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Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs

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Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs dispute

Map of the Strait of Hormuz showing the disputed islands
Date30 November 1971
Location
Persian Gulf
Result Iranian victory
Territorial
changes		 Iran captures Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs; Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah join the United Arab Emirates.
Belligerents
Iran Imperial State of Iran Emirate of Sharjah
Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah
Commanders and leaders
Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Iran Adm. Farajollah Rasaei		 Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi
Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi
Strength
2,000 soldiers 6 police officers
Casualties and losses
3 killed (Iranian claim) 4 killed (Iranian claim)
1 killed (UAE claim)

The seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs by the Imperial Iranian Navy took place on 30 November 1971, shortly after the withdrawal of British forces from the islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, all located in the Strait of Hormuz between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.[1] The Imperial State of Iran had claimed sovereignty over both sets of islands, while the Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah claimed the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and the Emirate of Sharjah claimed Abu Musa.

Following the seizure of the islands by Iran, both the emirates of Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah acceded to the newly formed United Arab Emirates, doing so on 2 December 1971 and 10 February 1972, respectively, causing the United Arab Emirates to inherit the territorial dispute with Iran over the islands. As of 2022, the islands remain disputed between the United Arab Emirates and the Islamic Republic of Iran.[2]

On the ground, Iran has maintained its control over the islands since their seizure in 1971, while the United Arab Emirates has made several attempts through international channels to gain sovereign control of the islands.

Background

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Since Achaemenians (over 2500 years ago) three Islands in Persian Gulf have been part of Persia.

According to Iranologist Pirouz Mojtahedzadeh, the Tunbs were in the dominions of the kings of Hormuz from 1330 until 1507 when they were invaded by Portugal. The Portuguese occupied the island until 1622, when they were expelled by Shah Abbas. The islands were part of various Persian Empires from 1622 to 7 June 1921, when they were occupied by the British Empire and were put under administration of the Emirate of Sharjah.

On 29 November 1971, shortly before the end of the British protectorate and the formation of the United Arab Emirates, Iran and the ruler of Sharjah signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for the joint administration of Abu Musa. Under the MoU, Sharjah was to have a local police station on Abu Musa and Iran was to station troops on the island according to a map attached to the MoU. Iran and Sharjah were each to have full jurisdiction in the designated areas and their flags were to continue to fly. The MoU provided for equal distribution of petroleum oil revenues.[1] It has been said that the ruler of Sharjah had no other feasible option but to sign the MoU. He either had to negotiate to save part of his territory or forego the restoration of the remaining part of the island for good.[3] On the same day Iran regained the Greater and Lesser Tunbs.

A day later, on 30 November 1971, Iran seized Abu Musa.[1][4][5]

Operation

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Sheikh Saqr, the brother of the ruler of Sharjah, welcoming Iranian troops aboard Iran's naval ship Artemis, at Abu Musa, 1971

At dawn on 29 November 1971, helicopters circled Abu Musa and dropped leaflets, written in Persian, telling residents who were mostly farmers and fishermen to surrender.[6]

At 5:30 pm on 29 November 1971, a contingent of the Iranian army supported by Imperial Iranian Navy forces invaded the Lesser and Greater Tunbs.[7] In the Tunbs, the ruler of Ras Al Khaimah, Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, who did not have a signed agreement with Iran, resisted the Iranian troops.[8] On Greater Tunb, the Iranians ordered the six policemen stationed there to lower the flag. Salem Suhail bin Khamis, the head policeman, refused to comply and was shot and killed.[citation needed][9] Policemen in Greater Tunb clashed with the Iranian troops and in the ensuing skirmish four Ras Al Khaimah policemen and three Iranian soldiers were killed. The Iranian troops then demolished the police station, the school, and a number of houses, and forced the natives to leave the island. The body of the deceased were buried on the island and the residents were put on fishing boats and expelled to Ras Al Khaimah.[7] The Iranian naval forces seized the islands with little resistance from the tiny Arab police force stationed there.[10] The population of the Greater Tunb in 1971 was 150.[11][12] According to author Richard N. Schofield, a source states that the 120 Arab civilian population of Greater Tunb was then deported, but according to other reports the island had already been uninhabited for some time earlier.[10]

On 30 November 1971, an Iranian contingent landed on Abu Musa to occupy the part of the island alluded to in the memorandum of understanding with Sharjah. It was led by the commandant of the navy who was received by the deputy ruler of Sharjah and some aides.[7] On the same day, Iranian Prime Minister officially broke the news of the seizure of the islands of Lesser and Greater Tunbs and the partial occupation of Abu Musa and stated that the Iranian flag had been hoisted on the tip of Haifa mountain, the highest point in Abu Musa. He said Iran's sovereignty of the islands was restored following prolonged talks with the British government and declared that Iran would not abandon its sovereignty over the whole of Abu Musa and accordingly, the presence of local officials in certain parts of the island was inconsistent with Iran's sovereignty over the whole island.[13]

