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Triglidae

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Triglidae
Temporal range: Eocene–recent, 48.6–0 Ma
Spiny red gurnard
(Chelidonichthys spinosus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes
Suborder: Platycephaloidei
Family: Triglidae
Rafinesque, 1815[1]
Subfamilies

see text

A Spiny red gurnard swimming and also using its "foreleg" spines

Triglidae, commonly known as gurnards or sea robins, are a family of bottom-feeding scorpaeniform ray-finned fish. The gurnards are distributed in temperate and tropical seas worldwide.

Taxonomy

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Triglidae was first described as a family in 1815 by the French polymath and naturalist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque.[1] In 1883 Jordan and Gilbert formally designated Trigla lyra, which had been described by Linnaeus in 1758, as the type species of the genus Trigla and so of the family Triglidae.[2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the suborder Platycephaloidei in the order Scorpaeniformes.[3] Other authorities differ and do not consider the Scorpaeniformes to be a valid order because the Perciformes order is not monophyletic without the taxa within the Scorpaeniformes being included. These authorities consider the Triglidae to belong to the suborder Triglioidei, along with the family Peristediidae, within the Perciformes.[4] The family Peristediidae is included in the Triglidae as the subfamily Peristediinae by some authorities.[2]

Etymology

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Triglidae's name is based on that of Linneaus's genus Trigla, the name of which is a classical name for the red mullet (Mullus barbatus), Artedi thought the red mullet and the gurnards were the same as fishes from both taxa are known to create sounds taken out of the water as well as being red in color. Linnaeus realized they were different and classified Trigla as a gurnard, in contradiction of the ancient usage.[5] They get one of their common names, sea robin, from the orange ventral surface of the species in the genus Prionotus, and from large pectoral fins which resemble a bird's wings.[6] When caught, they make a croaking noise similar to a frog, which has given them the onomatopoeic name gurnard.[7]

Subfamilies and genera

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Triglidae is divided into 3 subfamilies and 8 genera as listed below (including about 125 species).[3][1][2] Some sources also include Trigloporus as a separate genus, but it is treated here as a subgenus of Chelidonichthys.

These subfamilies have been given the rank of tribe, Prionotini, Pterygotriglini and Triglini, by some authorities. Prionotinae are regarded as the basal grouping with Triglinae being the most derived.[8]

Characteristics

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Tub gurnard, in France

Triglidae gurnards have mouths which are either terminal or positioned slightly below the snout, which has its tip normally having paired rostral projections, frequently armed with spines, and these create the impression of a 2 lobed snout when seen from above. There are no barbels on the head and the preorbital bones typically project forward. The lower 3 rays of the pectoral fins are enlarged and free of the fin membrane. They have two separate dorsal fins, the first having between 7 and 11 spines while the second has 10 to 23 soft rays. The anal fin may not have any spines or it can have a single spine and 11 to 23 soft rays. The head is bony and resemble a casque. There are 9 or 10 branched rays in the caudal fin.[3] The smallest species is the spotwing gurnard (Lepidotrigla spiloptera) which reaches a maximum total length of 10 cm (3.9 in) while the largest is the tub gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucerna) which has a maximum published total length of 75.1 cm (29.6 in).[9]

Most species are around 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) in length with the females typically being larger than the males.[citation needed] They have an unusually solid skull, and many species also possess armored plates on their bodies. Another distinctive feature is the presence of a "drumming muscle" that makes sounds by beating against the swim bladder.[10] The length of the swim bladder has a negative correlation to gonadal development. A sexual dimorphism of swim bladder size is created due to the negative correlation being stronger in females then in males.[11]

Sea robins have three "walking rays" on each side of their body.[12] They are derived from the supportive structures in the pectoral fins, called fin-rays. During development, the fin-rays separate from the rest of the pectoral fin, developing into walking rays.[13] These walking rays have specialized muscle divisions and unique anatomy that differ from typical fin-rays to allow them to be used as supportive structures during underwater locomotion.[12] These walking rays have been shown to be used for locomotion as well as prey detection on the seafloor via chemoreception ("tasting") highly sensitive to the amino acids prevalent in some marine invertebrates.[14][15][16]

Survival and Reproduction

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Classified as carnivores, gurnards mainly feed on crustaceans. Most species are opportunistic predators and will feed on prey such as teleost and mollusks as well.[17] Gurnards do not have a primary predator; however, larger fish, marine mammals, birds, and humans will prey on gurnards.[18] They are bottom-dwelling fish, living down to 200 m (660 ft), although they can be found in much shallower water. When it comes to preferred water depths, adult gurnards will favor deeper water while juveniles will favor shallower water.[19] The different genera of gurnards have diverse offspring spawning periods, varying in length and time of year. For example, tub gurnard spawning period takes place from December to March, and red gurnard spawning takes place from September to May.[20]

As food

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Tub gurnard pan-fried in butter and sage

Gurnard have firm white flesh that holds together well in cooking, making them well-suited to soups and stews. They are commonly used in the French dish bouillabaisse. One source describes gurnards as "rather bony and lacking in flavour";[21] others praise its flavour and texture.[22]

They were often caught in British waters as a bycatch and discarded. However, as other species became less sustainable and more expensive they became more popular,[23] with the wholesale price between 2007 and 2008 reported to have increased from £0.25 per kg to £4, and sales increasing tenfold by 2011.[22] Gurnards also are now appearing in fish markets in the U.S.

