Samuel Fraunces: Difference between revisions
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Samuel Fraunces was a Black man! This whole article is racist. |
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[[File:Samuel Fraunces Portrait circa 1770-85 from Fraunces Tavern.jpg|thumb|250px|''Portrait of Samuel Fraunces'', unknown artist, circa 1770-1785, [[Fraunces Tavern|Fraunces Tavern Museum]], New York City.]] |
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'''Samuel Fraunces''' (circa 1722, West Indies – October 10, 1795, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American restaurateur, and the owner/operator of [[Fraunces Tavern]] in New York City. During the [[Revolutionary War]], he provided for prisoners held during the 7-year British occupation, and may have been a spy for the American side. It was at his tavern, at the close of the war, that [[George Washington|General George Washington]] said farewell to his officers. Fraunces later served as steward of Washington's presidential household in New York City (1789-90) and Philadelphia (1791-94). |
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Since the late-19th century, there has been a dispute about Fraunces's racial identity. According to his biographer, Kym S. Rice: ''"During the Revolutionary era, Fraunces was commonly referred to as "Black Sam." Some have taken references such as these as an indication that Fraunces was a black man. ...[W]hat is known of his life indicates he was a white man."''<ref>Kym S. Rice, "Samuel Fraunces" (biographical sketch), in ''Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers'' (New York , NY: Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York, Inc. (Fraunces Tavern Museum), 1983), pp. 147-48.</ref> |
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==Origins== |
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It is believed that he was born in the West Indies between 1722 and 1723.<ref>The year of his birth is computed from his October 13, 1795 obituary, which lists his age as 72. Rice, (biographical sketch), p. 125.</ref> There are claims that he was born in [[Jamaica]],<ref>C.R. Cole, ''Samuel Fraunces, "Black Sam"'' (2009). Cole argues that he was born in 1734, rather than 1722/23.</ref> and [[Haiti]],<ref>Donald Peebles, Jr., ''Haiti's Contributions to the World'' (2010).</ref> and a tradition that he lived in [[Barbados]].<ref>Kym S. Rice, ''A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern: The 18th Century'' (New York City: Fraunces Tavern Museum, 1985), p. 25.</ref> Although his surname implies that he was of French extraction, there is no evidence that he spoke with a French accent. There is also no record of where he learned his skills as a cook, caterer, and restaurateur.<ref>Rice, Biographical sketch, p. 125.</ref> |
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==Taverns== |
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[[File:Frauncestavern.JPG|thumb|[[Fraunces Tavern]] (formerly the Oliver Delancey Mansion), Pearl & Dock Streets, New York City.]] |
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[[File:NYC1776.jpg|thumb|''New York in 1776.'' Fraunces's tavern was at the west end of Queen Street (renamed Pearl Street).]] |
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[[File:Washington's Farewell by Alonzo Chappel 1866.jpg|thumb|''Washington's Farewell to His Troops'' by Alonzo Chappel (1866).]] |
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The first documentation of his presence in New York City was in 1755, when he registered as a British subject and "an innholder."<ref>February 5, 1755, "Roll/Register of freemen in the City of New York," reprinted in ''New-York Historical Society Publication Fund Series 18'' (New York, 1866), p. 181.</ref> The following year he was issued a tavern license,<ref>''Tavern Keeper's License Book, 1756-66'', (manuscript, New York Historical Society).</ref> but where he worked for the next two years is unidentified. From 1758 to 1762, he operated the Free Mason's Arms Tavern on Broadway.<ref>Rice, ''Documentary History'', p. 25.</ref> |
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In 1762 he mortgaged and rented out the Free Mason's Arms, and purchased the Oliver Delancey mansion at Pearl & Dock Streets.<ref>''Fraunces Tavern Historic Structures Report'', (New York: Graduate School of Architecture and Planning, Columbia University, 1979), p. 12.</ref> He opened this as the Sign of Queen Charlotte Tavern, but within a year it was better known as the Queen's Head Tavern (possibly due to a painted sign with the queen's portrait).<ref>''The New York Gazette'', April 4, 1763.</ref> |
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In addition to the usual restaurant fare, Fraunces offered fixed-price dinners, catered meals delivered, and sold preserved items such as bottled soups, ketchup, nuts, pickled fruits and vegetables, oysters, jellies and marmalades.<ref>Eugene P. McParland, "Colonial Taverns and Tavern Keepers of British New York," ''The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record'' (July 1974), p. 158.</ref> Although it offered five lodging-rooms, the tavern was better known as a place for private meetings, parties and receptions, and card-playing.<ref>Rice, ''Documentary History'', pp. 50-51.</ref> |
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He rented out the Delancey mansion in 1765, and moved to [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], opening a Queen's Head Tavern on Front Street in that city, then moving to Water Street in 1766.<ref>Walter C. Brenner, ''A List of Philadelphia Inns and Taverns'', (typescript, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1928)</ref> |
