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Senegambia

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This article is about a West African geographic region. For the Senegambia Confederation and the Senegambia bridge, see those articles. For other uses, see Senegambia (disambiguation).

The Senegambia (other names: Senegambia region or Senegambian zone,[1] Senegàmbi in Wolof and Pulaar) is, in the narrow sense, a historical name for a geographical region in West Africa, named after the Senegal River in the north and the Gambia River in the south. However, there are also text sources which state that Senegambia is understood in a broader sense and equated with the term the Western region. This refers to the coastal areas between Senegal and Sierra Leone, where the inland border in the east was not further defined.[2]

Geographically, the region lies within the tropical zone between the Sahel and the forests of Guinea, with Senegal and Gambian Rivers underpinning the region's geographical unity.[1] The region encompasses the modern states of Senegal, The Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau, as well as portions of Mauritania, Mali, and Guinea. It should not be confused with the recent Senegambia Confederation, which was a loose confederation between The Gambia and Senegal from 1982 to 1989, set up just after The Gambia's 1981 coup d'état where the Senegalese government intervened to reinstate the democratically elected Gambian government.

Spanning beyond the borders of the Senegambia Confederation, the Senegambia region was described by the Senegalese historian and scholar Professor Boubacar Barry of UCAD[3] as historically "the main gateway to Sudan, the cradle of the great empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai" and "the centre of gravity for West Africa."[4][5]

History

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Main articles: History of Senegal, History of The Gambia, History of Mali, History of Guinea, Serer ancient history, Serer history, and Senegambian stone circles
See also: Sudan (region)

According to Professor Abdoulaye Camara [fr] of IFAN and the Senghor University in Alexandria, Egypt, early humans appeared in Senegal around 350,000 years ago.[6] Benga and Thiam posit that, it is in the Falémé valley in the southeast of the country where we find the oldest traces of human life.[7]

In Senegambian Neolithic history, the period when humans became hunters, fishermen and producers (farmers and artisans) is well represented and studied. This is when more elaborate objects and ceramics emerged, testifying to various human activities.[8][9] The Diakité excavation in Thiès shows evidence of human mobility over a distance of about 600 km, during the Senegambian Neolithic age.[9]

Located in south of Mbour (in the Thiès Region), an ancient culture referred to as the Tiemassassien culture, Tiemassassien industry, Tiémassas or just Tiemassassien was discovered during a Senegalese excavation half a century ago. Descamps proposed that this culture pertains to the Neolithic Era about 10,000 years ago.[10] Dagan however proposed the Upper Paleolithic Era.[11] This culture was named after Thiès, the region it is in.

Senegambian stone circles (Wassu)[12]

The Senegambian stone circles are also located in this zone. Numerous tumuli, burial mounds, some of which have been excavated, revealed materials that date between the 3rd century BC and the 16th century AD. According to UNESCO : "Together the stone circles of laterite pillars and their associated burial mounds present a vast sacred landscape created over more than 1,500 years. It reflects a prosperous, highly organized and lasting society."[13] See the Senegambian stone circles, Serer ancient history and Serer religion articles for more on this.

During the medieval period of Europe which corresponds roughly to the Golden Age of West Africa, several great empires and kingdoms sprang out from the Senegambia region, including but not limited to the great Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, the Songhai Empire, the Jolof Empire, the Kaabu Empire, the Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum, Baol, Waalo and Takrur. During this period, several great dynasties rose and fell, and some, such as the Guelowar Dynasty of Sine and Saloum, survived for more than 600 years despite European colonialism, which fell as recently as 1969, nine years after Senegal gained its independence from France. It was also out of this region that the ancient lamanic class sprang. The ancient lamanes were the landowning class and kings. According to Barry, the "lamanic system is the oldest form of land ownership in precolonial Senegambia."[14]

Delisle's 1707 map of Senegambia.

