Jump to content

Salem, Oregon

Coordinates: 44°55′23″N 123°01′28″W / 44.92306°N 123.02444°W / 44.92306; -123.02444
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Salem (Oregon))

Salem
State capital city
Downtown Salem
Downtown Salem
Oregon State Capitol
Oregon State Capitol
Walter Hall
Willamette University
Hallie Ford Museum of Art
Hallie Ford Museum of Art
Riverfront Park
Riverfront Park
Flag of Salem
Flag
Official logo of Salem
Logo
Nickname: 
Cherry City
Location within Marion County and Polk County in Oregon
Location within Marion County and Polk County in Oregon
Salem is located in Oregon
Salem
Salem
Location within the United States
Salem is located in the United States
Salem
Salem
Salem (the United States)
Coordinates: 44°55′23″N 123°01′28″W / 44.92306°N 123.02444°W / 44.92306; -123.02444
CountryUnited States
StateOregon
CountiesMarion and Polk
Founded1842; 182 years ago (1842)
Government
 • TypeCity Council – City Manager
 • MayorChris Hoy (D)
 • City ManagerKeith Stahley[1]
Area
[2]
 • City
49.45 sq mi (128.08 km2)
 • Land48.91 sq mi (126.67 km2)
 • Water0.55 sq mi (1.41 km2)
Elevation
[3]
177 ft (54 m)
Population
 (2020)[5]
 • City
175,535
 • RankUS: 147th
 • Density3,589.09/sq mi (1,385.74/km2)
 • Urban
268,331 (US: 152nd)[4]
 • Urban density3,691.8/sq mi (1,425.4/km2)
 • Metro
433,353 (US: 125th)
DemonymSalemite[6][7]
Time zoneUTC−8 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP Codes
97301–97306 and 97308–97314
Area codes503 and 971
FIPS code41-64900
GNIS feature ID2411764[3]
Websitecityofsalem.net

Salem (/ˈseɪləm/ ⓘ SAY-ləm) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Oregon, and the county seat of Marion County. It is located in the center of the Willamette Valley alongside the Willamette River, which runs north through the city. The river forms the boundary between Marion and Polk counties, and the city neighborhood of West Salem is in Polk County. Salem was founded in 1842, became the capital of the Oregon Territory in 1851, and was incorporated in 1857.

Salem had a population of 175,535 at the 2020 census,[8] making it the third-most populous city in the state after Portland and Eugene. Salem is the principal city of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area, a metropolitan area that covers Marion and Polk counties[9] and had a combined population of 433,353 at the 2020 census.[10] This area is, in turn, part of the Portland–Vancouver–Salem Combined Statistical Area.

The city is home to Willamette University, Corban University, and Chemeketa Community College. The State of Oregon is the largest public employer in the city, and Salem Health is the largest private employer. Transportation includes public transit from Cherriots (legally known as Salem Area Mass Transit District), Amtrak service, as well as limited commercial and non-commercial air travel at McNary Field.[11] Major roads include Interstate 5, Oregon Route 99E, and Oregon Route 22, which connects West Salem across the Willamette River via the Marion Street and Center Street bridges.

History

[edit]

Origin of name

[edit]
Map of Salem in 1876

The Native Americans who inhabited the central Willamette Valley at first European contact, the Kalapuya, called the area Chim-i-ki-ti, which means "meeting or resting place" in the Central Kalapuya language (Santiam).[12] When the Methodist Mission moved to the area, they called the new establishment Chemeketa; although it was more widely known as the Mill, because of its situation on Mill Creek.[13] When the Oregon Institute was established, the community became known as the institute.[13]

When the institute was dissolved, the trustees decided to lay out a town site on the Institute lands.[13] Some possible sources for the name "Salem" include William H. Willson, who in 1850 and 1851 filed the plans for the main part of the city, and suggested adopting an Anglicized version of the Biblical Hebrew word "שָׁלוֹם, Shalom", meaning "peace" (used also as a greeting).[13][14] The Reverend David Leslie, President of the town's Trustees, also wanted a Biblical name, and suggested using the last five letters of "Jerusalem".[14] Or, the town may be named after Salem, Massachusetts, where Leslie was educated. There were many names suggested, and even after the change to Salem, some people, such as Asahel Bush (editor of the Oregon Statesman), believed the name should be changed back to Chemeketa.[15] The Vern Miller Civic Center, which houses the city offices and library, has a public space dedicated as the Peace Plaza in recognition of the names by which the city has been known.[15]

Europeans

[edit]

The first people of European descent arrived in the area as early as 1812; they were animal trappers and food gatherers for the fur trading companies in Astoria, Oregon.

