Jump to content

Saurashtra people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Saurashtra Brahmin)
For the people currently living in Saurashtra (region), see Gujarati people. For other uses, see Saurashtra (disambiguation).

Saurashtra people
From top, left to right:
Venkataramana Bhagavathar, L. K. Thulasiram, M. N. Rajam, M. V. Venkatram, Vennira Aadai Nirmala and T. M. Soundararajan
Total population
c. 2 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
Languages
Saurashtra as mother tongue
Sanskrit as liturgical language.
Tamil, Kannada, Telugu or Malayalam as secondary language based on native state may be sometimes spoken outside home.
Religion
Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Gujarati people, Pancha-Gauda Brahmins, Gauda Brahmins, Girnara Brahmin, Chitpavan Brahmins, Deshastha Brahmins, Saraswat Brahmins, Konkani people, Sanketi people, Tamil Brahmins and Telugu Brahmins

The Saurashtra people, or Saurashtrians,[2][3] are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic Hindu Brahmin community of South India who speak the Saurashtra language, an Indo-Aryan Gujarati language, and predominantly reside in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.[4]

Saurashtrians trace their ancestry to the historical region of Saurashtra in Western India. Their migration to Southern India owes to the forays and desecration of the Somnath temple triggered by the frequent Muslim invasions, most notably by Mahmud Ghazni. They are known for their expertise in traditional vedic practices and rituals. Apart from being priests and scholars, they are also been involved in various professions such as agriculture, trade, and business and were a prominent industrious and prosperous mercantile community of merchants and weavers in southern India until the 20th century.[5][6] They have contributed to the cultural and social fabric of Tamil Nadu in many ways and have continued to maintain their distinct identity over the centuries.

Saurashtrians are Brahmins,[7][8] and are also referred to as Saurashtra Brahmins.[2][9][10][11][12][13] Further, like all traditional orthodox Brahmins, they are classified based on their gotra, or patrilineal descent. The majority of the people are Vaishnavas, though there is a significant proportion of Shaivas as well. They are prominently known by their unique family names and also use the titles Sharma,[14] Rao,[15] Iyer,[15] Iyengar and Achary[16] as their surnames but belong to linguistic minorities.[17]

Names

[edit]

Their name has many alternate spellings, including Sourashtra, Sowrashtra, Sowrastra and Sourashtri.[4] Saurashtrians are colloquially called as Palkar among themselves.[18] They have also been known as Patnūlkarar, but the term is obsolete.

Etymology

[edit]

The word Saurashtra literally means "a good state". It is derived from Su meaning good, Rashtra meaning state and the other compound of Saura and Rashtra, meaning "the land of the Sun".[19] These people were once sun worshipers and have built sun temples. The people worshiping Surya or Saura and inhabiting the land of the Sun are called as Saurashtrians.[20]

The Tamil name by which these people were also known in Tamil Nadu is Patnūlkarar,[21] which means silk-thread people,[22] mostly silk-thread merchants and silk weavers,[23] since the early settlers set up silk-weaving guilds and were involved in the trade of silk clothes and diamonds to the royal families of Tamil country.[24] After the Gupta dynasty, silk became the attire of royal families, the Saurashtrians were patronized by several dynasties across North India and the Chola, Pandya, Vijayanagara, Nayak and Thanjavur Maratha rulers patronized them in ancient South India.[25] Their specialty was considered so honorable and complicated that they were in some cases exchanged as a major aspect of marriage settlements or as endowments to neighbouring kingdoms.[18]

These people are first mentioned as Pattavayaka, the Sanskrit equivalent of Patnūlkarar in the Mandasor (present day Madhya Pradesh) inscriptions of Kumaragupta I belonging to the 5th century CE. They are also mentioned by the same name in the Patteeswaram inscriptions of Thanjavur belonging to the mid 16th century CE[26] and in the inscriptions of Rani Mangammal of Madurai belonging to the 17th century CE.[7][8][27][28][29]

Identity

[edit]

