Sgian-dubh
The sgian-dubh (/ˌskiːən ˈduː/ skee-ən-DOO; Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [s̪kʲənˈt̪u]) – also anglicized as skene-dhu[1] – is a small, single-edged knife (Scottish Gaelic: sgian) worn as part of traditional Scottish Highland dress. It is now worn tucked into the top of the kilt hose with only the upper portion of the hilt visible. The sgian-dubh is normally worn on the same side as the dominant hand.
Etymology and spelling
[edit]The name comes from the Scottish Gaelic sgian-dubh, from sgian ('knife') and dubh ('black', also with the secondary meaning of 'hidden'.[2]). Although sgian is feminine, so that a modern Gael might refer to a black knife as sgian dhubh, the term for the ceremonial knife is a set-phrase containing a historical form with blocked lenition.[3][4] Other spellings are found in English, including skean-dhu[5] and skene-dhu.[6] The Gaelic plural, sgianan-dubha, is only rarely encountered in English.
Origins
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The sgian-dubh may have evolved from the sgian-achlais, a dagger that could be concealed under the armpit. Used by the Scots of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, this knife was slightly larger than the average modern sgian-dubh and was carried in the upper sleeve or lining of the body of the jacket.[7]
Draconian Scots laws introduced by the Scots Privy Council under the Stewart King in the late 1500's; intended to reduce honour interclan feuds and duelling included the outlawing of hidden weapons. {Basilikon Doron 1599}. This writ by the Scots King was impossible to enforce North of the Highland Line and so the carrying of weapons continued in the Highlands until the suppression period post Culloden in 1746. Never the less, the transition from the carrying of the last resort weapon (Sgian) may have begun to transition from armpit pocket to top of hose on the leg at this time. However, codes of Highland courtesy and etiquette would demand that when entering the home of a friend, any concealed weapons would be revealed. It follows that the sgian-achlais would be removed from its hiding place and displayed in the stocking top held securely by the garters.[8]
The sgian-dubh also resembles the small skinning knife that is part of the typical set of hunting knives. These sets contain a butchering knife with a 9-to-10-inch (23 to 25 cm) blade, and a skinner with a blade of about 4 inches (10 cm). These knives usually had antler handles, as do many early sgian-dubhs. The larger knife is likely the ancestor of the modern dirk.[9][10][11]
The sgian-dubh can be seen in portraits of kilted men of the mid-19th century. A portrait by Sir Henry Raeburn of Colonel Alasdair Ranaldson MacDonell of Glengarry hangs in the National Gallery of Scotland; it shows hanging from his belt on his right hand side a Highland Scottish dirk, and visible at the top of his right stocking what appears to be a nested set of two sgian-dubhs. A similar sgian-dubh is in the collection of The National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland.[12]
Construction
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The early blades varied in construction, some having a "clipped" (famously found on the Bowie knife) or "drop" point. The "spear-point" tip has now become universal. The earliest known blades, some housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, are made from German or Scandinavian steel, which was highly prized by the Highlanders. Scalloped filework on the back of the blade is common on all Scottish knives. A short blade of 3 to 3.5 inches (7.5 to 9 cm) is typical.[citation needed]
Traditionally the scabbard is made of leather reinforced with wood and fitted with mounts of silver or some other metal which may be cast or engraved with designs ranging from Scottish thistles, Celtic knotwork, or heraldic elements such as a crest. While this makes for more popular and expensive knives, the sheath is hidden from view in the stocking while the sgian-dubh is worn. The sheaths of many modern sgian-dubhs are made of plastic mounted with less expensive metal fittings.
Since the modern sgian-dubh is worn mainly as a ceremonial item of dress and is usually not employed for cutting food or self-defence, blades are often of a simple construction. These are typically made from stainless steel. The hilts used on many modern sgian-dubhs are made of plastic that has been molded to resemble carved wood and fitted with cast metal mounts and synthetic decorative stones. Some are not even knives at all, but a plastic handle and sheath cast as one piece. Other examples are luxurious and expensive art pieces, with hand-carved ebony or bog wood hilts, sterling silver fittings and may have pommels set with genuine cairngorm stones and blades of Damascus steel or etched with Celtic designs or heraldic motifs.
Legality
[edit]When worn as part of the national dress of Scotland, the sgian-dubh is legal in Scotland, England, and Wales: in Scotland under the Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 s. 49(5)(c);[13] in England and Wales under the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (s. 139)[14] and the Offensive Weapons Act 1996 (s. 4).[15]
However, the wearing of the sgian-dubh is sometimes banned in areas with zero tolerance weapons policies or heightened security concerns. For example, they were banned from a school dance in Scotland,[16] and initially banned for the June 2014 celebration of the Battle of Bannockburn.[17]
Air travellers are now globally required by airport security to put sgian-dubh in their checked baggage.[18][19][20]
A Montreal piper received a ticket from police for wearing his sgian-dubh in public. Police gave Jeff McCarthy a $221 ticket for sporting it in his kilt hose while performing at the McGill University convocation ceremony on 2 November 2016.[21] McCarthy immediately contested the fine and after some delay the ticket was cancelled by The City of Montreal in May 2018, and his knife was returned.[22]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Smith, Benjamin Eli; William Dwight Whitney (1895). The Century Dictionary. Century Company.
- ^ "Am Faclair Beag". Retrieved 1 January 2024.; Compare also other Gaelic word-formations such as clàr-dubh 'hidden agenda', dubh-sgeir 'hidden (i.e. underwater) skerry', dubh-fhacal 'riddle' (lit. 'hidden word'), dubh-cheist 'enigma' (lit. 'hidden question').
- ^ Bauer, Michael (2011). Blas Na Gāidhlig: The Practical Guide to Scottish Gaelic Pronunciation. Akerbeltz. ISBN 978-1-907165-00-9.
- ^ Akerbeltz - An Gobhar Dubh (4 August 2023). "The homo-organic rule or When not to lenite". Gaelic Resources on the web. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ "Skene dhu". Miriam Webster. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
- ^ "skene1" Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd edition, 1989. [1] (subscription required).
- ^ Grancsay, Stephen Vincent (1991). Arms & Armor: Essays From the Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 1920–1964. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-87099-338-1.
- ^ Ray, R. Celeste (2001). Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South. UNC Press Books. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-8078-4913-2.
- ^ Blair, Claude (1962). European & American Arms, c. 1100–1850. Virginia: B. T. Batsfords. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-0-8048-1684-7.
- ^ "The Waterford Knife". Irish Archaeology. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Daithi. "Iron Age Ireland". archive.org. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Holdings: Three Irish knife-daggers (from Co. Mayo)". nli.ie. 1969. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Criminal Justice Act 1988". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Offensive Weapons Act 1996". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Top private school bans sgian-dubhs ahead of Christmas dance". The Scotsman. 26 November 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
- ^ "No More 'Sgian Dont!' Its Sgian Dubh at Bannockburn!". clans2014.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014..
- ^ "Travelling with culturally or religiously significant items". www.aviation.govt.nz. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ "TSA Travel Tips: Travelling with Religious & Cultural Items". www.tsa.gov. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ "Can I carry sharp-edged religious/cultural regalia/accessories (e.g. Kirpans, Sgian Dhub or Dirks) on my person or in my hand baggage?". Edinburgh Airport. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ^ "Montreal bagpiper to contest ticket for carrying ceremonial knife". Montreal Gazette. 19 November 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Ticketed Montreal bagpiper to get ceremonial knife back, have case dropped". Montreal Gazette. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
External links
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