Jump to content

Samsun

Coordinates: 41°17′25″N 36°20′01″E / 41.29028°N 36.33361°E / 41.29028; 36.33361
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Samsoun)
This article is about the city. For the province, see Samsun Province.
Not to be confused with Samson or Samsung.

Samsun
Metropolitan municipality
Clockwise from top right: Samsunum-1 ship and coast, Statue of Honor, Atatürk Culture Centre, Bandırma Ferry and National Struggle Park Open Air Museum, Saathane Square, Store 55
Clockwise from top right: Samsunum-1 ship and coast, Statue of Honor, Atatürk Culture Centre, Bandırma Ferry and National Struggle Park Open Air Museum, Saathane Square, Store 55
Official logo of Samsun
Emblem of Samsun Metropolitan Municipality
Samsun is located in Turkey
Samsun
Samsun
Location of Samsun within Turkey
Samsun is located in Black Sea
Samsun
Samsun
Samsun (Black Sea)
Coordinates: 41°17′25″N 36°20′01″E / 41.29028°N 36.33361°E / 41.29028; 36.33361
CountryTurkey
RegionBlack Sea
ProvinceSamsun
Boroughs
List
Government
 • MayorHalit Doğan (AK Party)
Area
1,055 km2 (407 sq mi)
Elevation
4 m (13 ft)
Population
 (2021)
1,356,079
 • Density573/km2 (1,480/sq mi)
 • Urban
710,000
GDP
[1]
 • Metropolitan municipalityTRY 74.830 billion
US$ 8.332 billion (2021)
 • Per capitaTRY 54,873
US$ 6,110 (2021)
Time zoneUTC+03:00 (TRT)
Postal code
55
Area code(+90) 362
Licence plate55
ClimateCfa
Websitewww.samsun.bel.tr www.samsun.gov.tr

Samsun, historically known as Sampsounta (Greek: Σαμψούντα) and Amisos (Ancient Greek: Ἀμισός), is a city on the north coast of Turkey and a major Black Sea port. Over 700,000 people live in the city.[2] The city is the capital of Samsun Province which has a population of over 1,350,000. The city is home to Ondokuz Mayıs University, several hospitals, three large shopping malls, Samsunspor football club, an opera house and a large and modern manufacturing district. The city is best known as the place where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk began the Turkish War of Independence in 1919.[3]

Samsun seen from the sea

Name

[edit]

The present name of the city is believed to have come from its former Greek name of Amisós (Αμισός) by a reinterpretation of eís Amisón (meaning "to Amisós") and ounta (Greek suffix for place names) to [eí]s Am[p]s-únta (Σαμψούντα: Sampsúnta) and then Samsun[4] (pronounced [samsun]).

The early Greek historian Hecataeus wrote that Amisos was formerly called Enete, the place mentioned in Homer's Iliad. In Book II, Homer says that the ἐνετοί (Enetoi) inhabited Paphlagonia on the southern coast of the Black Sea in the time of the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC). The Paphlagonians are listed among the allies of the Trojans in the war, where their king Pylaemenes and his son Harpalion perished.[5] Strabo mentioned that the inhabitants had disappeared by his time.[6]

Samsun has also been known as Peiraieos by Athenian settlers and even briefly as Pompeiopolis by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.[7]

The city was called Simisso by the Genoese. It was during the Ottoman Empire, that its present name was written as Ottoman Turkish: صامسون (Ṣāmsūn). The city has been known as Samsun since the formation of the Turkish Republic in 1923.

History

[edit]

Ancient history

[edit]
Parts of goose-headed and camel-headed Phrygian pottery vessels
Samsun Archaeology and Ethnographic Museum
People from Samsun. National costumes in Ottoman era, 1910s

Paleolithic artifacts found in the Tekkeköy Caves can be seen in Samsun Archaeology Museum.

The earliest layer excavated of the höyük of Dündartepe revealed a Chalcolithic settlement. Early Bronze Age and Hittite settlements were also found there[8] and at Tekkeköy.

Samsun (then known as Amisos, Greek Αμισός, alternative spelling Amisus) was settled in about 760–750 BC by Ionians from Miletus,[9] who established a flourishing trade relationship with the ancient peoples of Anatolia. The city's ideal combination of fertile ground and shallow waters attracted numerous traders.[10]

Amisus was settled by the Ionian Milesians in the 6th century BC,[11] it is believed that there was significant Greek activity along the coast of the Black Sea, although the archaeological evidence for this is very fragmentary.[12] The only archaeological evidence we have as early as the 6th century is a fragment of Wild Goat style Greek pottery, in the Louvre.[13]

Persian Period

[edit]

The city was captured by the Persians in 550 BC and became part of Cappadocia (satrapy).[7] In the 5th century BC, Amisus became a free state and one of the members of the Delian League led by the Athenians;[14] it was then renamed Peiraeus under Pericles.[15] A historical tradition from Theopompus by way of Strabo has it that the city was originally colonized by the Greeks by a man named Athenocles. Starting in the 3rd century BC, the city came under the control of Mithridates I, later founder of the Kingdom of Pontus. The Amisos treasure may have belonged to one of the kings. Tumuli, containing tombs dated between 300 BC and 30 BC, can be seen at Amisos Hill but unfortunately Toraman Tepe was mostly flattened during construction of the 20th century radar base.[16]