The first permanent American settlement in the area was the Jason Lee Methodist mission (1840) located in the area north of Salem known as Wheatland.[16] In 1842, the missionaries established the Oregon Institute (the forerunner of Willamette University) in the area that was to become the site of Salem. In 1844, the mission was dissolved and the town site established.

In 1851, Salem became the territorial capital after it was moved from Oregon City. The capital was moved briefly to Corvallis in 1855, but was moved back to Salem permanently that same year. Salem incorporated as a city in 1857, and with the coming of statehood in 1859, it became the state capital.

Capitol buildings

[edit]
Capitol building after 1935 fire

Oregon has had three capitol buildings in Salem. A two-story state house, which had been occupied for only two months, burned to the ground in December 1855. Oregon's second capitol building was completed in 1876 on the site of the original. The Greek Revival-style building was based in part on the U.S. Capitol building. The building received its distinctive copper dome in 1893. On April 25, 1935, this building was also destroyed by fire. The third and current Oregon State Capitol was completed on the same site in 1938. It faces north instead of west like its predecessor, and is recognizable by its distinctive pioneer statue atop the capitol dome that is plated with gold-leaf and officially named the Oregon Pioneer.

State fair and cherry festival

[edit]
Oregon State Fair 1867

Agriculture has always been important to Salem, and the city has historically recognized and celebrated it in a number of ways. In 1861, Salem was chosen as the permanent site of the Oregon State Fair by the Oregon State Agricultural Association.[17] Salem is nicknamed the "Cherry City", because of the past importance of the local cherry-growing industry.[18] The first cherry festival in Salem was held in 1903 and was an annual event, with parades and the election of a cherry queen, until sometime after World War I. The event was briefly revived as the Salem Cherryland Festival for several years in the late 1940s.[19]

Geography and climate

[edit]

Salem is located in the north-central Willamette Valley, in Marion and Polk counties. The 45th Parallel (roughly the halfway point between the North Pole and the Equator) passes through Salem's city limits.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 48.45 square miles (125.48 km2), of which 47.90 square miles (124.06 km2) is land and 0.55 square miles (1.42 km2) is water.[20]

Although the Willamette River flows through Salem, the North Santiam River watershed is Salem's primary drinking water source. Other important streams that pass through Salem are Mill Creek, the Mill Race, Pringle Creek, and Shelton Ditch.[21] Smaller streams in the southern and southeastern parts of the city include Clark Creek, Jory Creek, Battle Creek, Croisan Creek, and Claggett Creek, while Glen Creek and Brush Creek flow through West Salem.[21]

Elevation within the city limits ranges from about 120 to 800 feet (37 to 244 m). Salem contains the volcanic Salem Hills in the south and is sandwiched by the 1,000 ft (300 m) Eola Hills directly to the west and the 600 ft (180 m) Waldo Hills to the east. Northern and eastern Salem are less hilly. South and West Salem contain some canyons and are the hilliest areas. The coast range and the Cascades—including Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, and on the clearest of days, Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams in Washington—can be viewed from throughout the city.

Climate chart for Salem

Like most of the Willamette Valley area, Salem has a mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb). Rain is heaviest in late fall and throughout winter, and almost all of the annual precipitation falls between October and April, with a dry season from May through September. Light snowfall occurs in winter, but major snows are rare. Mostly cloudy skies and low cloud ceilings are commonplace during the rainy season.

Salem's mean annual temperature is 54.1 °F (12.3 °C);[22] its annual precipitation is 40.08 inches (1,018 mm), with an average 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) of snow included. However, over a quarter of years receive no snowfall.[22] The state capital is about 47 mi (76 km) south of Portland, but actually has a lower average temperature than that of Portland (54.4 °F or 12.4 °C),[22] due in part to the lower daily minima.

