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Coordinates: 32°50′N 35°35′E / 32.833°N 35.583°E / 32.833; 35.583
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===Modern era===
===Modern era===


In 1909, Jewish pioneers established the first cooperative farming village ([[kibbutz]]), [[Kvutzat Kinneret]]. The settlement trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Later, Kinneret pioneers established Kibbutz [[Degania Alef]]. The Kinneret is considered the cradle of the kibbutz culture of early [[Zionism]] and the birthplace of [[Naomi Shemer]] and the burial site of [[Rachel (poet)|Rachel]] - two of the most prominent Israeli poets.
In 1909, Jewish thefts established the first cooperative farming village ([[kibbutz]]), [[Kvutzat Kinneret]]. The settlement trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Later, Kinneret pioneers established Kibbutz [[Degania Alef]]. The Kinneret is considered the cradle of the kibbutz culture of early [[Zionism]] and the birthplace of [[Naomi Shemer]] and the burial site of [[Rachel (poet)|Rachel]] - two of the most prominent Israeli poets.


In 1917, the British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces and took control of Palestine, while France took control of Syria. In the carve-up of the Ottoman territories between Britain and France, it was agreed that Britain would retain control of Palestine, while France would control Syria. However, the allies had to fix the border between the [[British Mandate for Palestine]] and the [[French Mandate of Syria]].<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/palmanda.htm The Preamble of the League of Nations Mandate]</ref> The boundary was defined in broad terms by the [[Franco-British Boundary Agreement (1920)|Franco-British Boundary Agreement]] of December 1920, which drew it across the middle of the lake.<ref name="treaty1920">Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia, signed Dec. 23, 1920. Text available in ''American Journal of International Law'', Vol. 16, No. 3, 1922, 122–126.</ref> However, the commission established by the 1920 treaty redrew the boundary. The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to assign as many water sources as possible to [[Palestine]] during the demarcating negotiations. The High Commissioner of Palestine, [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Herbert Samuel]], had sought full control of the Sea of Galilee.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=jC9MbKNh8GUC&pg=PA1&dq=boundary+palestine ''The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840-1947''] (2004), by Gideon Biger. Publisher Rutledge Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0, p. 130.</ref> The negotiations led to the inclusion into the Palestine territory of the whole Sea of Galilee, both sides of the [[Jordan river]], [[Lake Hula]], Dan spring, and part of the [[Yarmouk River|Yarmouk]].<ref>''The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840-1947'', p. 150. and 130.</ref> The final border approved in 1923 followed a 10-meter wide strip along the lake's northeastern shore,<ref>''The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840-1947'', p. 145.</ref> cutting [[Syria]] off from the lake.
In 1917, the British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces and took control of Palestine, while France took control of Syria. In the carve-up of the Ottoman territories between Britain and France, it was agreed that Britain would retain control of Palestine, while France would control Syria. However, the allies had to fix the border between the [[British Mandate for Palestine]] and the [[French Mandate of Syria]].<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/palmanda.htm The Preamble of the League of Nations Mandate]</ref> The boundary was defined in broad terms by the [[Franco-British Boundary Agreement (1920)|Franco-British Boundary Agreement]] of December 1920, which drew it across the middle of the lake.<ref name="treaty1920">Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia, signed Dec. 23, 1920. Text available in ''American Journal of International Law'', Vol. 16, No. 3, 1922, 122–126.</ref> However, the commission established by the 1920 treaty redrew the boundary. The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to assign as many water sources as possible to [[Palestine]] during the demarcating negotiations. The High Commissioner of Palestine, [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Herbert Samuel]], had sought full control of the Sea of Galilee.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=jC9MbKNh8GUC&pg=PA1&dq=boundary+palestine ''The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840-1947''] (2004), by Gideon Biger. Publisher Rutledge Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0, p. 130.</ref> The negotiations led to the inclusion into the Palestine territory of the whole Sea of Galilee, both sides of the [[Jordan river]], [[Lake Hula]], Dan spring, and part of the [[Yarmouk River|Yarmouk]].<ref>''The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840-1947'', p. 150. and 130.</ref> The final border approved in 1923 followed a 10-meter wide strip along the lake's northeastern shore,<ref>''The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840-1947'', p. 145.</ref> cutting [[Syria]] off from the lake.