Roman Period

[edit]

The Romans conquered Amisus in 71 BC during the Third Mithridatic War.[17] and Amisus became part of Bithynia et Pontus province. Around 46 BC, during the reign of Julius Caesar, Amisus became the capital of Roman Pontus.[11] From the period of the Second Triumvirate up to Nero, Pontus was ruled by several client kings, as well as one client queen, Pythodorida of Pontus, a granddaughter of Marcus Antonius. From 62 CE it was directly ruled by Roman governors, most famously by Trajan's appointee Pliny. Pliny the Younger's address to the Emperor Trajan in the 1st century CE "By your indulgence, sir, they have the benefit of their own laws," is interpreted by John Boyle Orrery to indicate that the freedoms won for those in Pontus by the Romans was not pure freedom and depended on the generosity of the Roman emperor.[18]

The estimated population of the city around 150 AD is between 20,000 and 25,000 people, classifying it as a relatively large city for that time.[19] The city functioned as the commercial capital for the province of Pontus; beating its rival Sinope (now Sinop) due to its position at the head of the trans-Anatolia highway.[14]

In Late Antiquity, the city became part of the Dioecesis Pontica within the eastern Roman Empire; later still it was part of the Armeniac Theme.[20]

Samsun Castle was built on the seaside in 1192, it was demolished between 1909 and 1918.

Early Christianity

[edit]
Interior of the Protestant Church in Samsun
Panorama 1919 Museum in Samsun

Though the roots of the city are Hellenistic,[11] it was also one of the centers of an early Christian congregation.[11] Its function as a commercial metropolis in northern Asia Minor was a contributing factor to enable the spread of Christian influence. As a large port city – the commercial capital of Pontus [21] – travel to and from Christian hotbeds like Jerusalem was not uncommon.[22] According to Josephus, there was large Jewish diaspora in Asia Minor.[23] Given that the early evangelist Christians focused on Jewish diaspora communities, and that the Jewish diaspora in Amisus was a geographically accessible group with a mixed heritage group, it is not surprising that Amisus would be an appealing site for evangelist work. The author of 1 Peter 1:1 addresses the Jewish diaspora of the province of Pontus, along with four other provinces: "Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To God's elect, exiles scattered throughout the provinces of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia." (Peter 1:1) As Amisus would have been the largest commercial port-city in the province, it is believed certain that the spread of Christianity in the region would have begun there.[23] In the 1st century Pliny the Younger documents accounts of Christians in and around the cities of Pontus.[24] His accounts center on his conflicts with the Christians when he served under the Emperor Trajan and describe early Christian communities, his condemnation of their refusal to renounce their religion, but also describes his tolerance for some Christian practices like Christian charitable societies.[25] Many great early Christian figures had connections to Amisus, including Caesarea Mazaca, Gregory the Illuminator (raised as a Christian from 257 CE when he was brought to Amisus) and Basil the Great (Bishop of the city 330–379 CE).[26]

Christian bishops of Amisus include Antonius, who took part in the Council of Chalcedon in 451; Erythraeus, a signatory of the letter that the bishops of Helenopontus wrote to Emperor Leo I the Thracian after the killing of Patriarch Proterius of Alexandria; the late 6th-century bishop Florus, venerated as a saint in the Greek menologion; and Tiberius, who attended the Third Council of Constantinople (680), Leo, the Second Council of Nicaea (787), and Basilius, the Council of Constantinople of 879. The diocese is no longer mentioned in the Greek Notitiae Episcopatuum after the 15th century and thereafter the city was considered part of the see of Amasea. However, some Greek bishops of the 18th and 19th centuries bore the title of Amisus as titular bishops.[27] In the 13th century the Franciscans had a convent at Amisus, which became a Latin bishopric some time before 1345, when its bishop Paulus was transferred to the recently conquered city of Smyrna and was replaced by the Dominican Benedict, who was followed by an Italian Armenian called Thomas.[28] No longer a residential diocese, it is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[29]

Medieval history

[edit]
The Governor's House ("Vali Konağı") in Samsun, Turkey
Replica of the cargo ship SS Bandırma, which carried Atatürk from Istanbul and arrived in Samsun on 19 May 1919, the date which traditionally marks the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence
A view of Amisos Hill in Samsun

Samsun was part of the Seljuk Empire,[30] the Sultanate of Rum, the Empire of Trebizond, and was one of the Genoese colonies. After the breakup of the Seljuk Empire into small principalities (beyliks) in the late 13th century, the city was ruled by one of them, the Isfendiyarids. It was captured from the Isfendiyarids at the end of the 14th century by the rival Ottoman beylik (later the Ottoman Empire) under sultan Bayezid I, but was lost again shortly afterwards.

The Ottomans permanently conquered the town in the weeks following 11 August 1420.[31]

In the later Ottoman period, it became part of the Sanjak of Canik (Turkish: Canik Sancağı), which was at first part of the Rûm Eyalet. The land around the town mainly produced tobacco, with its own type being grown in Samsun, the Samsun-Bafra, which the British described as having "small but very aromatic leaves", and commanding a "high price."[32] The town was connected to the railway system in the second half of the 19th century, and tobacco trade boomed. There was a British consulate in the town from 1837 to 1863.[33]

Previously, the last Armenian Zoroastrians, the Arewordik, or children of the sun, lived in Samsun.