All-time extremes in Salem range from 117 to −12 °F (47 to −24 °C).[22] The coldest afternoon of the year usually falls to 32 °F (0 °C) on the freezing point, whereas the coldest recorded maximum temperature was 16 °F (−9 °C) in three separate months and years.[22] The warmest night on record was 74 °F (23 °C) in July 2006 and the warmest annual night averages 64 °F (18 °C).[22]

Climate data for Salem, Oregon (McNary Field), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 68
(20) 		72
(22) 		80
(27) 		93
(34) 		100
(38) 		117
(47) 		108
(42) 		108
(42) 		104
(40) 		93
(34) 		74
(23) 		72
(22) 		117
(47)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 59.4
(15.2) 		61.9
(16.6) 		70.3
(21.3) 		77.6
(25.3) 		87.3
(30.7) 		93.8
(34.3) 		100.1
(37.8) 		100.4
(38.0) 		92.6
(33.7) 		77.8
(25.4) 		64.1
(17.8) 		59.0
(15.0) 		103.2
(39.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 48.4
(9.1) 		52.1
(11.2) 		56.8
(13.8) 		61.6
(16.4) 		69.0
(20.6) 		74.6
(23.7) 		83.5
(28.6) 		83.6
(28.7) 		77.5
(25.3) 		64.8
(18.2) 		53.6
(12.0) 		47.4
(8.6) 		64.4
(18.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 42.1
(5.6) 		44.0
(6.7) 		47.5
(8.6) 		51.3
(10.7) 		57.7
(14.3) 		62.7
(17.1) 		69.3
(20.7) 		69.2
(20.7) 		64.0
(17.8) 		54.3
(12.4) 		46.3
(7.9) 		41.3
(5.2) 		54.1
(12.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 35.8
(2.1) 		35.9
(2.2) 		38.3
(3.5) 		41.0
(5.0) 		46.3
(7.9) 		50.8
(10.4) 		55.1
(12.8) 		54.8
(12.7) 		50.6
(10.3) 		43.9
(6.6) 		39.0
(3.9) 		35.1
(1.7) 		43.9
(6.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 23.9
(−4.5) 		24.1
(−4.4) 		27.7
(−2.4) 		31.1
(−0.5) 		35.2
(1.8) 		41.5
(5.3) 		47.0
(8.3) 		46.7
(8.2) 		41.0
(5.0) 		32.1
(0.1) 		26.3
(−3.2) 		21.8
(−5.7) 		17.7
(−7.9)
Record low °F (°C) −10
(−23) 		−4
(−20) 		12
(−11) 		23
(−5) 		25
(−4) 		32
(0) 		35
(2) 		30
(−1) 		26
(−3) 		19
(−7) 		9
(−13) 		−12
(−24) 		−12
(−24)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 6.08
(154) 		4.54
(115) 		4.35
(110) 		3.12
(79) 		2.25
(57) 		1.25
(32) 		0.25
(6.4) 		0.39
(9.9) 		1.46
(37) 		3.47
(88) 		5.95
(151) 		6.97
(177) 		40.08
(1,018)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 18.2 15.9 17.5 15.7 11.6 8.0 2.3 3.2 6.4 12.5 17.7 18.9 147.9
Average relative humidity (%) 82.9 81.5 77.3 73.6 71.1 67.8 63.0 64.3 69.4 79.5 84.8 84.9 75.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 34.3
(1.3) 		36.9
(2.7) 		38.1
(3.4) 		40.3
(4.6) 		44.8
(7.1) 		49.3
(9.6) 		51.4
(10.8) 		52.0
(11.1) 		48.9
(9.4) 		45.0
(7.2) 		40.5
(4.7) 		35.6
(2.0) 		43.1
(6.2)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 77.6 117.9 200.3 238.1 281.7 295.2 350.3 318.8 253.1 171.0 86.2 73.5 2,463.7
Source: NOAA (sun, dew points and relative humidity 1961–1990)[23][24][25]

See or edit raw graph data.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1860902—
18702,139137.1%
18802,53818.7%
18903,42234.8%
19004,25824.4%
191014,094231.0%
192017,67925.4%
193026,26648.6%
194030,90817.7%
195043,14039.6%
196049,14213.9%
197068,29639.0%
198089,23330.7%
1990107,78620.8%
2000136,92427.0%
2010154,63712.9%
2020175,53513.5%
2022 (est.)180,0132.6%
Sources:[26][27][5]