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He returned to New York City in early 1768, selling the Free Mason's Arms and buying the [[New York Vauxhall Gardens|Vaux-Hall Pleasure Garden]], a restaurant and resort along the [[Hudson River]]. Built as a private villa, it offered large rooms and extensive grounds, and was the setting for summer concerts and other public entertainments. Fraunces modeled 10 lifesize wax statues of historical figures, debuting them in garden setting in July; later exhibited 70 miniature wax figures from the Bible and, in 1772, lifesize wax statues of [[King George III|King George III]] and [[Queen Charlotte]].<ref>''The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury'', July 25, 1768; March 19, 1770; July 27, 1772.</ref> He operated Vaux-Hall for five summers, resuming operation of his tavern in the Delancey mansion in 1770,<ref>''The New York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury'', May 7, 1770.</ref> and selling Vaux-Hall in 1773.<ref>''Rivington's New York Gazette'', October 25, 1773.</ref> |
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==Revolutionary War== |
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Following the April 19, 1775 [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] in Massachusetts, the British warship [[HMS Asia (1764)|HMS Asia]] sailed into New York Harbor in May 1775, and lay at anchor - a constant threat. The August 23 theft of cannons from [[Battery Park|The Battery]] prompted the Asia to bombard the city with cannonfire that night, causing no deaths, but injuries and damage to buildings, including Fraunces's tavern. [[Philip Freneau]] wrote a poem about the bombardment, "Hugh Gaines Life," that included the couplet: ''"At first we supposed it was only a sham. Till she drove a round ball through the roof of Black Sam."''<ref>''The Poems of Philip Freneau; written chiefly during the late War'' (New York, 1786), p. 321.</ref> |
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The tavern was used for more than entertainment during the [[American Revolution|Revolutionary War]]. Fraunces rented out office space, and meetings of the [[New York Provincial Congress]] were held there. In April 1776, General Washington was present at a court-martial conducted at the tavern.<ref>John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., ''The Writings of George Washington, Volume 4'' (Washington, DC, 1931-39), p. 485.</ref> |
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Washington's headquarters in June 1776 was at Richmond Hill, a villa two miles north of the tavern. Fraunces claimed to have discovered and foiled an assassination plot against Washington and his generals, and complained that he had been put in fear of his life when, unjustly accused of having been part of the plot, he was imprisoned.<ref>"Memorial of Samuel Fraunces," March 5, 1785, ''Papers of the Continental Congress'', National Archives, Washington, DC.</ref> [[Thomas Hickey (soldier)|Thomas Hickey]], one of [[Commander-in-Chief's Guard|Washington's life-guards]], was court-martialed, and executed on June 28, although the formal charges against him were for counterfeiting.<ref>An assassination attempt against the commander-in-chief at a time of war may have been something to cover up. Fraunces's 1785 petition to Congress for recompensation is the primary source documenting the plot. At least 2 contemporaneous sources corroborate it: Dr. Solomon Drowne to his sister Sally Drowne, New York, June 24, 1776; Dr. Solomon Drowne to his brother William Drowne, New York, July 13, 1776; both quoted in Henry Russell Drowne, ''A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern and Those Connected with Its History'' (New York: Fraunces Tavern, 1919), pp. 8, 10. It may be significant that Congress's investigation Fraunces's petition did not refute that there had been an assassination plot against Washington. "Report of the Committee on Samuel Fraunces," March 28, 1785, ''Papers of the Continental Congress'', National Archives, Washington, DC.</ref> |
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Fraunces fled the city before British forces occupied it on September 15, 1776.<ref>There is a story that Fraunces served in the Continental Army, but he did not mention military service in his 1785 petition to Congress.</ref> He was captured in New Jersey in June 1778, brought back to New York City, and impressed into working as the cook for a British general. Fraunces claimed that he used this as an opportunity to smuggle food to American prisoners, giving them clothing and money, and helping them to escape. He also claimed to have passed information about the British occupation and troop movements to General Washington and others.<ref>''Memorial of Samuel Fraunces''.</ref> |
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[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|General Cornwallis]] surrendered at [[Siege of Yorktown|Yorktown]] in October 1781, but British forces continued to occupy New York City. In May 1783, Fraunces was at the [[DeWint House]] in [[Tappan, New York]] where he provided meals for General Washington and British General [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester|Sir Guy Carleton]] during peace negotiations.<ref>"Samuel Fraunces," ''Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 8'' (1937), p. 1.</ref> His tavern was the meetingplace for negotiations between American and British commissioners to end the 7-year occupation of New York City. A November 25 dinner at the tavern celebrated the [[Evacuation Day (New York)|evacuation of the British]].<ref>Rice, ''Documentary History'', pp. 78-79.</ref> |