Modern history

[edit]

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk established the Turkish national movement against the Allies in Samsun on May 19, 1919, the date which traditionally marks the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence. Atatürk, appointed by the Ottoman government as Inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate of the Empire in eastern Anatolia, left Constantinople aboard the now-famous SS Bandırma on May 16 for Samsun. Instead of obeying the orders of the Ottoman government, then under the control of the occupying Allies, he and a number of colleagues declared the beginning of the Turkish national movement. The Allies claimed that the Greek population of Samsun was subject looting by Turkish irregular groups, as noted by representatives of the American Near East Relief, an Allied organization.[34] The Turkish National Movement became alarmed due to the presence of Greek warships in the vicinity of Samsun and undertook the deportation which entailed the deportation of 21,000 local Greeks to the interior of Anatolia.[35] By 1920, Samsun's population totaled about 36,000, though this figure declined due to the impacts of war and deportations.

Later, in early June 1922, the city was bombarded by the Allied navy, consisting of American and Greek warships. The Allied bombardment against the Turks was a strategic failure. Following Turkey's victory, the Greek population left for Greece after the 1923 Population Exchange founding villages including Nea Sampsounda in Preveza, Greece.

After the establishment of the Republic, Samsun was declared a province with five districts Bafra, Çarşamba, Havza, Terme and Vezirköprü.[36] Samsun added additional districts in later years. In 1928, Ladik was established as a district. In 1934, district was Kavak was established followed by Alaçam in 1944 which brought the number of districts in Samsun Province to eight.[37][38][39] With the law number 3392 adopted on 19 June 1983 Salıpazarı, Asarcık, Ondokuzmayıs and Tekkeköy districts were established.[40] With the law number 3644 adopted on 9 May 1990, Ayvacık and Yakakent two more districts were established.[41] Samsun entered into a period of economic and population recovery in the years after the establishment of the Republic and quickly restored its status as a vital Black Sea port for Turkey.[citation needed]

Reconstruction of Samsun began quickly after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. In 1929, the region's first electric power plant began operations. Railway access to the city was established in the early 1950s with service to Sivas and Ankara. Major investments in the regions road network were made beginning in the 1960s.[42][43][44] In 1975, per law No. 1873, Ondokuz Mayıs University was established in neighboring Atakum. The construction of the university was a major development to the region, bringing a highly regarded and well-funded educational institution and state hospital to Samsun. The region was connect by air in 1998 with the construction of Samsun-Çarşamba Airport 23 km east of the city center. The airport is primarily serviced by Turkish Airlines with service to Istanbul Airport and Ankara Esenboğa Airport but also has international service to Germany and Iraq. In 2008, the Metropolitan Municipality opened the 36.5 km Samsun Tram network which connects Ondokuz Mayıs University to Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium.

In 1993, Samsun was established as a metropolitan municipality by decree of the national government in Ankara. The decree further enhanced Samsun's status as one of Turkey's largest and most important cities.[45] As Samsun grew, as did its environs. Neighboring Atakum, a suburb to the west of the city center was established in 2008 with the merger of Atakent, Kurupelit, Altınkum, Çatalçam and Taflan towns into one municipality. Atakum in recent years has become a bedroom community to Samsun and home to much of the region's professional class.

Multiple other large developments have further established Samsun as a major urban center. In 2013, Piazza Samsun a 160 store shopping mall, the largest in the Central Black Sea region, opened in the city center. The opening of the mall was followed by the construction of 115 m tall Sheraton Hotel Samsun. Now the second tallest building in the region, the hotel at the time was the first building in Samsun's history to stand more than 100 m. In 2017, Samsunspor opened a new 30,000 person stadium in Tekkeköy. Gökdelen Towers is now the tallest building in the Samsun region and representative of a recent trend towards high-rise residential housing.

Under the leadership of Metropolitan Mayor Mustafa Demir, the Samsun regional government has undertaken several major transportation and housing development projects in the city center. Projects include the restoration of the Mert River, the construction of the new National Garden, the restoration of Tarihi Şifa Hamamı and the construction of Samsun Saathane Square.[46]

Geography

[edit]

Samsun is a long city which extends along the coast between two river deltas which jut into the Black Sea. It is located at the end of an ancient route from Cappadocia: the Amisos of antiquity lay on the headland northwest of the modern city center.

The city is growing fast: land has been reclaimed from the sea and many more apartment blocks and shopping malls are currently being built. Industry is tending to move (or be moved) east, further away from the city center and towards the airport.

Millet Park in Samsun

Rivers

[edit]

To Samsun's west, lies the Kızılırmak ("Red River", the Halys of antiquity), one of the longest rivers in Anatolia and its fertile delta. To the east, lie the Yeşilırmak ("Green River", the Iris of antiquity) and its delta. The River Mert reaches the sea at the city.

Climate

[edit]

Samsun has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf), typical for the region, but Samsun is nevertheless drier during summer and milder during winter than most of the southern Black Sea coast.

Summers are warm, the average maximum temperature is around 27 °C (81 °F) in August. Winters are cool to mild and wet, the lowest average minimum temperature is around 4 °C (39 °F) in January.

Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and early winter. Snow sometimes occurs between the months of December and March, but temperatures below the freezing point rarely last more than a couple of days.

The water temperature is generally mild, fluctuating between 8–20 °C (46–68 °F) throughout the year.

Climate data for Samsun (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.2
(75.6) 		26.5
(79.7) 		33.6
(92.5) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.4
(99.3) 		37.4
(99.3) 		37.5
(99.5) 		39.0
(102.2) 		38.7
(101.7) 		38.4
(101.1) 		32.4
(90.3) 		28.9
(84.0) 		39.0
(102.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0) 		11.3
(52.3) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		27.4
(81.3) 		28.2
(82.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		18.8
(65.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.3
(52.3) 		15.9
(60.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		17.0
(62.6) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.4
(48.9) 		15.0
(59.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 		4.1
(39.4) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.9
(46.2) 		12.4
(54.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.6
(56.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		6.5
(43.7) 		11.5
(52.7)
Record low °C (°F) −8.1
(17.4) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		12.4
(54.3) 		6.8
(44.2) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−9.8
(14.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 72.5
(2.85) 		53.5
(2.11) 		68.5
(2.70) 		54.0
(2.13) 		54.1
(2.13) 		51.6
(2.03) 		38.9
(1.53) 		47.2
(1.86) 		51.8
(2.04) 		79.0
(3.11) 		76.1
(3.00) 		82.5
(3.25) 		729.7
(28.73)
Average precipitation days 14.7 13.9 15.97 14.13 12.63 10.43 6.03 6.53 10.43 13.07 11.73 13.87 143.4
Average relative humidity (%) 65.9 67.8 72.5 76.8 78.0 74.0 71.2 70.9 72.2 73.6 67.8 64.4 71.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 86.8 96.1 120.9 162.0 201.5 249.0 279.0 263.5 201.0 148.8 120.0 89.9 2,018.5
Mean daily sunshine hours 2.8 3.4 3.9 5.4 6.5 8.3 9.0 8.5 6.7 4.8 4.0 2.9 5.5
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[47] (extremes[48])
Source 2: NOAA (humidity, 1991–2020)[49]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical building of the Culture and Tourism Directorate

During the Tanzimat period and the subsequent wars, Ottoman Muslims were exiled from the Balkans[50] and Circassians were expelled from the Caucasus region.[51] Many of the present inhabitants trace their origins from further west or east on the Black Sea coast. The overwhelming majority of people are Muslim. Due to depressed economic conditions, Samsun saw slow but gradual population growth until 1990. Beginning with the economic liberalization Turkey, the city's population began to rapidly increase. In 1990, the city reported a population of 322,982. That figure grew to 388,509 by 2000, 461,640 in 2008, to 511,601 in 2015. In 2020, the city had an estimated population of 710,000.[52]

Government

[edit]

Samsun holds an important historical role in the political development of the Republic of Turkey. The city is where the first branch of the Free Republican Party and the first provincial branch of the Democrat Party were opened. For that reason, the city occupies an important place in the history of politics in Turkey. Samsun has traditionally voted for right-wing and nationalistic parties both in local and national elections. In this respect, in Samsun, which is described as the "vote depot of the right". Until the 2018, nearly 80% of the populace voted for right-wing parties while the membership rate to political parties is around 20%.[53][54] The majority of the deputies have been from the right in all general elections since 1950. Only in 1989 and 1994 did a candidate from a left-wing party, Muzaffer Önder was elected mayor.

Today, 6 of the 9 deputies of Samsun's delegation to the Turkish Grand National Assembly are members of right-wing parties with the exception of those from Atakum. The mayor of the Metropolitan Municipality Mustafa Demir is a member of the Justice and Development Party.[55][56] Of the members of parliament from Samsun, Ahmet Demircan, Yusuf Ziya Yılmaz, Çiğdem Karaaslan, Fuat Köktaş and Orhan Kırcalı are from the Justice and Development Party, while two are from the Republican People's Party, one from Good Party and one from the Nationalist Movement Party.[57][58]

Pollution

[edit]
Lignite supplied free by the city council and central government in 2024

Air pollution is a problem in some parts of the city, especially in winter when free coal is supplied to poor families by the government. NOx levels from traffic on Yüzüncüyıl Boulevard are among the highest in the country.[59]

Architecture

[edit]
Samsun Protestant Church

Samsun like many Ottoman Empire cities was composed of stone mosques, baths, markets and government buildings while the residential vernacular was almost exclusively wood. The city was populated with wooden konak style homes with more elaborate yali (residence) style homes for the wealthy. Beginning in the 1950s as the city's population grew many of these older wooden structures burned down or torn down and replaced with concrete frame apartment buildings which are now the predominant form of construction in the city center. The city's explosive population growth outpaced its ability to formally build housing for its new residents leading to the construction of vast areas of gecekondu on the city's suburban periphery. As the region has modernized, the Turkish government has made a full force effort to replace gecekondu with formally designed and built housing. TOKİ, the state agency tasked with housing development has invested heavily in Samsun, building several large social housing developments for the city's growing population.