Casualties

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Iran announced that three of its troops were killed and one was wounded, while killing four policemen and injuring five others.[14] The UAE has claimed one policeman to have died while defending the island.[15]

Aftermath

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Iran justified the takeover, claiming that the islands were part of the Persian Empire since the 6th century BCE.[16] The claim was disputed by the UAE which claimed that Arabs maintained control and sovereignty of the islands since the 7th century BCE.[16] However, there is no surviving documentation from pre-colonial times regarding the sovereignty of the islands.[16] The earliest known record regarding sovereignty is a report by the Portuguese in 1518 that the islands were inhabited and ruled by Arabs.[16]

In the decades following the takeover, the issue remained a source of friction between the UAE and Iran. Negotiations between the UAE and Iran in 1992 failed. The UAE attempted to bring the dispute before the International Court of Justice,[17] but Iran refused. Iran says the islands always belonged to it as it had never renounced possession of the islands, and that they are part of Iranian territory.[18] The UAE argues that the islands were under the control of Qasimi sheikhs throughout the 19th century, whose rights were then inherited by the UAE in 1971. Iran counters by stating that the local Qasimi rulers during a relevant part of the 19th century were actually based on the Iranian, not the Arab, coast, and had thus become Persian subjects.[19]

In 1980, the UAE took its claim to the United Nations,[20] but the claim was deferred by the UN Security Council at that time and it was not revisited.[1][5] According to author Thomas Mattair, executive director of Middle East Policy Council (MEPC), given that Iran has consistently refused to consider mediation or arbitration from third-party groups such as the ICJ, Mattair considers the invasion a violation of Article 33 of the United Nations Charter.[21]

GCC, EU, China and Russia statement

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Russian diplomats voiced support for GCC support of UAE claim of tritary islands in 2023.[22] China have similarly effectively taken UAE's side.[23][24]

As the Iranian pension fund crisis unraveled, it was proposed that Iran should sell some islands by a MP.[25]

UAE have police deployed in the island but Iranians Islamic republic military have a base of operations.[26]

In December 2023, Iran charged Russian affairs for annunciation of Russia support of the UAE claim and called it betrayal.[27]

In June 2024 Chinese ministry of foreign affairs refused after Iranian regime demanded they change their stance.[28] The Islamic Republic newspaper wrote that minister of foreign affairs must back Taiwan independence in retaliation.[29]

In October 2024, GCC and the European Union held a summit and in its concluding resolution called on Iran to end its "occupation" of the islands and return them to the UAE.[30][31]