Saurashtrians are well assimilated in Tamil society, without any outward differentiation. Apart from certain religious adherences, brahminism and vegetarianism, their culture is similar to the rest of Tamil Nadu. Though their physical features are not similar to Tamils, they have Tamil names and are essentially a part of Tamil people, yet distinct in their ethnic identity and can be called as Saurashtrian Tamils.[30][31][32][33]

Origin

[edit]
See also: Saurashtra Kingdom

The Bhagavata Purana mentions that the ancient Abhiras were the rulers of Saurashtra Kingdom and Avanti Kingdom and they were followers of the Vedas, who worshiped Vishnu as their supreme deity.[34] These ancient provinces as depicted in the epic literature of Mahabharata roughly corresponds to the present day Saurashtra region of southern Gujarat and Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh.

Their origin is Dwarka, land of Lord Krishna,[2] the origin of the name date backs to the time when the ancestors of these people inhabited the Lata region of Saurashtra in southern Gujarat.[7][8][35] Saurashtrians are originally Gauda Brahmins and belong to Pancha-Gauda Brahmins.[7][8][36] After their southward migration they have been called as Saurashtra Brahmins.[2][9][21][24][37][38] They had their original homes in present-day Gujarat and migrated to South India over a millennium ago.[39] They are currently scattered over various places of Tamil Nadu and are mostly concentrated in Madurai, Thanjavur and Salem Districts.[40]

History

[edit]
See also: Saurashtra (state)

Saurashtrians migrated from southern Gujarat in 11th century CE after the fall of Somnath Temple[41] when Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India. It is said that the Saurashtrians lived in Devagiri, the present day Daulatabad of Maharashtra during the regime of the Yadava kings up to 13th century CE. After the fall of Yadavas in 14th century CE they moved to Vijayanagar Empire, with its capital at Hampi in present-day Karnataka by the invitation of the Kings. The expansion of Vijayanagar empire brought the Saurashtrians into South India in 14th century CE, since they were highly skilled manufacturers of fine silk garments and were patronized by the Kings and their families.[25][42] After the fall of Vijayanagar empire they were welcomed by the Nayak Kings of Thanjavur during mid 16th century CE[26] and Madurai during 17th century CE and were allowed to settle near the Thirumalai Nayakkar Palace.[1][43][44][45][46]

Social Division

[edit]

Occupation, divisions, sects and gotras

[edit]

From the view point of an outsider the community may be seen as a homogenous one. However, in reality many subdivisions exist among them at various levels. Occupationally, the Saurashtrians may be classified broadly as priests, merchants and weavers.[11]

Divisions

[edit]

When the Saurashtrians settled in the South, they reproduced the institutions of their mother country in the new land, but, owing to the influence of the Southern Dravidians, some of the institutions became extinct. During their migrations, the men were under the guidance of their leader and the process of migration tended to increase the power of kinship.[47][48]

The people were divided into 5 heads –

  • Goundans (Chiefs);
  • Soulins (Elders);
  • Voyduns (Physicians);
  • Bhoutuls (Religious men);
  • Karesthals (Commons).[48][49]

Traces of this institution still survive. The Goundans were the judges in both civil and criminal affairs. They were aided in deciding cases by a body of nobles called Soulins. The office of the Soulins is to make enquiries, and try all cases connected with the community, and to abide by the decision of the chiefs. The Voyduns (vaidyas) and Bhoutuls (pandits, joshis and kavis) also ranked with Voyduns and had their honours on all important occasions, and they are placed in the same rank with the elders. The Karesthals (commons), are the whole body of masses. Their voice is necessary on certain important occasions, as during the ceremonies of excommunication, prayaschittas for admitting renegades, and during periodical meetings of the community.[47][48][49]

Sects

[edit]

The Saurashtrians may further be divided into three sects on a religious basis. viz.,

  • Vaishnavites, who wear the vertical Vaishnavite mark, and call themselves northerners;
  • Smarthas, who wear horizontal marks;
  • Madhvas, who wear gopi (Sandal paste) as their sect mark.