From the 15th century, the region became a focus of Franco-British-Portuguese rivalry. The Portuguese were the first to arrive in the region in the 1450s. Until the 16th century, they held a monopoly on trade.[15]

In 1677, the French took the island of Gorée, and in 1681 they took control of Albreda on the Gambia River. This started a rivalry with the English, and in 1692 they briefly confiscated Gorée and Saint-Louis. In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, Gorée was captured by the British, who held it until 1763. In 1765, the British formed the Senegambia Province. In 1778, during the American War of Independence, the French went on the offensive, and razed James Island in the River Gambia. In 1783, the Treaty of Versailles recognised British claims to The Gambia and French claims to Saint-Louis and Gorée, dissolving the Senegambia Province.[5]

The French pursued a policy of expansion and saw The Gambia as an obstacle. In the late 19th century, they proposed ceding Dabou, Grand Bassam, and Assinie in return for The Gambia. The negotiations broke down but were repeatedly brought up again. After the failed 1981 coup d'état in The Gambia, a Senegambia Confederation was proposed and accepted. This lasted until 1989.[5]

Culture

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Youssou N'Dour at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival.

The Senegambia region has a rich culture including joking relationships (Sanankuya) between patrilineal clans and ethnic groups. This joking relationship ensures peaceful coexistence where one ethnic group can criticize or even insult another without the recipient taking offence. This bond of cousinage is called maasir or kalir in Serer, kal by the Wolof, kallengooraxu in Soninke, sanaawyaa in western Mandinka, and agelor in Joola (Fogny)[16]

The griot caste are found extensively in the Senegambia region. They preserve genealogy, history and culture of the people. There is also a mutual exchange of cuisines among the inhabitants of this region. For example Thieboudienne a Senegalese national dish and notably known as Jollof rice, which is an international export, named after the Kingdom of Jolof in present-day Senegal, originated from Saint-Louis. Tigadèguèna, a peanut stew originated in Mali. Maafe called domoda in Gambia originated in Senegal.[17]

Youssou N'Dour, Africa's most famous singer (according to Rolling Stone magazine (2014)), and who held the title as Africa's most powerful and biggest music export before Akon (who incidentally is also from this region) for several decades is from this region.[18][19][20] The African Renaissance Monument built in 2010 in Dakar, standing at 49 m (161 feet) is the tallest statue in Africa.[21]

From the old and sacred music genre of njuup, to the modern mbalax beats (derived from the Serer njuup tradition[22]), the region has a rich and old music and dance tradition. Traditional Senegalese wrestling called njom in Serer, laamb in Wolof and siɲɛta in Bambara is a favourite pastime and national sport in some parts of the region especially in Senegal.[23]

Media

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Main articles: Media of Senegal, The Gambia § Media, and Media of Mali

Senegambian media are varied and include several radio stations, television channels, newspapers and Internet. Some of these radio stations and TV channels such as Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise, Radio Gambia and GRTS are publicly owned, but most of the media especially radio stations and newspapers are privately owned.

On 4 October 1973, Radio Senegal (Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision du Sénégal (ORTS) as it was known at the time), which had been in talks with Radio Gambia about producing a joint radio programme based on Senegambian history and broadcast in the local Senegambian languages came to an agreement, and the first ever recording of the programme Chossani Senegambia (the history of Senegambia) was made.[24] The show was prerecorded and both Senegal and Gambia broadcast at the same time every Tuesday. That was the first show of its kind within the Senegambia region, where two media houses from different states broadcast the same show at the same time every week. The Gambian historian, and statesman Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof who was former Director of Programmes and Head of Local Languages at Radio Gambia was one of the pioneers of that joint programme. In his book, Senegambia - The land of our heritage (1995), p 12, Cham Joof writes:

The programme Chossanie Senegambia... has a higher audience in the Gambia and Senegal than any other programme broadcast by ORTS and Radio Gambia. It is the only programme that goes into the people's own culture and tells them about the history of their ancestors.[25]

Ethnic groups

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See also: Ethnic groups in Senegal, Demographics of the Gambia, Demographics of Guinea § Ethnic groups, Demographics of Guinea-Bissau § Ethnic groups, and Demographics of Mali § Ethnic groups