Memorandum of understanding

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  • Ruler of Sharjah asks the British foreign secretary for Iranian acceptance of the MOU
    Ruler of Sharjah asks the British foreign secretary for Iranian acceptance of the MOU
  • The memorandum of understanding as attached to the letter of 18 November 1971 from the ruler of Sharjah to the British foreign secretary
    The memorandum of understanding as attached to the letter of 18 November 1971 from the ruler of Sharjah to the British foreign secretary
  • Official map of Abu musa island attached to the memorandum of understanding of November 1971
    Official map of Abu musa island attached to the memorandum of understanding of November 1971
  • Letter of 24 November 1971 from the British foreign secretary to the Iranian minister of foreign affairs asking for Iranian acceptance of the MOU
    Letter of 24 November 1971 from the British foreign secretary to the Iranian minister of foreign affairs asking for Iranian acceptance of the MOU
  • Letter of 25 November 1971 from the Iranian foreign minister to the British foreign secretary concerning Iran's acceptance of the MOU
    Letter of 25 November 1971 from the Iranian foreign minister to the British foreign secretary concerning Iran's acceptance of the MOU
  • Letter of 25 November 1971 from the Iranian foreign minister to the British foreign secretary spelling out Iran's conditions and warnings relevant to Iran's acceptance of the MOU
    Letter of 25 November 1971 from the Iranian foreign minister to the British foreign secretary spelling out Iran's conditions and warnings relevant to Iran's acceptance of the MOU
  • Letter of 26 November 1971 from the British foreign secretary to the Iranian foreign minister informing him that Iran's conditions and warnings had been conveyed to the ruler of Sharjah. (It was agreed that an absence of reply from the ruler of Sharjah to this letter would amount to his acceptance of Iran's conditions and warnings.)[32]
    Letter of 26 November 1971 from the British foreign secretary to the Iranian foreign minister informing him that Iran's conditions and warnings had been conveyed to the ruler of Sharjah. (It was agreed that an absence of reply from the ruler of Sharjah to this letter would amount to his acceptance of Iran's conditions and warnings.)[32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Mojtahedzadeh, Pirouz (1993). Countries and boundaries in the geopolitical region of the Persian Gulf. The Institute for Political and International Studies. ISBN 9643611035.
  2. ^ Vaidya, Sunil K. (9 April 2009). "UAE gets strong backing in island dispute with Iran". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
    – Henderson, Simon (7 December 2007). "Unwanted Guest: The Gulf Summit and Iran". The Washington Institute For Near East Policy. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
    – "Abu Musa and the Tumbs: The Dispute That Won't Go Away, Part Two". The Estimate. 4 August 2001. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  3. ^ Taryam, Abdulla Omran (2019). The Establishment of the United Arab Emirates 1950–85. Routledge. p. 162. ISBN 978-1138225787.
  4. ^ Mojtahedzadeh, Pirouz (1999). Security and territoriality in the Persian Gulf. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0700710981.
  5. ^ a b Mojtahedzadeh, Pirouz (2006). Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran. Florida: Universal Publishers Boca Raton. ISBN 1581129335.
  6. ^ "Modern War, Issue #53". strategyandtacticspress.com. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  7. ^ a b c Taryam, Abdulla Omran (2019). The Establishment of the United Arab Emirates 1950–85. Routledge. p. 163. ISBN 978-1138225787.
  8. ^ Rubin, Barry M. (2002). Crises in the Contemporary Persian Gulf. Routledge. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0714652672.
  9. ^ Burki, Shireen (June 2021). "Disputed Islands: Iran's Seizure of Abu Musa and the Tunb Islands". Modern War. 53: 59–65.
  10. ^ a b Schofield, Richard. Borders and territoriality in the Gulf and the Arabian peninsula during the twentieth century. In: Schofield (ed.) Territorial foundations of the Gulf states. London: UCL Press, 1994. 1–77. References on p. 38.
  11. ^ Taryam, Abdulla Omran (2019). The Establishment of the United Arab Emirates 1950–85. Routledge. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-1138225787.
  12. ^ Al Qassimi, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed (23 August 1971). Memorandum to Arab States on Abu Musa. Vol. XV. Beirut: The Middle East Research and Publishing Centre. p. 6-3.
  13. ^ Taryam, Abdulla Omran (2019). The Establishment of the United Arab Emirates 1950–85. Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 978-1138225787.
  14. ^ "Iranian Troops Occupy Three Strategic Islands in Persian Gulf, and a Sheikdom Protests", The New York Times, Reuters, p. 13, 1 December 1971, retrieved 30 September 2021
  15. ^ "سالم سهيــــل.. الذكرى الـ 42 للشهيد ولقـــــيام الدولة". www.emaratalyoum.com (in Arabic). 29 November 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  16. ^ a b c d Al-Mazrouei, Noura (October 2015). "Disputed Islands between UAE and Iran: Abu Musa, Greater Tunb, and Lesser Tunb in the Strait of Hormuz" (PDF). Gulf Research Centre Cambridge 2.
  17. ^ Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK) Archived 29 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Safa Haeri, [1]
  19. ^ Schofield: 35–37.
  20. ^ "Article about Abu Musa in the Trade & Environment Database of the American University, Massachusetts". Archived from the original on 22 June 2007.
  21. ^ Mattair, Thomas (July 1995). The Three Occupied UAE Islands: The Tunbs and Abu Musa. The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research.
  22. ^ "Iranian Media, Politicians Continue to Slam Russia for 'Treason'". 14 September 2023.
  23. ^ "Iranians Slam China's Endorsement of UAE Territorial Claim". 14 September 2023.
  24. ^ "3 islands in Persian Gulf belong to Iran forever: MP". en.irna.ir. 11 December 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  25. ^ "Iranians React with Skepticism to Proposal to Sell Strategic Islands for Pension Funding". Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty.
  26. ^ "امارات به ساکنانش در ابوموسی غذای مجانی می‌دهد تا در آنجا بمانند!". اعتمادآنلاین (in Persian). 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  27. ^ "Iran summons Russian envoy over statement on Persian Gulf disputed islands". AP News. 24 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  28. ^ The relevant contents of the China-UAE Joint Statement are consistent with China's position https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-maintains-stance-disputed-gulf-092327202.html
  29. ^ https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-9/662383-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86 [bare URL]
  30. ^ "EU backs Arab demands for Iran to end 'occupation' of islands".
  31. ^ "EU-GCC joint declaration in full".
  32. ^ Mojtahedzadeh, Pirouz (July 1995). THE ISLANDS OF TUNB AND ABU MUSA. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.
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