2020 census

[edit]

As of the 2020 census, there were 175,535 people, and 64,426 households in the city.[8] The population density was 3,596.8 people per square mile. The racial make up of the city was 75.3% White, 1.4% African American, 1.0% Native American, 3.3% Asian, 1.8% Pacific Islander, and 10.2% two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 22.4% of the population.[8]

24.2% of the population were under 18, and 6.2% were under 5. People over 65 made up 14.6% of the population. The gender make up was 49% female and 51% male.[8]

The median household income was $62,185, and the per capita income was $31,610. 14.7% of the population were under the poverty line.[8]

Salem, Oregon – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[28] Pop 2010[29] Pop 2020[30] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 106,331 109,352 111,430 77.66% 70.72% 63.48%
Black or African American alone (NH) 1,621 2,081 2,812 1.18% 1.35% 1.60%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 1,692 1,750 1,776 1.24% 1.13% 1.01%
Asian alone (NH) 3,268 4,134 5,446 2.39% 2.67% 3.10%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 617 1,429 2,293 0.45% 0.92% 1.31%
Other race alone (NH) 195 214 838 0.14% 0.14% 0.48%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 3,227 4,318 9,638 2.36% 2.79% 5.49%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 19,973 31,359 41,302 14.59% 20.28% 23.53%
Total 136,924 154,637 175,535 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010 census

[edit]

As of the census[31] of 2010, there were 154,637 people, 57,290 households, and 36,261 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,228.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,246.5/km2). There were 61,276 housing units at an average density of 1,279.2 per square mile (493.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 79.0% White, 1.5% African American, 1.5% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 10.1% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.3% of the population.

There were 57,290 households, of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.0% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.15.

The median age in the city was 34.5 years. 25.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.6% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 12% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2000, there were 136,924 people, 50,676 households, and 32,331 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,994.0 people per square mile (1,156.0 people/km2). There were 53,817 housing units at an average density of 1,176.8 per square mile (454.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.1% White, 1.3% African American, 1.5% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0.5% Pacific Islander, 7.9% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.6% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 70.7% of the population in 2010,[32] compared to 88.6% in 1990.[33]

There were 50,676 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,881, and the median income for a family was $46,409. Males had a median income of $34,746 versus $26,789 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,141. About 10.5% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.2% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

Government

[edit]
The covered courtyard which is part of the Vern W. Miller Civic Center, which is a complex of buildings, including a branch of the public library, a fire station, city hall, and the police department (until 2020.)

Salem is governed using the council–manager government model.[34] The city council consists of eight members who are elected from single member wards. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote.

The current mayor is Chris Hoy, a Democrat who took office in 2022.

The following are Salem's city councilors:[35]

  • Ward 1: Virginia Stapleton
  • Ward 2: Linda Nishioka
  • Ward 3: Trevor Phillips
  • Ward 4: Deanna Gwyn
  • Ward 5: Jose Gonzalez
  • Ward 6: Julie Hoy
  • Ward 7: Vanessa Nordyke
  • Ward 8: Micki Varney

Economy

[edit]
Capitol Center in downtown

State government is Salem's largest employer, but the city also serves as a hub for the area farming communities and is a major agricultural food processing center.[36] It lies along the I-5 corridor and is within an hour's drive of Oregon's largest city, Portland.

Salem is the home of Kettle Foods, Inc., a maker of potato chips since 1982. Kettle employs 700 in Salem and at a plant in Bowthorpe, England. NORPAC Foods, Inc., is a large food processor in Salem and elsewhere in Marion County. Its brands include Flav-R-Pac and West-Pac frozen fruits and vegetables, and Santiam canned vegetables. Oregon Fruit Products, Inc., has been canning blackberries, marionberries and other fruits in Salem since 1935, with Oregon as its brand name.