Angling

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Sea robins can be caught by dropping a variety of baits and lures to the seafloor, where they actively feed. Mackerel is believed to be the most efficient bait for catching sea robins, but crabs, bunker and other fish meat can also be used successfully depending on location. Sea robins can also be caught by lure fishing if lured near the substrate. They are often considered to be rough fish, caught when fishing for more desirable fish such as striped bass or flounder.[24] Gurnard are also used as bait, for example by lobster fishermen.[22]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ a b c Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Triglidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  3. ^ a b c J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  4. ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  5. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (10 June 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 12): Suborder Triglioidei: Families Triglidae and Peristediidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  6. ^ "Sea robin". Collins. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  7. ^ "Gurnard". Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  8. ^ Richards, W. & Jones, D. (2002). "Preliminary classification of the gurnards (Triglidae: Scorpaeniformes)". Marine and Freshwater Research. 53 (2): 274–282. doi:10.1071/MF01128.
  9. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Triglidae". FishBase. February 2022 version.
  10. ^ William N. Eschmeyer (1998). "Scorpionfishes and their Allies". In Dr John R. Paxton and William N. Eschmeyer (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes (2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 175–181. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  11. ^ Ross, Stephen T. (1980-12-05). "Sexual and Developmental Changes in Swimbladder Size of the Leopard Searobin, Prionotus scitulus (Pisces: Triglidae)". Copeia. 1980 (4): 611–615. doi:10.2307/1444436. JSTOR 1444436.
  12. ^ a b Petersen, Jarrod C.; Ramsay, Jason B. (2020-09-15). "Walking on chains: the morphology and mechanics behind the fin ray derived limbs of sea-robins". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 223 (18): jeb227140. doi:10.1242/jeb.227140. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 32709626.
  13. ^ Kuntz, A. and L. Radcliffe (1918). "Notes on the embryology and larval development of twelve teleostean fishes". Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries. 35: 87–134.
  14. ^ Jamon, Marc; Renous, Sabine; Gasc, Jean Pierre; Bels, Vincent; Davenport, John (2007). "Evidence of force exchanges during the six-legged walking of the bottom-dwelling fish, Chelidonichthys lucerna". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology. 307A (9): 542–547. Bibcode:2007JEZA..307..542J. doi:10.1002/jez.401. ISSN 1932-5223. PMID 17620306.
  15. ^ Bardach, J. & Case, J. Sensory capabilities of the modified fins of squirrel hake (Urophycis chuss) and searobins (Prionotus carolinus and P. evolans). Copeia 1965, 194–206 (1965)
  16. ^ Silver, W. L. and T. E. Finger (1984). "Electrophysiological Examination of a Non-Olfactory, Non-Gustatory Chemosense in the Searobin, Prionotus-Carolinus." Journal of Comparative Physiology 154(2): 167–174.
  17. ^ Montanini, S.; Stagioni, M.; Benni, E.; Vallisneri, M. (2017-01-01). "Feeding strategy and ontogenetic changes in diet of gurnards (Teleostea: Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) from the Adriatic Sea". The European Zoological Journal. 84 (1): 356–367. doi:10.1080/24750263.2017.1335357. ISSN 2475-0263.
  18. ^ Furusawa, M.; Yong Tang (2004). "Sea bottom and surface reverberations in scanning sonar". Oceans '04 MTS/IEEE Techno-Ocean '04 (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37600). Vol. 1. IEEE. pp. 415–422. doi:10.1109/oceans.2004.1402952. ISBN 0-7803-8669-8.
  19. ^ Vallisneri, Maria; Tommasini, Stefano; Stagioni, Marco; Manfredi, Chiara; Isajlović, Igor; Montanini, Stefano (2014-10-15). "Distribution and some biological parameters of the red gurnard, Chelidonichthys cuculus (Actinopterygii, Scorpaeniformes, Triglidae) in the north-central Adriatic Sea". Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. 44 (3): 173–180. doi:10.3750/AIP2014.44.3.01.
  20. ^ Clearwater, Sj; Pankhurst, Nw (1994). "Reproductive biology and endocrinology of female red gurnard, Chelidonichthys kumu (Lesson and Garnot) (family Triglidae), from the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand". Marine and Freshwater Research. 45 (2): 131. doi:10.1071/MF9940131. ISSN 1323-1650.
  21. ^ "Gurnard".
  22. ^ a b c "Ugly fish, tasty dish: chefs extol the sustainable virtues of the gurnard". 22 October 2011.
  23. ^ "Gurnard recipes - BBC Food".
  24. ^ Victor Bonato. "Taking out the trash". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-01-11.
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