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On December 4, at a dinner in the tavern's Long Room, Washington said an emotional farewell to his officers and made his famous toast: |
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<blockquote>''With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you: I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy, as you former ones have been glorious and honorable.''<ref>Rice, Biographical sketch, pp. 128, 132.</ref></blockquote> |
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The Revolutionary War left Fraunces "on the precipice of Beggary." In a March 5, 1785 petition to Congress, he sought recompensation for service to his country in foiling the assassination plot against Washington, providing intelligence on British troops, and supplying provisions to American prisoners. He received an award of ''L''200 from the State of New York, ''L''2,000 from Congress (plus accumulated interest on that debt), and $1,625 to rent his tavern for two years as government offices. Two weeks after the lease was signed, he sold the tavern and retired to [[Monmouth County, New Jersey]].<ref>Rice, ''Documentary History'', pp. 78-80.</ref> |
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==Presidential households== |
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[[File:PhiladelphiaPresidentsHouse.jpg|thumb|[[President's House (Philadelphia)|President's House in Philadelphia]]. Fraunces managed Washington's presidential household here from June 1791 to June 1794.]] |
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George Washington got to know Fraunces during the Revolutionary War. Their relationship was one of master and servant, but Washington clearly respected his judgment and repeatedly sought his advice on sundries such as glassware and china, and his recommendations on household management and hiring servants.<ref>Rice, Biographical sketch, p. 131.</ref> |
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Washington was Congress's unanimous choice to serve as the first [[President of the United States]]. He arrived in New York City on April 23, 1789, and took up residence at the [[Samuel Osgood House (New York City)|Samuel Osgood House]] at Cherry & Franklin Streets. Fraunces came out of retirement to serve as steward of the presidential household, managing a staff of about 20, including 7 enslaved Africans from [[Mount Vernon]]. Washington was not entirely satified with Fraunces, dismissing him in February 1790 when the household moved to the [[Alexander Macomb House (New York City)|Alexander Macomb House]] at 39-41 Broadway.<ref>Fraunces's dismissal was prompted by his serving wine to the household staff, contrary to Washington's orders. G. Kurt Piehler, "Samuel Fraunces," ''American National Biography, Volume 8'' (1999), p. 414.</ref> |
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Under the July 1790 [[Residence Act]], the national capital moved to Philadelphia for a 10-year period while the permanent capital was under construction in the [[District of Columbia]]. Washington grew dissatisfied with the steward in Philadelphia, and persuaded Fraunces to come out of retirement again. The household staff at the [[President's House|Philadelphia President's House]] was slightly larger, about 24 servants, initially including 8 enslaved Africans from Mount Vernon. Fraunces headed it for three years, from June 1791 to June 1794. |
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Following his retirement, he operated a tavern on 2nd Street in Philadelphia for a year. In July 1795 he assumed proprietorship of the nearby Tun Tavern on Water Street. |
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==Death== |
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Fraunces died in Philadelphia a year after his retirement. His obituary appeared in the October 13, 1795 ''Gazette of the United States'': |
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<blockquote>''DIED - On Saturday Evening last, MR. SAMUEL FRAUNCES, aged 73 years. By his death, Society has sustained the loss of an honest man, and the Poor a valuable friend.''</blockquote> |
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He was buried in an unmarked grave at [[St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia]]. |
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==Family and slavery== |
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Fraunces and his first wife, Mary Carlile, had no children. She presumably died in New York City about 1756. |
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He married his second wife, Elizabeth Dally, in New York City on November 30, 1757. They had seven children: Andrew Gautier Fraunces, Elizabeth Fraunces, Catherine Fraunces, Sophia Fraunces, Sarah Fraunces, Samuel M. Fraunces, and Hannah Louisa Fraunces. Andrew became a clerk in the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]], and denounced [[Alexander Hamilton]] for his financial dealings. Some of the other children ran hotels or boardinghouses. Samuel Jr. was executor of his father's Estate, and managed the Tun Tavern in Philadelphia until his death.<ref>Will of Samuel M. Fraunces, no. 265 (Book K, Page 12, 1799), Philadelphia City Archives.</ref> |
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Fraunces employed servants and held slaves. In 1778, he advertised the sale of a 14-year-old male slave.<ref>''The Royal Gazette'', August 29, 1778.</ref> The [[1790 United States Census]] spelled his name "Frauncis," and listed him as a free white male, with four free white women and one slave in his household.<ref>''Heads of Families at the First United States Census Taken in the Year 1790 - New York'' (Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1908), p. 117.</ref> |