In a bid to diversify its economic base, Salem attracted a number of computer-related manufacturing plants in the 1990s. In November 2003, the Sumitomo Mitsubishi Silicon Group (SUMCO), one of these arrivals, announced it would be closing its two silicon wafer plants at the end of 2004, eliminating 620 jobs, and moving production to other plants.[37]

Salem is the headquarters of the Oregon Department of Corrections and home to four state correctional facilities, including the Oregon State Penitentiary, Oregon's only maximum-security prison.

Numerous projects are underway to increase the supply of housing in the downtown core. These projects will provide upscale, low- and high-rise condominium and office space.

Top employers

[edit]

According to Salem's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the 2022 fiscal year,[38] the top employers in the area are:

Rank Employer Number of Employees
1 State of Oregon 21,000
2 Salem-Keizer School District 5,137
3 Salem Health 5,058
4 Marion County 1,742
5 Federal Government 1,500
6 Amazon Fulfillment Center 1,400
7 City of Salem 1,291
8 Chemeketa Community College 1,080
9 Wal-Mart 980
10 State Accident Insurance Fund 923

People and culture

[edit]

Neighborhood associations

[edit]
Central area of Salem 1900

Salem has 17 recognized neighborhood associations, which are independent groups that receive administrative support from the city.[39]

Cultural events and series

[edit]
Skateboarder in Marion Square Park

The nonprofit group Salem Community Markets (SCM) operates several farmers' markets in Salem. The largest and most well-known of these is the Salem Saturday Market, which is located north of the Capitol, runs from May to October, and focuses on local products, including art, baked goods, produce, live plants, meat, and other items.[40] Other SCM-run markets include a Monday Market (hosted from May to September at the Salem Hospital), a Wednesday Farmers' Market hosted on campus at Chemeketa Community College, a Thursday Market in West Salem,[41] and a Holiday Gift Market in December. There is also an indoor Saturday Public Market which is open all year.[40]

The annual World Beat Festival, held in June, is sponsored by the nonprofit Salem Multicultural Institute.[42] The event lasts for two days and is held at the Riverfront Park. It features international crafts, music, dance, food, and folklore from every continent, and in recent years has held a Dragon Boat race similar to the ones held during the nearby Rose Festival in Portland.[43]

The Salem Art Association sponsors the annual Salem Art Fair and Festival, which takes place at Bush's Pasture Park during the summer.[44] Its displays, interactive exhibits, food, and performances attract thousands of visitors each year.[45]

The Bite of Salem, held in July at the Riverfront Park, is an event similar to others such as the Bite of Oregon in Portland. The event consists of a weekend of local restaurants in Salem offering samples of their menus to patrons in a festival atmosphere, with live entertainment and benefiting local charities. In the summer, Chef's Nite Out is a wine and food benefit held for Marion-Polk Food Share.[46] Oregon Wine & Food Festival takes place at that state's fairgrounds in January.

The largest event in Salem is the Oregon State Fair at the end of August through Labor Day. Located in the Oregon State Fairgrounds in North Salem, the fair offers exhibits, competitions and carnival rides. Other events such as concerts, horse shows and rodeos take place at the Oregon State Fair and Expo Center throughout the year.[47]

The Mid-Valley Video Festival offers local, national and international independent films in theaters throughout the city.[48]

The Salem Film Festival has included feature films that were Oregon premieres.[49]

The Salem Repertory Theatre presents shows at the Reed Opera House.[50] The Pentacle Theatre, which features plays and musicals, is located in West Salem.[51] The Elsinore Theatre is a historic landmark featuring recitals, concerts, films, and plays. It has the largest working pipe organ on the west coast, a remnant of its days as a showcase for silent films, in the early days of cinema. Grand Theater is newly renovated and is the home of Enlightened Theatrics, a professional theatre company and hosts the Salem Progressive Film Series on the third Tuesday nine months of the year.

Salem Capital Pride (Salem's yearly Gay Pride Event), hosted by Aundrea Smith (Author of: "Your Local Queer"; 2019) is held in early August.[52]

The personal house and garden of landscape architects Elizabeth Lord and Edith Schryver, known as Gaiety Hollow, is on the National Register of Historic Places. Their firm Lord & Schryver designed the gardens of Historic Deepwood Estate.