All the above three divisions intermarry and interdine, and the religious difference does not create a distinction in the community. The Saurashtrians classify their ancestors as originally belonging to the two lines of Thiriyarisham and Pancharisham descent groups. They follow Apastamba Dharmasutra and belong to the Ahobila and Sankaracharya Mathas. Their religion is Hinduism, they follow Yajurveda,[8] and they were originally Madhvas. After their settlement in Southern India, some of them, owing to the preachings of Sankaracharya and Ramanujacharya, were converted into Saivites and Vaishnavites respectively.[26][44]

Gotras

[edit]
See also: Pravaras

Saurashtrians, like all other Hindu Brahmins, trace their paternal ancestors to one of the seven or eight sages, the saptarishis. They classify themselves into gotras, named after the ancestor rishi and each gotra consists of different family names. The gotra was inherited from Guru at the time of Upanayana, in ancient times, so it is a remnant of Guru-shishya tradition, but since the tradition is no longer followed, during Upanayana ceremony father acts as Guru of his son, so the son inherits his father's gotra. The entire community consists of 64 gotras.[46][50]

Saurashtrians belong to following gotras.[16]

Marriage within common gotra is strictly prohibited.[29][40][46][50]

Kuladevatas

[edit]
See also: Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)

Every Saurashtrian family has their own family patron deity or the Kuladevata. This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor. The practice of worshiping local or territorial deities as Kuladevata began in the period of the Yadava dynasty.[citation needed]

Culture

[edit]

Saṃskāras, rituals and Festivals

[edit]

Saurashtrians have been traditionally an orthodox and closely knit community. They are essentially northern in their customs, manners and social structure. Traditionally, joint family was a social and economic unit for them. Moreover, the pattern of joint family helped them transmit their traditional culture to the younger generations.[44][46]

Saṃskāras

[edit]

Saurashtrians strictly adhere to all the Ṣoḍaśa Saṃskāra or 16 Hindu Samskaras,[24] out of which, the main social customs among them consist of six social ceremonies in the life of a person. (1) the naming ceremony; (2) the sacred thread ceremony; (3) puberty; (4) marriage; (5) the attainment of the age of sixty; (6) the funeral rites.[44][46][51]

The rites that are performed following the birth of a child are known as jathakarma. The naming ceremony in particular is known as namakaranam. The main aim of performing these birth ceremonies is to purify and to safeguard the child from diseases. These rituals are believed to check the ill effects of Planetary movement. The above rites were carried out on the eleventh day after birth of the child. Grandfather's name was much preferred for a male child and the name of a female deity was suggested for female child.[46]

The vaduhom ceremony (sacred thread ceremony) of Saurashtrians is basically the upanayanam ceremony. This ceremony is exceedingly important among them. This is performed between seventh and thirteenth years. In rare cases when the sacred thread ceremony was not held in the young ages, it would be performed at the time of marriage. The goal of this ceremony was to highlight their Brahminical status. During this ceremony there was much feasting and entertainment which lasted for four days.[46]

Among the Saurashtrians, attaining puberty was the greatest event in a girl's life. They also perform a pre-puberty marriage.[51]

The wedding ceremony lasted 11 days with as many as 36 rituals. All these rituals were conducted by the Saurashtrian priests who were a separate clan in the community.[2] The Saurashtrians have their own marital arrangements. Before a marriage is fixed, a long negotiation takes place between the parents of both partners. Being traditional orthodox Brahmins they are very much particular in matching the horoscope of the couple. A man may claim his maternal uncle's daughter as his wife, and polygamy is permitted. Girls get married at an early age. Marriage within common gotra is strictly prohibited among them.[24][40][51][52]

