric]] materials are materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since this effect also applies in the reverse manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress within the sample. Suitably designed structures made from these materials can therefore be made that bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied. |
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* [[Shape memory alloy]]s and [[shape memory polymer]]s are Thermoresponsive materials where deformation can be induced and recovered through temperature changes. |
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* [[Magnetic shape memory]] alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a significant change in the magnetic field. |
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* [[pH-sensitive polymers]] are materials which swell/collapse when the pH of the surrounding media changes. |
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* [[Temperature-responsive polymers]] are materials which undergo changes upon temperature. |
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* [[Halochromism|Halochromic]] materials are commonly materials that change their colour as a result of changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change colour to indicate [[corrosion]] in the metal underneath them. |
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* [[chromism|Chromogenic systems]] change colour in response to electrical, optical or thermal changes. These include [[electrochromic]] materials, which change their colour or opacity on the application of a voltage (e.g. [[liquid crystal display]]s), [[thermochromic]] materials change in color depending on their temperature, and [[photochromic]] materials, which change colour in response to light - for example, light sensitive [[sunglasses]] that darken when exposed to bright sunlight. |
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* [[Non-Newtonian fluid]] is a liquid which changes its viscosity in response to an applied [[shear rate]]. In other words the liquid will change its viscosity in response to some sort of force or pressure. One good example of this is [[Oobleck]], a fluid that seems to temporarily turn into a solid when a force is applied quickly.<ref name="Oobleck">[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw& Oobleck in a Spanish Show]</ref> Another good example is [[Custard]], as long as it is starch based. |
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* [[Ferrofluid]] |
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* [[Photomechanical Effect|Photomechanical Materials]] change shape under exposure to light. |
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* [[Self-healing material]]s have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus expanding the material's lifetime |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.cimss.vt.edu Center for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures], [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] |
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* [http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/smrt.html Smart Materials] |
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* [http://www.fzu.cz/departments/metals/sma/ Institute of Physic of the ASCR (CZ)] |
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== References == |
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<references/> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Smart Material}} |
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[[Category:Smart materials|*]] |
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{{tech-stub}} |
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[[ar:مادة ذكية]] |
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[[de:Funktionswerkstoff]] |
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[[es:Materiales inteligentes]] |
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[[fa:مواد هوشمند]] |
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[[nl:Smart material]] |
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[[th:วัสดุฉลาด]] |
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Revision as of 16:46, 7 January 2010
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