Museums and other points of interest

[edit]
Oregon State Capitol
Downtown Salem looking west

In addition to the Oregon State Capitol and adjacent Willson Park, Salem's downtown contains the Willamette Heritage Center, Hallie Ford Museum of Art, the Elsinore Theatre, Riverfront Park, the Willamette River, some of the oldest buildings in Oregon, as well as shopping and restaurants. The A.C. Gilbert's Discovery Village interactive children's museum and Prewitt-Allen Archaeological Museum are both also located in Salem.[53]

The two leading candidates for the tallest building in Salem are Salem First United Methodist Church and the Capitol Center.[54] A private survey commissioned by a local publication holds that the church is the tallest.[55] The tall white spire of the 1878 church rises at the intersection of Church and State Streets across from the Capitol grounds. The Capitol Center (originally the First National Bank Building, then the Livesley Building) was built in 1927 by former Salem mayor Thomas A. Livesley, a prominent Salem-area businessman and civic leader. At that time of its completion, it was the tallest commercial building in the state.[54]

In 1988, Livesley's family home was purchased through private donations and was donated to the state. It now serves as the official residence of the Governor and family. Now known as Mahonia Hall, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1990.

The Oregon Symphony, based in Portland, presents approximately ten classical and pops concerts each year in Salem. The Salem Chamber Orchestra includes professional area musicians as well as students.[56] The Salem Armory Auditorium has hosted touring bands including Korn and Phish.

The Salem Concert Band is a community band made up of professional and amateur musicians that performs several classical and pops concerts annually.[57]

Because Salem is the state capital, it has a multitude of government agencies, departments, and boards housed in buildings with architectural designs ranging from the early 20th century to examples of state-of-the-art civil building design.

The historic Reed Opera House in downtown Salem has a number of local shops and dining establishments, as well as an art gallery.

Salem has been awarded "Tree City USA" status by the National Arbor Day Foundation for 30 consecutive years for its dedication to urban forestry.[58] Salem was the first city in Oregon to receive the award.[59] In keeping with the city's "Cherry City" theme, flowering cherry trees have been planted along many Salem streets as well as on the Capitol Mall across from the Capitol.

The Salem Public Library's main branch is located just south of downtown. A branch library is located in West Salem (Polk County). The Library participates in the Chemeketa Cooperative Regional Library Service, so Salem Public Library cards are also valid in the member libraries in Yamhill, Polk, Marion, and parts of Linn County. In addition to the Salem Public Library, the Mark O. Hatfield Library at Willamette University is open to the public as well, although the hours are limited.

The film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest was filmed at the Oregon State Hospital.

Salem and its environs have a multitude of wineries and vineyards that are open to the public.[60]

Media

[edit]

Salem has one daily newspaper, the Gannett-owned Statesman Journal. The Capital Press, a weekly agricultural newspaper, is published in the city and is distributed throughout the West Coast. The monthly Salem Business Journal covers business and government.[61] Salem Magazine, published quarterly, both in physical and digital (online) issues, focuses upon its people; its unique culture; and its downtown and surrounding neighborhood communities.[62]

Northwest Television operates three television stations that have Salem transmitters: KWVT-LD, KSLM, and KPWC, which serve an area from Longview, Washington, to Eugene, Oregon. Two stations are licensed to Salem but operate out of Portland: KPXG-TV and KRCW.

As of 2012, seven radio stations broadcast from Salem, including three commercial AM stations, three non-commercial FM stations, and a community radio station. KBZY was a popular Top 40 station from its sign-on in 1957 through the 1960s and 1970s. Today KBZY has an oldies format, and continues to use live and local personalities. KBZY is affiliated with the ABC Radio Network. KYKN carries syndicated conservative talk hosts. KZGD is a Spanish language sports talk station. KSLM features conservative talk programming. KSAI is a non-commercial station licensed to Educational Media Foundation with a Contemporary Christian format. KMUZ, established in 2012, is a non-commercial community radio station carrying locally produced content in a variety format.

Salem is part of the Portland Arbitron survey area for radio stations, and most of the Portland stations can be received in Salem, including powerful AM stations news/talk KEX, CBS Sports Radio affiliate KXTG, and Fox Sports Radio affiliate KPOJ. Stations to the south in Corvallis and Albany are also easily heard in Salem.