Death rituals are termed as abarakkirigai or andhiyaeshti in the Saurashtrian community. Andhiyaeshti means the last or final fire. These rituals are carried out by the eldest son of the deceased. In case of no son, the relatives carry out the last rites. Kartha is the name given to the one who carries out this rite. The performance of the rite signifies the belief that the life is continuous and does not end by one's death. Further, the deceased are believed to reach the level of the deities. The period of mourning lasts for ten days, but it is repeated every year in the form of sraddha ceremonies.[24][44]

Festivals

[edit]

The Saurashtrians are of a religious bent of mind and they value morality and high character. The chief divinity of Saurashtrians is Venkateshwara of Tirupati. Among other Gods they worshipped Sun God, Rama etc. They made regular visits to Meenakshi temple. They celebrate Kolattam, Chithirai festival and Ramanavami with great enthusiasm, and observe Deepawali, Ganesh Chathurthi, Dussehra, Vaikunta Ekadasi and Avani Avittam as important religious days.[2] Their present social customs differ markedly from the traditional pattern and bear a close resemblance to those of Tamils. Only some orthodox well-to-do merchant families stick to their older customs.[40][45][46][51]

Attire

[edit]

The way of living of the Saurashtrian men resembles to that of Iyengar Brahmins and the living of Saurashtrian women resembles to that of Telugu Brahmins.

Saurashtrian men wear dhoti or veshti with a shirt and scarf called khesa just like other Brahmin men. The men keep the hair-knot or sikha on the head with a vermilion mark or naamam on their forehead.

The Saurashtrian women wear saree in a different manner than the Tamil women. The unmarried ones wear in Bengali style, while the married ones wear in Marathi style. The shape and size of the ornaments worn by the Saurashtrian women are similar to that of Telugu Brahmin women. The ornaments are mostly made of precious diamonds and gold. The women also put vermilion mark on their foreheads just like the males but in smaller length and also decorate their head with flowers called as veni.[11]

Cuisine

[edit]
See also: Tamil cuisine

The Saurashtrian cuisine is famous for its mixed rice dishes that includes puliyotharai (tamarind rice), tomato rice with a hint of cinnamon, kalkandu (sugar candy) rice, sakkarai pongal[53] (a dessert made of cotton seed milk)[53] and lemon rice.[54][55] Apart from these dishes Saurashtrians have special liking towards halva and poli.[56] Other South Indian delicacies such as dosas, idli, sambar and rasam etc. are also favored by the Saurashtrians. Rasam believed to have originated in the 16th century in Madurai by Saurashtrians. They prefer calling it ‘Pulichaar’ which means tart or tamarind.[57] Several historians believe that it was Saurashtrian textile merchants who introduced idly to South India during the 10th and 12th centuries. There are even claims that a mix of rice and urad dal ground together and later steamed to form cakes had its origins in Gujarat. This was called Iddada.[58] Another dish that the Saurashtrian traders brought to Madurai in the 16th century is a vada made from deep-fried spinach, it became the keerai vadai and remains a specialty of Madurai.[59][60]

Diet

[edit]

Traditionally, Saurashtrians are vegetarian and those who are involved in priesthood activities adhere to strict vegetarianism. Rice is their staple food along with sambar, gojju & amti (rasam). However, nowadays, significant amount of non-priestly population occasionally take non-vegetarian food.[61]

Demographics

[edit]
See also: Ethnic groups of Tamil Nadu

There are three group of Saurashtrians living in Tamil Nadu. First migrants came to Salem and settled there, second group of migrants settled in Thanjavur and its surrounding places and later third group of migrants settled in Madurai and its surrounding places. Saurashtrians maintain a predominant presence in Madurai, a city, also known as 'Temple City' in the southern part of Tamil Nadu. Though official figures are hard to come by, it is believed that the Saurashtrian population is anywhere between one-fourth and one-fifth of the city's total population.