Revision as of 06:23, 12 November 2011

Sea of Galilee
Coordinates32°50′N 35°35′E / 32.833°N 35.583°E / 32.833; 35.583
TypeMonomictic
Primary inflowsUpper Jordan River and local runoff[1]
Primary outflowsLower Jordan River, evaporation
Catchment area2,730 km2 (1,050 sq mi)[2]
Basin countriesIsrael, Syria, Lebanon
Max. length21 km (13 mi)
Max. width13 km (8.1 mi)
Surface area166 km2 (64 sq mi)
Average depth25.6 m (84 ft)
Max. depth43 m (141 ft)
Water volume4 km3 (0.96 cu mi)
Residence time5 years
Shore length153 km (33 mi)
Surface elevation-214 m (702 ft)
Islands2
References[1][2]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

The Sea of Galilee, also Kinneret, Lake of Gennesaret, or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew: ים כנרת, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, Arabic: بحيرة طبرية), is the largest freshwater lake in Israel, and it is approximately 53 km (33 mi) in circumference, about 21 km (13 mi) long, and 13 km (8.1 mi) wide. The lake has a total area of 166 km2 (64 sq mi), and a maximum depth of approximately 43 m (141 feet).[3] At 214 metres (702 ft) below sea level,[4] it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake).[5] The lake is fed partly by underground springs although its main source is the Jordan River which flows through it from north to south.

Geography

The Sea of Galilee (Kinneret) is situated in northeast Palestine, near the Golan Heights, in the Jordan Great Rift Valley, the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates. Consequently the area is subject to earthquakes and, in the past, volcanic activity. This is evident by the abundant basalt and other igneous rocks that define the geology of the Galilee region.

Etymology

The lake often appears on maps and in the New Testament as Sea of Galilee or Sea of Tiberias (John 6:1). Sea of Tiberias is also the name by which the lake is mentioned in Roman texts and in the Jerusalem Talmud, which was written in a dialect of Judeo-Aramaic, and this is the name adopted in Arabic: Buhairet Tabariyyaⓘ (بحيرة طبريا). The Babylonian Talmud, as well as Josephus Flavius mention the lake by the name "Sea of Ginnosar" after a small fertile plain that lies on its western side. This name, in the form Lake of Gennesaret (Luke 5:1) or Sea of Gennesaret[6] appears in Christian religious texts. The name common in Hebrew today is borrowed from the Hebrew Bible, where the lake is called the "Sea of Chinnereth" (or spelled as "Kinnereth") (Numbers 34:11; Joshua 13:27). This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. A variant of this name is Sea of Chinneroth. The name may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor ("harp" or "lyre")), in view of the shape of the lake, perhaps from a name of a fruit called in Biblical Hebrew kinar, and is thought to be the fruit of Ziziphus spina-christi.

History

Antiquity

Jesus and the miraculous catch of fish, in the Sea of Galilee, by Raphael
Lithograph of fishermen in the Sea of Galilee, 1890-1900
Kinneret at night

The Sea of Galilee lies on the ancient Via Maris, which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans founded flourishing towns and settlements on the land-locked lake including Gadara, Hippos and Tiberias. The first-century historian Flavius Josephus was so impressed by the area that he wrote, "One may call this place the ambition of Nature." Josephus also reported a thriving fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake.

Much of the ministry of Jesus occurred on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there was a continuous ribbon development of settlements and villages around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The Synoptic gospels of Mark (1:14-20), Matthew (4:18-22), and Luke (5:1-11) describe how Jesus recruited four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teaching episodes, the Sermon on the Mount, is supposed to have been given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles are also said to have occurred here including his walking on water, calming the storm, the disciples and the boatload of fish, and his feeding five thousand people (in Tabgha).

