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Venus Orbiter Mission

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This article is about the Indian Venus probe. For other Venus orbiters, see list of missions to Venus.

Venus Orbiter Mission
Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM) in on-orbit configuration
Mission typeVenus orbiter[1]
OperatorISRO
Mission durationPlanned: 4 years[2]
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerISAC
Launch mass2,500 kg (5,500 lb)[3]
Payload mass~100 kg (220 lb)[1]
Power500 watts (0.67 hp) for payload[1]
Start of mission
Launch date29 March 2028 (planned)[4]
RocketLVM3[2][3]
Launch siteSDSC SHAR
ContractorISRO
Orbital parameters
Reference systemCytherocentric
Periapsis altitude200km
Apoapsis altitude600km
Venus orbiter
Orbital insertion19 July 2028 (planned)[4]
Venus atmospheric probe
Spacecraft componentAerobot balloon[3][5]

The Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM), unofficially known as Shukrayaan[6][7][8][9][10][11] (Sanskrit: Śukra 'Venus', Yāna 'Craft, Vehicle'),[12] is a planned Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) mission to study the surface and atmosphere of Venus.[13][14][15][16]

Funds were released in 2017 to complete preliminary studies, and solicitations for instruments were announced.[17][18] The orbiter was expected to have a science payload capability of approximately 100 kilograms (220 lb) with 500 W available power.[1] The initial elliptical orbit around Venus is expected to be 500 km (310 mi) at periapsis & 60,000 km (37,000 mi) at apoapsis.[1][19] In September 2024, ISRO disclosed to launch the Venus Orbiter Mission in March 2028,[20] and in October 2024, the launch date was set to 29 March 2028, with a journey of 112 days, thereby reaching the Venusian orbit on 19 July 2028.[4]

Objectives

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The three broad research areas of interest for this mission include surface/subsurface stratigraphy and re-surfacing processes; studying the atmospheric chemistry, dynamics and compositional variations, and studying solar irradiance and solar wind interaction with Venus' ionosphere.[1] The mission may carry out research on Venus' active volcanic hotspots, lava flows and their patterns.[21][22] The probe may reexamine claims of phosphine on Venus,[21] as the findings are currently thought to be in error.[23]

History

[edit]

Based on the success of Chandrayaan and the Mars Orbiter Mission, ISRO began studying the feasibility of interplanetary missions to Mars and Venus. A mission to Venus was first presented at a Tirupati space meet in 2012.[24] ISRO was authorized to complete preliminary studies.[25][26] From 2016 to 2017, ISRO collaborated with Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to study the Venus atmosphere using signals from the Akatsuki in a radio occultation experiment.[27][28][29]

In 2017, ISRO made an 'Announcement of Opportunity' (AO) seeking science payload proposals from Indian academia.[1] In 2018, ISRO made another 'Announcement of Opportunity' inviting payload proposals from the international scientific community. The available science payload capacity with a science payload of 100 kg.[30][31]

ISRO and the French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) held collaboration discussions in 2018, including the Venus mission and autonomous navigation and aerobraking technologies.[32] French astrophysicist Jacques Blamont expressed interest to ISRO chairman Udupi Ramachandra Rao to use balloons to help study the Venusian atmosphere. Similar to the Vega missions, these instrumented balloons could be deployed from an orbiter and take prolonged observations while floating in the planet's relatively mild upper atmosphere.[24][33] ISRO agreed to consider the proposal to use a balloon probe carrying a 10 kilograms (22 lb) payload to study the Venusian atmosphere at a 55 kilometres (34 mi) altitude.[3][34]

As of late 2018, the Venus mission was in the configuration study phase and ISRO had not sought the Indian government's full approval.[35] Somak Raychaudhury, the director of Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), stated in 2019 that a drone-like probe was being considered.[5]

As of November 2020, ISRO had shortlisted 20 international proposals that include collaboration with institutions from Russia, France, Sweden and Germany.[36] Mission could be launched no earlier than 2028, with an alternate launch window in 2031.[37][38][39]

S. Somanath, the chairman of ISRO, stated that engineers are aiming to lower the cost of some high-value components and that India's maiden mission to Venus is probably going to launch in 2028 while speaking with reporters during India International Science Festival 2024. Venus Orbiter Mission development, however, will take longer than expected because Gaganyaan project has taken precedence.[40][41]

During an interview to Asian News International on 28 September 2024, Jan Thesleff, the Swedish ambassador to India, reaffirmed that ISRO and the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) are working together on the Venus Orbiter Mission.[42]