They are present in significant numbers in Ambur, Ammapettai, Ammayappan, Aranthangi, Arni, Ayyampettai, Bhuvanagiri, Chennai, Dharasuram, Dindigul, Erode, Kancheepuram, Kanyakumari, Karaikudi, Kottar, Krishnapuram, Kumbakonam, Namakkal, Nilakottai, Palani, Palayamkottai, Paramakudi, Parambur, Periyakulam, Puducherry, Pudukkottai, Rajapalayam, Ramanathapuram, Rasipuram, Salem, Thanjavur, Thirubhuvanam, Thiruvaiyaru, Thiruvarur, Thuvarankurichi, Tirunelveli, Tiruvannamalai, Illuppur, Thiruvappur, Trichy, Vaniyambadi, Veeravanallur, Vellanguli, Pudukkudi, Kilakukulam, Krishnapuram, Vellore, Walajahpettai in Tamil Nadu.[4]

They are also present in Trivandrum and Kochi in Kerala, Bengaluru in Karnataka,[4] Hyderabad in Telangana and Tirupati, Vizianagaram, Vijayawada, Nellore, Srikakulam, Vishakapatnam in Andhra Pradesh[4] are said to house several Saurashtrian families, known as Pattusali.[62]

Language

[edit]
Main article: Saurashtra language
See also: Saurashtra script

The mother tongue of Saurashtrians is Saurashtra (alternate names and spellings: Sourashtra, Sowrashtra, Sourashtri, Palkar), an amalgamation of present-day Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Konkani, Kannada, Telugu & Tamil. Most Saurashtra speakers are bilingual[14] and can speak either Tamil or Telugu or one of the local languages.

Saurashtra, an offshoot of Sauraseni Prakrit,[14] once spoken in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, is spoken today chiefly by the population of Saurashtrians settled in parts of Tamil Nadu.[63] With the Saurashtrian language being the only Indo-Aryan language employing a Dravidian script and is heavily influenced by the Dravidian languages such as Tamil, Telugu and Kannada. However, Census of India places the language under Gujarati.

Genetics

[edit]
See also: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia and Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia

Organisation

[edit]

The prominent leaders among the community arose in the late 19th century and felt the need of organizing the community. At first, the Madurai Saurashtra Sabha was formed in the year 1895 and it was formally registered in the year 1900 with many objectives. The formation of this Sabha was the first step towards social mobilization. The Sabha's administration is carried out by elected Councillors and office bearers. It has its own rules and regulations regarding holding of elections, rights and duties of office bearers and celebration of social functions. The election to the Sabha is held once in three years. The social life of the Saurashtrians is controlled almost wholly by the Saurashtra Sabha. This organisation is a committee of the leading men of the community, which manages and controls all the schools and public institutions, the temple and its worship, and all political, religious, and social questions among the Saurashtrians.

The Saurashtra Madhya (central) Sabha, which has its headquarters at Madurai now remains as the cultural center for all the Saurashtrians living in Tamil Nadu. Many well-to-do merchants and philanthropists of the community have contributed substantially to the growth of these institutions. Today, the Saurashtrians are represented in white collar jobs and professions in large numbers.[2][40][64]

In 2009, Narendra Modi, the then Chief Minister of Gujarat and the current and 14th Prime Minister of India, inaugurated the Research Institute of Saurashtra Heritage and Immigration (RISHI), a project in association with Saurashtra University, Rajkot.[41]

Politics

[edit]

In the second decade of 20th century, the Saurashtrians emerged as a dominant group in social and political life of Madras Presidency. The Saurashtrians emerged as the dominant social group because of their collective mobilization, intellectual leadership, education, wealth, trade and enterprise. There are several instances when the leaders of the community organised the weavers and made social and economic protests. The well-to-do merchants of the community made donations to TNCC for Salt Satyagraha and welcomed any form of Swadeshi agitation which favoured Indian cloth.[65]