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==Racial identity== |
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<blockquote> |
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''Another puzzling question is that of Samuel Fraunces’ racial identity. Fraunces was nicknamed “Black Sam”, leading to the assumption by many that he was black. Other than the appearance of this nickname, there are no known 18th century references where Fraunces is described as a black man.'' |
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<br><br> |
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''The use of “black” as a prefix to a nickname was not uncommon in the 18th century and did not necessarily indicate African heritage of an individual. For instance, Admiral Richard Lord Howe (1762- 1799), one of Britain’s best known and respected seamen – and a white man – was commonly called “Black Dick,” a nickname his brother Sir William Howe gave to him as descriptive of the Admiral’s swarthy complexion. The nickname continued into the 19th and 20th centuries including Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis’ father, a white man with a swarthy complexion, who had the nickname “Black Jack” Bouvier.'' |
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<br><br> |
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''The issue of Samuel Fraunces’ racial identity is still a passionate topic of discussion to this very day. As debate rallies on for conclusive evidence, the actual truth is that we may never know for sure. Similar unknowns exist in countless ways for many other people, communities, and elements in the study of the past. Books such as Phoebe the Spy and those by the Collier brothers are wonderful works of historical fiction to get a sense of what life was like in early America, but it should be remembered that they are fictional in regards to specific aspects of many characters, places, and things in the storylines. When using teaching materials such as these pieces for young audiences, it is important to articulate this point so students are not quick to accept these aspects at face value. Additionally, full knowledge and understanding of these stories’ elements can bring a positive sense of empowerment to students by encouraging them to ponder their own “what if’s” in history and perhaps pursue these questions through creative writing or historical research in the future. For all of us, this emphasizes the need for never ceasing to wonder and inquire about the past.''<br><br> |
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— Jennifer Patton, Director of Education, [[Fraunces Tavern Museum]], New York City.<ref>[http://www.frauncestavernmuseum.org/pdf/FTM%20School%20Program%20Previsit%20Materials.pdf Fraunces Tavern Museum, Pre-Visit Materials, page 19.]</ref> |
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</blockquote> |
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==Portraits== |
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[[File:Sam Fraunces.jpg|thumb|Sam Fraunces. Engraving, based on a drawing attributed to [[John Trumbull]].]] |
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Two portraits, possibly painted/drawn from life, are known. The circa-1770-to-1785, oil-on-canvas portrait shown above was acquired by [[Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York]] in 1913, and has hung in Fraunces Tavern Museum ever since.<ref>''Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York, Reports and Proceedings 1912-1913'', page 30.</ref> |
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A drawing attributed to [[John Trumbull]] was in possession of a descendant in 1900.<ref>Rice, ''Documentary History'', appendix pp. 33-34.</ref> The engraving shown at right, based on that drawing, was published in [[Alice Morse Earle]], ''Stagecoach and Tavern Days'' (1900).<ref>Alice Morse Earle, ''Stagecoach and Tavern Days'' (New York: MacMillan Company, 1900), p. 184. The caption reads: "Sam Fraunces. From original drawing. Owned by Mrs. A. Livingston Mason, Newport, R.I."[http://www.quinnipiac.edu/other/ABL/etext/stagetavern/index.html]</ref> |
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A copy of the oil-on-canvas portrait was painted in 2002 for the restaurant at Fraunces Tavern, and is viewable on Flickr.<ref>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/paulpablopawel/1115086538/ 2002 portrait] from Flickr.</ref> |
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==In popular culture== |
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* ''Dinner for the General'', a 1953 [[Hallmark Hall of Fame]] teleplay by Reginald Lawrence, [[List of Hallmark Hall of Fame episodes#Season 2 (1952-1953)|Season 2, Episode 2-26]], Aired on [[NBC]] - February 22, 1953.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0595285/ Dinner for the General] from imdb</ref> Teenager Phoebe Fraunces is in desperately love with Thomas Hickey, and horrified when she uncovers his plot to poison General Washington. |
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* ''The Ballot and Me'', a 1956 play by [[Langston Hughes]], features a free-black Samuel Fraunces as a character.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pMbmbQsE6hEC&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=Samuel+Fraunces+he+voted&source=bl&ots=rhkpKft3Ew&sig=F8S8qyUNFslpZridkPWZjDwonLI&hl=en&ei=Ey3ySfz6GcXHtgfN54nBDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3 |title=The Collected Works of Langston Hughes: Gospel plays, operas, and later dramatic works |publisher=University of Missouri Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780826214775 |page=465}}</ref> |