Mosques

[edit]

Churches

[edit]
  • Samsun Protestant Church - located in Atakum
  • Mater Dolorasa Church - located in Ilkadim

Samsun used to have several Greek Orthodox churches however most were destroyed or converted to mosques following the Turkish War of Independence.

Public squares and parks

[edit]

Tallest buildings

[edit]

Samsun's tallest building is Gökdelen Towers Tower 1 at 115 m followed by the Sheraton Hotel Samsun at 115 m. In recent years dozens of mid-rise residential and commercial buildings have come to populate the city's formerly low-rise skyline.

Transport

[edit]
A Sirio tram in Samsun
Samsun-Çarşamba Airport

Long distance buses the bus station is outside the city centre, but most bus companies provide a free transfer there if you have a ticket. Passenger and freight trains run to Sivas via Amasya. The train station is in the city center. Freight trains are taken by ferry to railways at Kavkaz in Russia, and will later see service to the port of Varna in Bulgaria and Poti in Georgia.[61]

The Samsun Tram operates between the eastern district of Tekkeköy and Ondokuz Mayıs University. There is a plan to run electrically powered bus rapid transit between the railway station and Tekkekoy. Some city buses are electric. Dolmuş, the routes are numbered 1 to 4 and each route has different color minibuses. The 320 m (1,050 ft) long Samsun Amisos Hill Gondola serves from Batıpark the archaeological area on the Amisos Hill, where ancient tombs in tumuli were discovered.

Samsun-Çarşamba Airport is 23 km (14 mi) east of the city center. It is possible to reach the airport by Havas service buses: they depart from the coach park close to Kultur Sarayi in the city center.[62] Horse-drawn carriages, (Turkish: fayton) run along the seafront. There was automated bike rental along the seafront, but it is not currently operational.

Economy

[edit]
Hospital of Ondokuz Mayıs University's Faculty of Medicine in Samsun

Samsun has a mixed economy[63] with a cluster of medical industries.[64]

Ports and shipbuilding

[edit]
Former Ottoman Bank branch in Samsun

Samsun is a port city. In the early 20th century, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey funded the building of a harbor. Before the building of the harbor, ships had to anchor to deliver goods, approximately 1 mile or more from shore. Trade and transportation was focused around a road to and from Sivas.[65] The privately operated port fronting the city centre handles freight, including RORO ferries to Novorossiysk, whereas fishing boats land their catches in a separate harbour slightly further east. A ship building yard is under construction at the eastern city limit. Road and rail freight connections with central Anatolia can be used to send inland both the agricultural produce of the surrounding well rained upon and fertile land, and also imports from overseas.

Coal imports from Donbas

[edit]

Donbas anthracite, imported via the Russian ports of Azov and Taganrog, is said to be illegally exported Ukrainian coal.[66] In 2019 some crew were rescued but 6 died after a ship sank in the Black Sea.[67]

Manufacturing and food processing

[edit]

There is a light industrial zone between the city and the airport. The main manufactured products are medical devices and products, furniture (wood is imported across the Black Sea), tobacco products (although tobacco farming is now limited by the government), chemicals and automobile spare parts.

Flour mills import wheat from Ukraine and export some of the flour.

Local government and services

[edit]

Provincial government and services (e.g. courts, prisons and hospitals) support the surrounding region. Agricultural research establishments support provincial agriculture and food processing.

Shopping

[edit]
Piazza Samsun
Samsun Bulvar Shopping Mall
Piazza Samsun

Most of the many new shopping malls are purpose built, but the former tobacco factory in the city center has been converted into a mall. Samsun's largest mall is the Piazza Samsun.

Tourism

[edit]

Nature Tourism

[edit]

Samsun has one of the longest coastlines of the Black Sea Region and this strip stretches from Canik until May 19.[68] 90% of this 35 km long coastline consists of fine sandy beaches suitable for swimming, and alternative sports such as surfing, jet skiing and sailing can be practiced besides swimming. There are a total of 39 beaches in Samsun, with the highest number of beaches in Atakum with 19 of them.[69] After Atakum, Alaçam and Çarşamba come with three beaches each. Bafra, Ilkadım and May 19 each have two beaches, and Canik also has one beach. There are no beaches in Asarcık, Ayvacık, Havza, Kavak and Ladik. As of August 2018, all of the beaches measured by the Environmental Health Department are classified as very clean. In addition, 13 beaches, 10 of which are in Atakum, are awarded the Blue Flag beach.[70]

In Samsun, where activities for winter tourism can be carried out in addition to beach tourism, Akdağ Winter Sports and Ski Center, especially in Ladik, is the most important investment in this area with its 1675 m ski track and 1300 m chair lift, attracting tourists from the surrounding cities.[71][72] Akdağ also stands out as a paragliding, mountaineering and highland tourism center together with Kocadağ; Nebiyan Mountain is visited by mountaineers, and Kunduz Mountains are visited by transhumance.[73][74][75] In addition to natural areas such as Asarağaç Hill, Gölalan Waterfalls and Kabaceviz Waterfall, Çamgölü, Sarıgazel, Vezirköprü nature parks and Çakkır and Hasköy recreation areas have also been brought into tourism in recent years.[76][77][78][79][80] The Çarşamba Plain and the Galeriç Floodplain, especially the Kızılırmak Delta is frequently visited by bird watchers.[81][82] May 25 Thermal Tourism Center in Havza, which has been given the status of a tourism center, is the most important health tourism point in Samsun, and the thermal springs in Havza and Ladik are also among the tourism centers of the city.[83] The waters coming out of the hot springs, which are visited by 200 thousand people a year, have been used in the treatment of diseases such as rheumatic diseases, gynecological diseases, nervous diseases, joint diseases and calcification for two thousand years.[84][85]