The leaders who came to lead the community were not always from the upper class. L. K. Thulasiram, who led the community in Madurai, was not born into the aristocratic family. With his own efforts he travelled abroad which brought prosperity to himself and to the community in general. Thulasiram at first supported the non-Brahmin movement in Tamil Nadu. When he earned the displeasure of his community members who were fighting for Brahminical status, he changed his mind and supported the cause of his own people.[65] He got elected as Municipal Chairman in 1921 amidst a fierce contest. During his tenure he brought many reforms within the community. He introduced free mid-day meal scheme in community owned school for the first time in the country which was later emulated by the Government of Tamil Nadu during the period of K. Kamaraj in the name of noon-meal scheme in Government schools.[64] When he lost his hold in Municipal Council, he became a prominent organizer of non-cooperation movement. Later he impressed the Congress Party and became the leader of the merchants. In this capacity he strove hard to raise the prestige and position of his community.[66]

N.M.R. Subbaraman, another leader of the community, financed and led the Civil Disobedience Movement In Madurai from 1930 to 1932. He worked for the advancement of the depressed classes. He, along with A. Vaidyanatha Iyer, organised a temple entry conference and helped the people of the depressed classes to enter Meenakshi Amman Temple. He was involved in the Bhoodan movement and donated his 100 acres of land to the movement. He contributed to establishing the first Gandhi Memorial Museum in Madurai.[67] Later he expressed his dissatisfaction with Civil Disobedience. He felt unhappy about the expenditure incurred on the agitational activities. He mobilized his followers into Municipal politics with the help of Venkatamarama Iyer faction under the Congress banner.[66]

S.R. Radha, former Minister and one of the founding members of the AIADMK, who also led the community in Kumbakonam, Thanjavur. He was attracted to Periyar E. V. Ramasamy's rationalist ideas and was drawn to the Dravidian movement and later joined the DMK and subsequently, the AIADMK. He was one among those who signed the party document when AIADMK was launched in 1972 by M.G. Ramachandran after his expulsion from the DMK. Mr. Radha was first elected to the state assembly constituency of Kumbakonam, later, in 1983, he became a member of the Legislative Council. When M.G. Ramachandran was Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Subsequently, In March 1985, he was appointed as Deputy General Secretary of the AIADMK. After the death of the AIADMK founder, Mr. Radha supported J. Jayalalithaa’s leadership of the party. In recognition, she appointed him Leader of the Opposition. But the rise of Jayalalithaa's associate V.K. Sasikala and members of her family in the AIADMK made Radha's continuation in the party untenable and was later expelled from the AIADMK.[68][69][70]

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

Cinema

[edit]

Literature

[edit]

Politics

[edit]

Academics

[edit]

Educational Institutions

[edit]