The Senegambian zone is home to various Senegambian ethnic groups including Wolof, Peul (or Fula), Tukulor (or Toucouleur), Manding, Sereer (or Serer), Soninke, Susu (or Sousou), Joola, Nalu, Baga, Beafada, Bainuk, and Bassari.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Barry, Boubacar, Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade, (Editors: David Anderson, Carolyn Brown; trans. Ayi Kwei Armah; contributors: David Anderson, American Council of Learned Societies, Carolyn Brown, University of Michigan. Digital Library Production Service, Christopher Clapham, Michael Gomez, Patrick Manning, David Robinson, Leonardo A. Villalon), Cambridge University Press (1998) p. 5, ISBN 9780521592260 [1] (Retrieved 15 March 2019)
  2. ^ London 1878: Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel. p. 111: Western Sudan or Senegambia
  3. ^ Barry, Boubacar, and Laurence Marfaing. Interview Avec Prof. Boubacar Barry, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar: Mobilité Des Nomades Et Des Sédentaires Dans L'espace CEDEAO. Regions & Cohesion / Regiones y Cohesión / Régions Et Cohésion, vol. 3, no. 3, 2013, pp. 155–166. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26452282.
  4. ^ Barry, Boubacar, La Sénégambie du XVe au XIXe siècle: traite négrière, Islam et conquête coloniale, L'Harmattan (1988), p. 26, ISBN 9782858026708
  5. ^ a b c "The historical perspective of Senegambia: The prospects and the way forward". The Standard. 5 June 2014. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  6. ^ Camara, Abdoulaye , Towards a New Policy to Protect Sites and Monuments, [in] Claude Daniel Ardouin (dir.), Museums & Archaeology in West Africa, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. ; James Currey Publishers, London, (1996), p. 178
  7. ^ Benga, Ndiouga; and Thiam, Mandiomé, « Préhistoire, protohistoire et histoire, [in] Atlas du Sénégal, p. 74
  8. ^ (in French) Mandiomé Thiam, La céramique au Sénégal : Archéologie et Histoire, Université de Paris I, 1991, 464 pages (thèse de doctorat)
  9. ^ a b Lame, Massamba; Crévola, Gilbert, Les haches polies de la carrière Diakité (Thiès, Sénégal) et le problème des courants d'échanges au Néolithique, Notes africaines, no. 173, 1982, p. 2-10.
  10. ^ Descamps,Cyr, Quelques réflexions sur le Néolithique du Sénégal, vol. 1, West African Journal of Archaeology (1981), pp, 145-151
  11. ^ Th. Dagan, Le Site préhistorique de Tiémassas (Sénégal), Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire (1956), pp. 432-48
  12. ^ Gravrand, Henry, La Civilisation Sereer: Pangool, Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp, 9, 20 & 77. ISBN 2723610551
  13. ^ Stone Circles of Senegambia, UNESCO [2]
  14. ^ Barry, Boubacar, The Kingdom of Waalo: Senegal Before the Conquest, Diasporic Africa Press (2012), p. 26, ISBN 9780966020113 [in] The Seereer Resource Centre, Seereer Lamans and the Lamanic Era, (2015) [3][permanent dead link]
  15. ^ "Senegambia". Atlas of the Gambia. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  16. ^ Diouf, Mamadou, Tolerance, Democracy, and Sufis in Senegal, Columbia University Press (2013), p. 168, note. 28, ISBN 9780231162630 [4] (Retrieved 15 March 2019)
  17. ^ Bonnardel, Regine (1985). Saint-Louis du Senegal; mort ou naissance?. p. 91.
  18. ^ Considine, J. D., and Matos, Michaelangelo, "Biography: Youssou N'Dour" RollingStone.com, 2004.
  19. ^ Africa Ranking, The most powerful African musicians, by Clara Ninenyui (2017) [5] (Retrieved 15 March 2019)
  20. ^ CNBC Africa, Forbes Africa's Top 10 Most Bankable Artists In Africa (May 16, 2017) [6] (Retrieved 15 March 2019)
  21. ^ Nevins, Debbie; Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth, Senegal - Cultures of the World (Third Edition), Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC (2018), p. 8, ISBN 9781502636423 [7]
  22. ^ Connolly, Sean, Senegal, Bradt Travel Guides (2015), p. 26 ISBN 9781841629131 [8]
  23. ^ Al Jazeera, Wrestling in Dakar, film by Edward Porembny (Witness 23 September 2013) [9] (Retrieved 15 March 2019)
  24. ^ Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham, Senegambia - The land of our heritage (1995), pp. 7-9
  25. ^ Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham. Senegambia - The land of our heritage (1995), p, 12
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