Culture

[edit]

The Atatürk Culture Center

[edit]

Atatürk Kültür Sarayı (AKM – Palace of Culture). Concerts and other performances are held at the Kultur Sarayi, which is shaped much like a ski jump. "Samsun State Opera and Ballet" performs in The Atatürk Culture Center. Founded in 2009 it is one of the six state opera houses in Turkey. The Samsun Opera have performed Die Entführung (W. A. Mozart) in the annual Istanbul Opera Festival. In collaboration with The Pekin Opera, The Samsun Opera performed Puccini's Madama Butterfly in the Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival in 2012. Other performances include La bohème, La traviata, Don Quijote, Giselle. The current musical director is Lorenzo Castriota Skanderbeg.

Museums

[edit]
Gazi Museum
  • Archaeological and Atatürk Museum. The archaeological part of the museum displays ancient artifacts found in the Samsun area, including the Amisos treasure. The Atatürk section includes photographs of his life and some personal belongings.
  • Atatürk (Gazi) Museum. It houses Atatürk's bedroom, his study and conference room as well as some personal belongings.
  • Samsun City Museum. A new museum.
  • Surgical Instruments and Health Museum, opened in 2021.

Folk dancing

[edit]

There is an annual international festival.[86]

Education

[edit]
See also: Category:Education in Samsun

There are two universities in Samsun: the state run Ondokuz Mayıs University and the private sector Samsun University. There is also a police training college[87] and many small private colleges.

Parks, nature reserves and other greenspace

[edit]
Statue of Atatürk by the Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel in Samsun's city center
Samsun Opera and Ballet Hall
Parks
  • Batı Park (West Park) is a large park on land reclaimed from the sea
  • Doğu Park (East Park)
  • Atatürk Park contains his statue by Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel, which was completed in 1931. The statue was depicted on the obverse of the Turkish 100,000 lira banknotes of 1991–2001.[88]
Nature reserves
  • Çakırlar Korusu[89]
Other greenspace

There are several army bases in the city (Esentepe Kışlası, Gökberk Kışlası, 19 Mayis Kışlası and others). Should they become surplus to military requirements in future, for example due to reduced conscription in Turkey, it is currently unclear whether they would become urban open space or be further built on.

Sports

[edit]
See also: Category:Sport in Samsun
Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium

In ancient Roman times gladiator sword fighting[90] apparently took place in Amisos, as depicted on a tombstone dating from the 2nd or 3rd century CE.

Tekkeköy Yaşar Doğu Arena opened in 2013.

Football is the most popular sport: in the older districts above the city center children often kick balls around in the evenings in the smallest streets. The city's main club is Samsunspor, which plays its games at the Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium.

Basketball, volleyball, tennis, swimming, cable skiing (in summer), horse riding, go karting, paintballing, martial arts and many other sports are played. Cycling and jogging are only common along the sea front, where recreational fishing is also popular.

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Twin towns—Sister cities

[edit]
Sister cities of Samsun

Samsun is twinned with:

Notable people from Samsun

[edit]

Footballers who played for Samsunspor or were born in Samsun

[edit]

Others

[edit]