Temples

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Vandhana, M. (14 April 2014). "Madurai's Sourashtrians are a disappointed lot". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g M.R., Aravindan (17 March 2003). "Where they have come to stay". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  3. ^ Shanmugam, Kavitha (2014). "Girls Don't Say AYAYYO Here Anymore". www.telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Saurashtra". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  5. ^ Mahadevan, Raman (1984). Entrepreneurship and Business Communities in Colonial Madras 1900–1929, in D. Tripathy (Ed.) Business Communities of India. Monohar Publications. pp. 210–225.
  6. ^ Lucassen, Jan; Moor, Tine De; Zanden, Jan Luiten van (2008). The Return of the Guilds. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780521737654.
  7. ^ a b c d Lucassen, Jan; Lucassen, Leo (27 March 2014). Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries). BRILL. pp. 109–112, 121. ISBN 9789004271364.
  8. ^ a b c d e Ramaswamy, Vijaya (5 July 2017). Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India. Routledge. pp. 172–190. ISBN 9781351558242.
  9. ^ a b Pereira, Ignatius (18 December 2013). "The mountain trails of a divine legend". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  10. ^ Kolappan, B. (7 January 2016). "20 more keerthanas of Tyagaraja's disciple discovered". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  11. ^ a b c "Saurashtrians – The Genuine Aryans (Part Three)". IndiaDivine.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  12. ^ "The Hindu : Entertainment Chennai / Personality : Illustrious disciple of saint-poet". www.thehindu.com. 2005. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  13. ^ Suryanarayana, M.; Reddy, P. Sudhakar; Gangadharam, V. (2002). Indian Society: Continuity, Change, and Development : in Honour of Prof. M. Suryanarayana. Commonwealth Publishers. pp. 93, 95, 99. ISBN 9788171696932.
  14. ^ a b c Vannan, Gokul (9 June 2016). "Custodians safeguard Saurashtra language". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  15. ^ a b Arterburn, Yvonne J. (1982). The loom of interdependence: silkweaving cooperatives in Kanchipuram. Hindustan Pub. Co. pp. 44, 47, 50–53. ISBN 9780391027497.
  16. ^ a b Baby, K. "Socio Economic Conditions of Saurashtras in Kanyakumari district". rjisacjournal.com. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  17. ^ "Minority front to field 8 candidates". The Hindu. 29 April 2009. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  18. ^ a b Doshi, Vidhi (31 May 2016). "Indian film-makers try to save vanishing language from extinction". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  19. ^ Singhji, Virbhadra (1994). The Rajputs of Saurashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. 29. ISBN 9788171545469.
  20. ^ "The Possibility of Developing an Oldest Language! by T. A. Ramesh". www.boloji.com. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  21. ^ a b Singh, Mahavir (2005). Home Away from Home: Inland Movement of People in India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9788179750872.
  22. ^ Sivarajah, Padmini (2016). "Believe it or not, the Gujarati vote is key in Madurai South". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  23. ^ Mhaiske, Vinod M.; Patil, Vinayak K.; Narkhede, Sarish S. (1 March 2016). Forest Tribology And Anthropology. Scientific Publishers. p. 148. ISBN 9789386102089.
  24. ^ a b c d e Joseph, Ashish (2016). "Meet three of Chennai's oldest communities from the north". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  25. ^ a b J, Arockiaraj. "History woven into this silk lane". The Times of India. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  26. ^ a b c Sethuraman, K. R. (1977). Tamilnatil Saurashtrar : Muzhu Varalaru (in Tamil). Saurashtra Cultural Academy. pp. 10–15.
  27. ^ Singh, Kumar Suresh (2001). People of India. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1303. ISBN 9788185938882.
  28. ^ Heredia, Rudolf C.; Ratnagar, Shereen (1 January 2003). Mobile, and Marginalized Peoples: Perspectives from the Past. Manohar. p. 93. ISBN 9788173044977.
  29. ^ a b Jensen, Herman (2002). Madura Gazetteer. Cosmo Publications. pp. 109–112. ISBN 9788170209690.
  30. ^ Venkatesh, M. R. (15 July 2019). "How India's cultural pluralism is better seen by business leaders". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  31. ^ Clothey, Fred W. (2006). Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity and Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570036477.
  32. ^ "Textile and silk trade have to be encouraged". The Hindu. 4 August 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  33. ^ "Gujarat minister hails contribution of 'Sourashtrian Tamils'". The Times of India. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  34. ^ Yadav, J. N. Singh (1 October 1997). Yadavas Through the Ages. Sharada Publishing House. p. 146. ISBN 9788185616032.
  35. ^ J.S. Venkatavarma, Sourashtra Charitra Sangraham (Madura, 1915)
  36. ^ Tumbe, Chinmay (20 July 2018). India Moving: A History of Migration. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 9789353051631.