In 135 CE the second Jewish revolt against the Romans was put down. The Romans responded by banning all Jews from Jerusalem. The center of Jewish culture and learning shifted to the region of the Kinneret, particularly the city of Tiberias. It was in this region that the so-called "Jerusalem Talmud" is thought to have been compiled.

In the time of the Byzantine Empire, the lake's significance in Jesus' life made it a major destination for Christian pilgrims. This led to the growth of a full-fledged tourist industry, complete with package tours and plenty of comfortable inns.

The lake's importance declined when the Byzantines lost control and the area came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate and subsequent Islamic empires. Apart from Tiberias, the major towns and cities in the area were gradually abandoned.[citation needed] The palace Khirbat al-Minya was built by the lake during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I (705-715 CE). In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, largely because he was able to cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.

Modern era

In 1909, Jewish thefts established the first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret. The settlement trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Later, Kinneret pioneers established Kibbutz Degania Alef. The Kinneret is considered the cradle of the kibbutz culture of early Zionism and the birthplace of Naomi Shemer and the burial site of Rachel - two of the most prominent Israeli poets.

In 1917, the British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces and took control of Palestine, while France took control of Syria. In the carve-up of the Ottoman territories between Britain and France, it was agreed that Britain would retain control of Palestine, while France would control Syria. However, the allies had to fix the border between the British Mandate for Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria.[7] The boundary was defined in broad terms by the Franco-British Boundary Agreement of December 1920, which drew it across the middle of the lake.[8] However, the commission established by the 1920 treaty redrew the boundary. The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to assign as many water sources as possible to Palestine during the demarcating negotiations. The High Commissioner of Palestine, Herbert Samuel, had sought full control of the Sea of Galilee.[9] The negotiations led to the inclusion into the Palestine territory of the whole Sea of Galilee, both sides of the Jordan river, Lake Hula, Dan spring, and part of the Yarmouk.[10] The final border approved in 1923 followed a 10-meter wide strip along the lake's northeastern shore,[11] cutting Syria off from the lake.

The British and French Agreement provided that existing rights over the use of the waters of the Jordan by the inhabitants of Syria would be maintained; the Government of Syria would have the right to erect a new pier at Semakh on Lake Tiberias or jointly use the existing pier; persons or goods passing between the landing-stage on the Lake of Tiberias and Semakh would not be subject to customs regulations, and the Syrian government would have access to the said landing-stage; the inhabitants of Syria and Lebanon would have the same fishing and navigation rights on Lakes Huleh, Tiberias and River Jordan while the Government of Palestine would be responsible for policing of lakes.[12]

On May 15, 1948, Syria invaded the State of Israel,[13] capturing some Israeli kibbutzim near the Sea of Galilee.[14] By the end of the war, Israel had recaptured the eastern shore.[citation needed]

Water use

Water levels March 2007 – April 2010

Israel's National Water Carrier, built in 1964, transports water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and is the source of much of the country's drinking water.

In 1964, Syria attempted construction of a Headwater Diversion Plan that would have blocked the flow of water into the Sea of Galilee, sharply reducing the water flow into the lake.[15] This project and Israel's attempt to block these efforts in 1965 were factors which played into regional tensions culminating in the 1967 Six-Day War. During the war, Israel captured the Golan Heights, which contain some of the sources of water for the Sea of Galilee. Under the terms of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Israel also supplies 50 million cubic metres of water annually from the lake to Jordan.[16]

Increasing water demand and dry winters have resulted in stress on the lake and a decreasing water line, at times to dangerously low levels. The Sea of Galilee is at risk of becoming irreversibly salinized by the salt water springs under the lake that are limited by the weight of the freshwater on top of them.[17]

The current level of the Sea of Galilee can be retrieved at www.water.gov.il.[18]

Tourism

Tiberias hotels on the waterfront
Tilapia zilli (redbelly tilapia, "St. Peter's fish"), served in a Tiberias restaurant

Today, tourism is the Kinneret's most important economic activity with the entire region being a popular holiday destination. The many historical and spiritual sites around the lake, especially its main town Tiberias, are visited by millions of local and foreign tourists annually. The Sea of Galilee attracts many Christian pilgrims, because, according to the New Testament, many of the miracles of Jesus occurred on its shores—including his walking on water, calming the storm, and feeding five thousand people in Tabgha.