Mayors of Samsun Metropolitan Municipality

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Statistics by Theme > National Accounts > Regional Accounts". www.turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  2. ^ "İlçe ilçe nüfus istatistikleri" [County district population statistics]. www.haberturk.com (in Turkish). 5 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  3. ^ Özgören, Aydın (2019). La question du Pont-Euxin. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 135. ISBN 978-975-16-3633-1.
  4. ^ Özhan Öztürk. Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük (Blacksea: Encyclopedic Dictionary) Archived 13 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 2 Cilt (2 Volumes). Heyamola Publishing. Istanbul. 2005 ISBN 975-6121-00-9
  5. ^ Homer, Iliad; online version at classics.mit.edu, accessed on 2009-08-18. Book II: "The Paphlagonians were commanded by stout-hearted Pylaemanes from Enetae, where the mules run wild in herds. These were they that held Cytorus and the country round Sesamus, with the cities by the river Parthenius, Cromna, Aegialus, and lofty Erithini."
  6. ^ Strab. 12.3 "Tieium is a town that has nothing worthy of mention except that Philetaerus, the founder of the family of Attalic Kings, was from there. Then comes the Parthenius River, which flows through flowery districts and on this account came by its name; it has its sources in Paphlagonia itself. And then comes Paphlagonia and the Eneti. Writers question whom the poet means by 'the Eneti,' when he says, 'And the rugged heart of Pylaemenes led the Paphlagonians, from the land of the Eneti, whence the breed of wild mules; for at the present time, they say, there are no Eneti to be seen in Paphlagonia, though some say that there is a village on the Aegialus ten schoeni distant from Amastris.' But Zenodotus writes 'from Enete,' and says that Homer clearly indicates the Amisus of today. And others say that a tribe called Eneti, bordering on the Cappadocians, made an expedition with the Cimmerians and then were driven out to the Adriatic Sea. But the thing upon which there is general agreement is, that the Eneti, to whom Pylaemenes belonged, were the most notable tribe of the Paphlagonians, and that, furthermore, these made the expedition with him in very great numbers, but, losing their leader, crossed over to Thrace after the capture of Troy, and on their wanderings went to the Enetian country, as it is now called. According to some writers, Antenor and his children took part in this expedition and settled at the recess of the Adriatic, as mentioned by me in my account of Italy. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that it was on this account that the Eneti disappeared and are not to be seen in Paphlagonia."
  7. ^ a b "Samsun Guide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014.
  8. ^ "..:: REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM ::." Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  9. ^ "..:: REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM ::." Archived from the original on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  10. ^ Cohen, Getzel M. (1995). "The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor". Berkeley and Los Angeles: California: University of California Press. p. 384.
  11. ^ a b c d Wilson, M. W. "Cities of God in Northern Asia Minor: Using Stark's Social Theories to Reconstruct Peter's Communities". Verbum et Ecclesia 32 (1). p. 3.
  12. ^ Topalidis, S. "Formation of the First Greek Settlements in the Pontos". Pontos World. Pontosworld.com. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  13. ^ Tsetskhladze, G.R. (1998 ) "The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area: Historical Interpretation of Archaeology". Stuttgart: F. Steiner. p. 19.; Louvre page Archived 23 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ a b Wilson, M. W. "Cities of God in Northern Asia Minor: Using Stark's Social Theories to Reconstruct Peter's Communities". Verbum et Ecclesia 32 (1). p. 4.
  15. ^ Jones, A.H.M (1937). "The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces". Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p. 149.
  16. ^ "ESKİ SAMSUN' DA (AMİSOS) AYDINLANAN TARİH". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014.
  17. ^ "Antik Amisos Kenti". Archived from the original on 30 March 2014.
  18. ^ Orrery, J. B. (1752). "The Letters of Pliny the Younger: With Observations on Each Letter; and an Essay on Pliny's Life, Addressed to Charles Lord Boyle". The 3rd ed. London: Printed by James Bettenham, for Paul Vaillant. p. 407.
  19. ^ Mitchell, S. (1995). "Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor". Journal of Roman Studies, 85. pp. 301–302.
  20. ^ Giftopoulou Sofia (17 March 2003). "Amisos (Byzantium)". Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Translated by Koutras Nikolaos. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  21. ^ Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. (2013). "Roads to Pontus, Royal and Roman." The Journal of Hellenic Studies (Vol. 21). London: Forgotten Books. (Original work published pre-1945, year unknown) p. 105-6.
  22. ^ Wilson, M. W. "Cities of God in Northern Asia Minor: Using Stark's Social Theories to Reconstruct Peter's Communities". Verbum et Ecclesia 32 (1). p. 2.
  23. ^ a b Schalit, A. "Asia Minor." Encyclopedia Judaica. Accessed 11 March 2015.
  24. ^ "Pliny and Trajan on the Christians." Pliny and Trajan on the Christians. Accessed 7 April 2015.
  25. ^ Alikin, V. A. (2010). 'Chapter 7.' In The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering: Origin, Development and Content of the Christian Gathering in the First to Third Centuries. Leiden: Brill. p. 270.
  26. ^ Wilson, M. W. "Cities of God in Northern Asia Minor: Using Stark's Social Theories to Reconstruct Peter's Communities". Verbum et Ecclesia 32 (1). p. 7.
  27. ^ Siméon Vailhé, v. Amisus, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques Archived 9 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 1289–1290]
  28. ^ Jean Richard, La Papauté et les missions d'Orient au Moyen Age (XIII-XV siècles), École Française de Rome, 1977, pp. 170–171 and 235–236
  29. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 831
  30. ^ "File:Anatolia 1097 it.svg". 17 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  31. ^ Zehiroğlu, A.M. (2018) "Trabzon İmparatorluğu" vol.III pp.150–156 ISBN 978-6058103207
  32. ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 61. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
  33. ^ "Foreign Office: Consulate, Samsun, Ottoman Empire: Entry Books and Registers of Correspondence". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  34. ^ Prott, Volker (2016). The Politics of Self-Determination: Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe, 1917–1923. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191083556. They lotted and burned the houses of the Greeks... In early June, Hosford continued, Samsun faced the same threat of looting, massacres and deportation... Osman Aga's troops could not operate freely in Samsoun as they did later in Marsovan or had done before in the district of Bafra
  35. ^ Bartrop, Paul R. (2014). Encountering Genocide: Personal Accounts from Victims, Perpetrators, and Witnesses. ABC-CLIO. p. 64. ISBN 9781610693318.