  37. ^ Dvivedula, Anamtapadmanaabham (2005). "Aaraamadraavida Vamsacharitra (Arama Dravida) Brahmins, Mana Sanskriti". www.vepachedu.org. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  38. ^ Krishnan, Lalithaa (28 April 2016). "Like a cloud of steam". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  39. ^ Diep, Francie (2013). "How A Gene For Fair Skin Spread Across India". Popular Science. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  40. ^ a b c d e "The Saurashtra Community in Madurai, South India", Albert James Saunders, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 32, No. 5 (Mar. 1927) pp. 787–799, published by: The University of Chicago Press.
  41. ^ a b Rohith, S. Mohammed (28 May 2014). "Sourashtra community in celebration mode". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  42. ^ Srikumaran, K. (2005). Theerthayathra: A Pilgrimage Through Various Temples. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 125–126. ISBN 9788172763633.
  43. ^ T K, Ramesh. "The Unwritten History of the Saurashtrians of South India". Boloji. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  44. ^ a b c d e Randle, H.N (1949). The Saurashtrians of South India. Madurai: K. V. Padmanabha Iyer.
  45. ^ a b Gopalakrishnan, M S (1966). A Brief Study of the Saurashtra Community in the Madras State. Madras: The Institute of Traditional Cultures Madras. p. 42.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h Dave, Ishvarlal Ratilal (1976). The Saurashtrians in South India: Their Language, Literature, and Culture. Saurashtra University.
  47. ^ a b Mitra, Debashish. "In search of Hegemony Comparative Case study of Brahmins of North And South India". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  48. ^ a b c Thurston, Edgar (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume VI of VII. Madras: Government Press. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  49. ^ a b Randle, H. N. (1944). "The Saurashtrians of South India". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 76 (3–4): 151–164. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00099020. ISSN 1356-1863. S2CID 162402332.
  50. ^ a b The Illustrated Weekly of India. Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1976.
  51. ^ a b c d Učida, Norihiko (1979). Oral literature of the Saurashtrans. Simant Publications India.
  52. ^ "What Makes Sourashtra Weddings Unique in Their Own Ways?". India Post. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  53. ^ a b Das, Rajashree (3 May 2018). "Forgotten foods of Tamizhagam". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  54. ^ "10 Restaurants to Visit in Madurai and What to Order". NDTV Food. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  55. ^ "The best meals to have in Madurai". Condé Nast Traveller India. 22 August 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  56. ^ "Taste of Kanchipuram at Coimbatore". Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  57. ^ "TN Chef Makes Rasam Viral in US: The Story of South India's Grand Old Dish". The Better India. 4 December 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  58. ^ "Celebrating the moon-faced health food on World Idli Day". OnManorama. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  59. ^ Ghosh, Madhusree (16 February 2019). "Tried and tasted: Food walks bring history alive in Dehradun, Madurai, Kolkata". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  60. ^ "Tried and tasted". The Navhind Times. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  61. ^ Parmar, Vijaysinh (2016). "Gujaratis who settled in Madurai centuries ago brought with them a unique language – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  62. ^ People of India: A – G.- Volume 4. Oxford Univ. Press. 1998. p. 3189. ISBN 9780195633542.
  63. ^ Kolappan, B. (24 December 2016). "Akademi award for TN writers who revived Sourashtra literature". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  64. ^ a b Kavitha, S.S (8 October 2007). "Standing tall in all fronts". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  65. ^ a b Irschick, Eugene F. (1969). Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929. University of California Press. pp. 9, 138. L.K.Tulsiram.
  66. ^ a b Backer, C.J (1976). The Politics of South India, 1920–1937. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. pp. 143–217.
  67. ^ "Throwing light on the life of 'Madurai Gandhi'". The Hindu. 20 August 2006. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  68. ^ "Former Minister S.R. Radha dead". The Hindu. 9 December 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  69. ^ "MGR's close associate SR Eradha passes away at 87". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  70. ^ Kolappan, B. (11 June 2018). "When a politician said no to money". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  71. ^ "Man who rocked Tamil pop, yodelling into hearts". The Times of India. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  72. ^ Rangan, Baradwaj (14 June 2014). "Naan Than Bala: Friends with benedictions". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  73. ^ "Jigarthanda Movie Review". The Times of India. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  74. ^ "Making offbeat cinema is like cycling against the wind: Seenu Ramasamy". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  75. ^ "Why non-Tamil singers dominated Kollywood for more than 60 years". The Times of India. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  76. ^ a b c d e Saravanan, T. (30 November 2016). "Linguistic confluence". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  77. ^ "Weaving their way into Madurai". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Saurashtra_people&oldid=1253703091"