Cabinet approval

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The Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM), which is intended to orbit a spacecraft in the orbit of planet Venus for a better understanding of the Venusian surface and subsurface, atmospheric processes, and influence of Sun on Venusian atmosphere, was approved by the Union Cabinet on September 18, 2024, under the direction of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Understanding the fundamental processes that have transformed Venus—which is thought to have once been habitable and very comparable to Earth—will be crucial to comprehending the development of Earth and Venus, the sister planets.[43] A total of ₹1,236 crore (US$150 million) has been sanctioned for the Venus Orbiter Mission, of which ₹824 crore (US$99 million) would go toward the spacecraft.[44][45]

On 1 October 2024, the ISRO announced the dates of the mission. The launch date is set to 29 March 2028, and will have a journey to Venus for 112 days, thus reaching the Venusian orbit on 19 July 2028. The Venusian atmospheric insertion date is yet to be disclosed.[4]

Science payload

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The 100 kg (220 lb) science payload would consist of instruments from India and other countries. As of October 1 2024, 16 Indian payloads, 2 collaborative payloads and an international payload had been manifested for the spacecraft.[46]

Indian instruments

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  • VSAR (Venus S-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar): It aims to search for active volcanism and map Venus with high resolution, providing insights into the planet's topography and surface properties.[47]
  • VSEAM (Venus Surface Emissivity and Atmospheric Mapper): This hyperspectral spectrometer will study Venus's surface and atmosphere, focusing on volcanic hotspots, cloud structure, and water vapor mapping[47]
  • VTC (Venus Thermal Camera): Designed to map thermal emissions from Venusian clouds, it will provide critical data on atmospheric dynamics and planetary-scale features.[47]
  • VCMC (Venus Cloud Monitoring Camera): This UV and visible wavelength camera will capture atmospheric circulation dynamics and study wave phenomena and lightning[47]
  • LIVE (Lightning Instrument for Venus):[48] LIVE will detect electrical activity in Venus’s atmosphere, analyzing lightning and plasma emissions.[47]
  • VASP (Venus Atmospheric Spectropolarimeter): This instrument will investigate cloud properties[47]
  • SPAV (Solar occultation photometry): SPAV will measure the vertical distribution of aerosols and haze in Venus’s mesosphere.[47]
  • Narrow band oxygen Airglow detection in Venusian Atmosphere (NAVA): The NAVA payload employs a novel photometric technique which has been successfully augmented into a CCD based instrument to measure Venusian airglow emissions.[49]
  • VEnus THermosphere Ionosphere composition Analyser (VETHICA) : The VETHICA is a quadrupole mass spectrometer that will study the altitude-latitude distribution of neutral and ion composition in the Thermosphere-ionosphere-exosphere region of Venus and to investigate the dynamics of Venusian plasma environment.[49]
  • Venus Advanced Radar for Topside Ionosphere and Subsurface Sounding (VARTISS): VARTISS is a low frequency radar sounder that operates in two modes; ionospheric mode and subsurface mode. VARTISS will study the structure of the Venusian ionosphere and help to Investigate the vertical structure and stratigraphy of geological units.[49][50]
  • Venusian Electron temperature and Density Analyser (VEDA): The scientific objectives of VEDA instrument are to understand the variability of ionopause altitude and its effects on local air pressure .[49]
  • Retarding Potential Analyser (RPA) is a plasma diagnostic tool which uses a series of electrostatic grids to measure the ion energy distribution.[49]
  • Venus Ionospheric Plasma wave detectoR (VIPER): The science objectives of the VIPER instrument are to sample the plasma and magnetic environment around Venus and to characterize plasma waves surrounding the planet.[49][51]
  • Venus Radiation environment monitor (VeRad): The objective of the VeRad instrument are to study the impact of Supra-thermal and high energy solar energetic particles (SEPs) on the Venus atmosphere and investigate their role in the sustenance of ionosphere on the nightside.[49][52]
  • Solar Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SSXS) for Venus Orbiter: The primary scientific objective of Solar Soft X-ray Spectrometer (S3) onboard Venus orbiter is to measure the solar irradiance in the soft X-ray region entering in to the Venus atmosphere.[49][52]
  • Venus Orbit Dust Experiment (VODEX): VODEX is an impact ionization dust detector made of thin sheet or foil of gold plate. The major scientific objectives of VODEX is to study abundance, flux and distribution of Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs) at Venus.[49]

International Collaboration Instruments

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  • Venus Ionospheric and Solar Wind particle AnalySer (VISWAS): VISWAS has two components namely Plasma Analyser (PA) which will be developed by SPL,VSSC and the Venusian Neutrals Analyzer (VNA),contributed by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics .The instrument will study the interaction between charged particles from the Sun and Venus's atmosphere.[47][49]
  • Radio Anatomy of Venus Ionosphere (RAVI): Designed and developed in collaboration with a German team, RAVI will study the thermal structure in the Venus atmosphere above and below the clouds, Variation of ionosphere under quiet and disturbed solar conditions and to estimate the contribution of Sulphuric Acid in the energetics of the Venus atmosphere.[53][49]

International Instruments

[edit]

Two Russian payloads by the Russian Space Research Institute and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, namely VIRAL and IVOLGA were shortlisted to study the atmosphere:[54][55]. Of them, VIRAL has been selected for launch.