  36. ^ "Provincial and District Establishment Dates" (PDF). General Directorate of Provincial Administration. p. 72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  37. ^ Law on the formation of ten districts (PDF) (1282). Turkish Grand National Assembly. 24 May 1928. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  38. ^ Law on the re-organization of five districts and the creation of two deputy governors, and amendments to the schedules of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (PDF) (2529). Turkish Grand National Assembly. 28 June 1934. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  39. ^ Law on the reorganization of 16 districts and making changes in the tables subject to the Law No. 3656 and the tables with (D) and (L) signs under the Law on the Regular General Law of the fiscal year 1944 (PDF) (4642). Turkish Grand National Council. 2 August 1944. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  40. ^ 103 Districts Law on the Establishment of the law of Turkey (PDF) (3392). 19 June 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  41. ^ 130 Law on Establishment of Districts (PDF) (3644). Turkey Grand National Assembly. 9 May 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  42. ^ Özdemir, Naziye (2011). Historical development of electricity in Turkey (1900- 1938) (Master). Ankara: Ankara University. p. 123.
  43. ^ "Some important events about Samsun in the Republican era" (PDF). Samsun Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  44. ^ "Natural gas in Samsun hk". SAMGAZ. 8 August 2006. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  45. ^ Decree on the Establishment of Metropolitan Municipality in Seven Provinces (PDF) (decision having the force of law ame 504). Council of Ministers. 2 September 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  46. ^ "SAMSUN'DA TARİHİ PROJE | Yeni Günde Haber | Güncel Son Dakika Haberler". 15 December 2020.
  47. ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  48. ^ "İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri: Samsun" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  49. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 - Samsun Bolge" (CSV). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  50. ^ "The Exiles from Balkans to Black Sea Coast After the Tanzimat". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  51. ^ "Report to the Board of Health of the Ottoman Empire, Samsun, May 20, 1864". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  52. ^ "Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2020" [Address Based Population Registration System Results, 2020]. TÜİK Ana Sayfa (in Turkish). 4 February 2021.
  53. ^ Aylin (13 June 2018). "Seçim 2018: 'Sağın oy deposu' Samsun'da Cumhur İttifakı, AKP ve MHP toplamına ulaşır mı?" [Election 2018: Will the 'vote depot of the right' reach the total of the People's Alliance, AKP and MHP in Samsun?]. BBC (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  54. ^ Arslan, Ali (2006). "The Political Structure of Samsun on the Basis of Local Election Results". In Yılmaz, Cevdet (ed.). Geçmişten geleceğe Samsun [From Past to Future Samsun] (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Samsun Metropolitan Municipality Culture Publications. pp. 715–734. ISBN 9759229617.
  55. ^ "Samsun'da hangi parti kaç milletvekili çıkardı?" [How many deputies did each party get in Samsun?]. News (in Turkish). 24 June 2018. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  56. ^ "Samsun election results announced !". Habertürk. 2 April 2019. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  57. ^ Işık, Esin (16 January 2019). "Erhan Usta was expelled from the MHP". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  58. ^ Akduman, Ismail (9 September 2020). "Erhan Usta, expelled from MHP, transferred to IYI Party". Sözcü. Retrieved 12 January 2021.[dead link‍]
  59. ^ "Executive Summary: Improving air quality and reducing health costs through renewable energy in Turkey – Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector". COBENEFITS Study Turkey (PDF) (Report).
  60. ^ "Samsun". Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  61. ^ "Samsun-Kavkaz ferry line to link Turkey with Russia, Central Asia". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014.
  62. ^ "Samsun". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  63. ^ "..:: REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM ::." Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  64. ^ "2023 Export Target 5 Billion Dollars". 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014.
  65. ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 54. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
  66. ^ "Russia's Hybrid Strategy in the Sea of Azov: Divide and Antagonize (Part Two)". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  67. ^ "Cargo ship sinks off Turkey's Black Sea coast; 6 dead". Associated Press. 7 January 2019.
  68. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 5 February 2014.
  69. ^ "Sağlık Bakanlığı - Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü - Yüzme Suyu Takip Sistemi". Archived from the original on 11 June 2018.
  70. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
  71. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 27 June 2018.
  72. ^ "Akdağ'ın yılbaşı umudu". 27 December 2017.
  73. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
  74. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
  75. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
  76. ^ "Samsunda Turizim Alternatifleri | T.C. Samsun Valiliði | www.samsun.gov.tr". 12 February 2014. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  77. ^ "Samsunda Turizim Alternatifleri | T.C. Samsun Valiliði | www.samsun.gov.tr". 12 February 2014. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  78. ^ "Kabaceviz Şelaleleri'nde görsel şölen".
  79. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 27 June 2018.
  80. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 27 June 2018.
  81. ^ "Kızılırmak Delta Wetland and Bird Sanctuary".
  82. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
  83. ^ Yenilenebilir enerji raporu (in Turkish) Archived 19 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 27 June 2018.
  85. ^ "Archive.md". Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
  86. ^ ""FESTİVALİ ANLAMAK" ve SAHİP". Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
  87. ^ "Police college website (Turkish)". Archived from the original on 14 September 2012.
  88. ^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 3 June 2009 at WebCite. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – One Hundred Thousand Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 22 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine, II. Series Archived 22 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine & III. Series Archived 22 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
  89. ^ "ÇAKIRLAR KORUSUMESİRE YERİ". Archived from the original on 5 November 2014.
  90. ^ "Tombstone for the gladiator Diodorus". Archived from the original on 17 February 2014.
  91. ^ "Samsun – Twin Towns". Samsun-City.sk. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  92. ^ "BISHKEK, KYRGYZSTAN". Samsun Metropolitan Municipality. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samsun.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Samsun.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Samsun&oldid=1260223091"