On April 2011, Israel unveiled a 40-mile (64 km) hiking trail in the Galilee for Christian pilgrims, called the "Jesus Trail". It includes a network of footpaths, roads and bicycle paths linking sites central to the lives of Jesus and his disciples. It ends at Capernaum on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, where Jesus espoused his teachings.[19] Another key attraction is the site where the Kinneret's water flows into the Jordan River, to which thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be baptized every year.

Tourists also partake in the building of rafts on Lavnun Beach, called Rafsodia. Here many different age groups work together to build a raft with their bare hands and then sail that raft across the Kinneret. Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.

Fauna and flora

The warm waters of the Sea of Galilee support various flora and fauna, which have supported a significant commercial fishery for more than two millennia. Local flora include various reeds along most of the shoreline as well as phytoplankton. Fauna include zooplankton, benthos and a number of fish species such as Acanthobrama terraesanctae. Fish caught commercially include Tristramella simonis and notably Tilapia, locally called "St. Peter’s Fish".[20] In 2005, 300 short tons (270 t) of tilapia were caught by local fishermen. This dropped to 8 short tons (7.3 t) in 2009 due to overfishing.[21]

However, low water levels in drought years have stressed the lake's ecology. This may have been aggravated by over-abstraction of water for either the National Water Carrier to supply other parts of Israel or, since 1994, for the supply of water to Jordan (see "Water use" section above). Droughts of the early and mid-1990s dried out the marshy northern margin of the lake.[22] A fish species that is unique to the lake, Tristramella sacra, used to spawn in the marsh and has not been seen since the 1990s droughts.[22] Conservationists fear this species may have become extinct.[22]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea of Galilee.
alt text
Panoramic view of the Sea of Galilee

References

  1. ^ a b Aaron T. Wolf, Hydropolitics along the Jordan River, United Nations University Press, 1995
  2. ^ a b Exact-me.org
  3. ^ Data Summary: Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee)
  4. ^ NTDTV 11Feb2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dJAAJ8w3Zw
  5. ^ The 1996-discovered subglacial Lake Vostok challenges both records; it is estimated to be 200 m (660 ft) to 600 m (2,000 ft)below sea level.
  6. ^ Complete Gospels, Robert J. Miller editor, 1992, translation note to Mark 4:35-41: "...Mark calls this lake the sea, using a word (thalassa) that most Greek writers reserve for the much larger Mediterranean (Luke uses the more proper term for a lake, limne, in Luke 5:1; 8:22-23, 33. ..."
  7. ^ The Preamble of the League of Nations Mandate
  8. ^ Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia, signed Dec. 23, 1920. Text available in American Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1922, 122–126.
  9. ^ The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840-1947 (2004), by Gideon Biger. Publisher Rutledge Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0, p. 130.
  10. ^ The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840-1947, p. 150. and 130.
  11. ^ The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840-1947, p. 145.
  12. ^ Agreement between His Majesty's Government and the French Government respecting the Boundary Line between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hámmé, Treaty Series No. 13 (1923), Cmd. 1910. Page 7.
  13. ^ The Arab-Israeli Conflict a brief history
  14. ^ The Year of 1948
  15. ^ Fischhendler, Itay (2008). "When Ambiguity in Treaty Design Becomes Destructive: A Study of Transboundary Water". Global Environmental Politics. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  16. ^ "Developments related to the Middle East Peace Process". UN. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
  17. ^ Skynews report, 5 May 2009: Race To Save Sea Of Galilee From Disaster
  18. ^ Water.gov.il
  19. ^ Daniel Estrin, Canadian Press (April 15, 2011). "Israel unveils hiking trail in Galilee for Christian pilgrims". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
  20. ^ World Lakes Database entry for Sea of Galilee
  21. ^ "Still Fishers of Men". Vermont Catholic. 1 (12): 3. 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ^ a b c Goren, M. (2006). "Tristramella sacra". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-06-13.

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