Proposed instruments

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See also

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References

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  2. ^ a b Mehta, Jatan (19 November 2020). "India's Shukrayaan orbiter to study Venus for over four years, launches in 2024". SpaceNews. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Bagla, Pallava (21 November 2018). "India seeks collaborators for a mission to Venus, the neglected planet". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaw1484. S2CID 134327421. Astrophysicist Jacques Blamont, a former head of France's National Center for Space Studies in Paris, several years ago proposed producing metallic balloons that could dip in and out of Venus's hot atmosphere to study its chemistry. ISRO has adopted that idea, says Sivan, but will develop the balloon in-house. It will carry 10 kilograms of instruments and float down to 55 kilometers above the surface.
  4. ^ a b c d "Isro announces launch date of ambitious Venus Orbiter Mission". India Today. 1 October 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
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  10. ^ Mehta, Jatan (19 November 2020). "India's Shukrayaan orbiter to study Venus for over four years, launches in 2024". SpaceNews. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
  11. ^ "'Shukrayaan-1': All About ISRO's Big Mission To Venus". NDTV. 29 September 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
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  14. ^ Nowakowski, Tomasz (July 2015). "India eyes possible mission to Venus". Spaceflight Insider. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
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  27. ^ "Department of Space, Annual Report 2016-17" (PDF). 22 February 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2018. Both agencies have also agreed to conduct a joint experiment to study Venus atmosphere by collecting signals from JAXA's Akatsuki mission by ISRO's ground stations (IDSN).
  28. ^ "Initial results of the radio occultation experiment in the Venus orbiter mission Akatsuki" (PDF). 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  29. ^ Imamura, Takeshi; et al. (3 October 2017). "Initial performance of the radio occultation experiment in the Venus orbiter mission Akatsuki". Earth, Planets and Space. 69 (1): 137. Bibcode:2017EP&S...69..137I. doi:10.1186/s40623-017-0722-3. hdl:20.500.14094/90004975.
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  31. ^ ISRO invites foreign 'riders' to Venus. Madhumathi D.S., The Hindu. 11 November 2018.
  32. ^ ISRO to work with its French counterpart for inter-planetary missions to Mars, Venus. India Times 16 April 2018.
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  34. ^ "India-France Joint Vision for Space Cooperation (New Delhi, 10 March 2018)". www.mea.gov.in. Retrieved 21 November 2018. 3.6 Exploring the solar system and beyond: ISRO and CNES would work together on (i) autonomous navigation of rovers in Moon, Mars and other planets; (ii) aero braking technologies for planetary exploration; (iii) modeling of Mars and Venus atmosphere; and (iv) inflatable systems for Venus exploration. Both sides can embark on complex high technology space science and planetary exploration missions in future.
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  39. ^ "ISRO discussing possible mission to moon with Japanese agency: S Somanath". The Economic Times. 22 March 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 16 January 2024. Somanath also said there is a good opportunity to launch a mission to explore planet Venus by 2028.
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  45. ^ Sunilkumar, Singh Rahul (18 September 2024). "Big boost to ISRO: Chandrayaan-4, Venus mission, Indian space station and next-gen launch vehicle get Cabinet nod". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  46. ^ "Union Cabinet Approves India's Mission to Venus, and Sample Return from the Moon". ISRO. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
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  48. ^ "Sensitivity Analysis and Testing of Electrically Short Dipole Antenna for Lightning Instrument for VEnus (LIVE)" (PDF).
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  50. ^ Widemann, Thomas; Smrekar, Suzanne E.; Garvin, James B.; Straume-Lindner, Anne Grete; Ocampo, Adriana C.; Schulte, Mitchell D.; Voirin, Thomas; Hensley, Scott; Dyar, M. Darby; Whitten, Jennifer L.; Nunes, Daniel C.; Getty, Stephanie A.; Arney, Giada N.; Johnson, Natasha M.; Kohler, Erika (3 October 2023). "Venus Evolution Through Time: Key Science Questions, Selected Mission Concepts and Future Investigations". Space Science Reviews. 219 (7): 56. Bibcode:2023SSRv..219...56W. doi:10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w. hdl:20.500.11850/637406. ISSN 1572-9672.
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  56. ^ "France refuses to work with Russia on device for India's Venus mission — Space Institute". TASS. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  57. ^ "France-India Space Cooperation - Focus on Climate Science and Space Exploration". presse.cnes.fr. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  58. ^ NASA may provide ISRO terahertz devices for its proposed orbiter to Venus Archived 23 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Web India 123. 30 November 2018.
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