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* ''Phoebe the Spy'', a popular 1977 children's book by [[Judith Berry Griffin]], tells the fictional story of a 13-year-old, free-black Phoebe Fraunces, who saves General Washington's life by preventing him from eating a plate of poisoned peas.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Phoebe-Spy-Judith-Griffin/dp/0698119568 Phoebe the Spy] from Amazon.com</ref> |
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**From Fraunces Tavern Museum: ''"A sweet book, but one needing some comments. Although the cover calls it a true story, Phoebe and the plate of poisoned peas never existed. Samuel Fraunces had five daughters, but none were named Phoebe. The story of Phoebe Fraunces apparently began in B.J. Lossing's ''Life of Washington'' (New York: 1860). Lossing claimed to have heard the story from an unnamed friend of Fraunces."''<ref>[http://www.frauncestavernmuseum.org/pdf/FTM%20School%20Program%20Previsit%20Materials.pdf Fraunces Tavern Museum, Pre-Visit Materials, page 18.]</ref> |
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* ''Who Is Carrie?'', a 1984 children's book by [[Christopher Collier (historian)|Christopher]] and [[James Lincoln Collier]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0375895035/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_sr_1?pf_rd_p=486539851&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_i=0613866967&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_r=1ZBJW46TXGJAAW3SKMNH Who Is Carrie?] from Amazon.com</ref> Carrie is an enslaved kitchenmaid working for Samuel Fraunces. |
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* ''Beyond Harlem, History of Black New York Downtown'', a 2005 teleplay by Dara Frazier for [[NYC Media]]. |
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* ''Shades of War'', a 2006 off-Broadway play by Dara Frazier-Harper, portrays Samuel Fraunces as a free-black, ultra-rich, [[Michael Bloomberg|Michael Bloomberg-like]] character.<ref>[http://www.communitytheaterny.com/theatre-marketing-ii-a-blog/ Shades of War]</ref> |
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* ''[[Rough Crossings]]'', a 2007 [[BBC]] video based on a book by [[Simon Schama]], portrays both Samuel Fraunces and the fictional Phoebe Fraunces as free-blacks. It has been criticized for being inaccurate.<ref>[http://foxessa-foxhome.blogspot.com/2011/07/simon-schama-should-be-ashamed.html Rough Crossing]</ref> |
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==Legacy== |
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* [[Fraunces Tavern]], at Pearl & Dock Streets in New York City, is a national historic landmark and museum. |
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* Miniature wax figures modeled by Fraunces, a gift to [[Martha Washington]], survive at [[Tudor Place]], the Washington, DC home of her granddaughter.<ref>[http://www.georgetowner.com/articles/2011/oct/17/iconic-tudor-place-waxwork-conservator/ Wax miniatures] from The Georgetowner, October 17, 2011.</ref> |
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* A Pennsylvania state historical marker at 2nd & Dock Streets in Philadelphia marks the location of the first tavern he operated after leaving Washington's presidential household.<ref>[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?objID=442806&mode=2&open=514&markerId=1046 PA Historical Marker] from Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.</ref> |
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* On June 26, 2010, [[St. Peter's Church, Philadelphia]] honored Samuel Fraunces by having his name inscribed on an obelisk in the churchyard.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_my0dE9a3Y Dedication of the obelisk] from YouTube.</ref> |
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==References== |
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* "Samuel Fraunces," ''Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 8'' (1937), p. 1. |
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* Troy Saul (Mrs. John Fraunces) McCurley, ''Samuel Fraunces in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (b. 1722 - d. October 10, 1795)'' (manuscript and notes, copies at the New York Historical Society, Fraunces Tavern Museum, and Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1958). |
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* G. Kurt Piehler, "Samuel Fraunces," ''Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 8'' (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 414-15. |
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* Kym S. Rice, "Samuel Fraunces," in ''Early American Taverns: For the Entertainment of Friends and Strangers'' (New York , NY: Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York, Inc. (Fraunces Tavern Museum), 1983). |
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* Kym S. Rice, ''A Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern: The 18th Century'' (New York City: Fraunces Tavern Museum, 1985). |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Fraunces, Samuel |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = 1722 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| DATE OF DEATH = 1795 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Fraunces, Samuel}} |
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[[Category:1722 births]] |
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[[Category:1795 deaths]] |
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[[Category:American hoteliers]] |
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[[Category:People of New York in the American Revolution]] |
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Revision as of 20:00, 2 March 2012
Samuel Fraunces was a Black man! This whole article is racist.