NPR programming is carried by Oregon Public Broadcasting, which can be heard on KOPB-FM from Portland, and KOAC from Corvallis.

Parks and recreation

[edit]

City parks

[edit]
Riverfront Park in downtown

Salem's Public Works Department, Parks Operations Division, is responsible for a park system encompassing 2,338 acres (946 ha) with 29.53 miles (47.52 km) of trails, 46 parks, and another 55 open and undeveloped areas.[63]

Minto-Brown Island Park is the largest at 1,200 acres (490 ha).[64] In 2018, the Peter Courtney pedestrian and bicycle bridge was completed, connecting Minto-Brown with the 23-acre (9.3 ha) Riverfront Park, located across the Willamette River adjacent to downtown.[65] Riverfront Park is also home to the Salem Carousel.

Bush's Pasture Park, a 90.5-acre (36.6 ha) urban park a few blocks south of downtown Salem, features natural groves of native Oregon White Oak trees, the historic Bush House, a rose garden, and adjacent Deepwood Estates.[66]

Other city parks include 101-acre (41 ha) Cascade Gateway Park and Marion Square Park, which is located downtown next to Marion Street Bridge and has a skatepark and basketball court.[67] The skatepark also allows bicycles.[67] Marion Square Park was laid out by city founder William H. Willson, and is the next oldest municipal park in Salem after Willson Park at the Oregon State Capitol.[67]

Across the Willamette River in West Salem is the 114-acre (46 ha) Wallace Marine Park, which includes a boat ramp and floating boat dock allowing easy access to the river for water sports. The NRHP-listed Union Street Railroad Bridge, repurposed as a bicycle and pedestrian bridge, connects Wallace Marine Park and West Salem to Riverfront Park and downtown Salem.

Salem is also home to one of the smallest city parks in the world, Waldo Park, which consists of a single Sequoia tree.[68]

The capitol grounds, which are maintained by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, cover three city blocks and include Willson and Capitol parks.

Recreation

[edit]

Other large parks located in the Salem area include the 1,680-acre (680 ha) Willamette Mission State Park north of the city, and Silver Falls State Park east of Salem. Both of these parks have extensive hiking, biking, and horse trails.

Salem's central location provides access to a wide variety of recreational activities in a variety of climates and geographies year round. The Coast Range and the Pacific Ocean are to the west. The Santiam Canyon area, the Western Cascades and the High Cascades are to the east. Portland and its environs are to the north, while Eugene and its environs are to the south.

Salem also has two disc golf courses. A nine-hole course located in the woods of Woodmansee Park (located behind Judson Middle School), and a more open style 18-hole course located throughout Cascade Gateway Park. They are both free and open to the public.

Sports

[edit]
Sport League Team
Baseball Mavericks Independent Baseball League Salem-Keizer Volcanoes
Roller Derby WFTDA Cherry City Roller Derby
Soccer USL2 Capital FC
College Athletics NCAA Division III Willamette Bearcats
College Athletics Cascade Collegiate Conference Corban University
College Athletics Northwest Athletic Conference Chemeketa Community College
Basketball The Basketball League Salem Capitals
Arena Football Arena Football League Oregon Black Bears

Education

[edit]

Elementary and secondary

[edit]
The Mark Hatfield Library and stream on the campus of Willamette University

Salem's public elementary and secondary schools are part of the Salem-Keizer School District, which includes almost all of the city limits.[69][70] The Salem-Keizer district has approximately 39,000 students and is the second largest public school district in the state.[71] A small section of Salem in Marion County is assigned to Cascade School District 5.[69]

The city also has many private elementary and secondary schools such as Blanchet Catholic School and Salem Academy Christian. One school, Willamette Academy, is part of an outreach program run by Willamette University that is designed to expose under-represented students to the rewards of an academic life at an early age (7th–12th grade).[72]

Salem is also home to several public boarding schools, the Chemawa Indian School (a Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)-affiliated Native American high school), and the Oregon School for the Deaf. Oregon School for the Blind was formerly in the city and closed in 2009.[73]

Colleges and universities

[edit]

Post secondary schools include Chemeketa Community College, Corban University, Tokyo International University of America, and Willamette University, the oldest university in the American west.[74] Portland State University, Eastern Oregon University, Western Oregon University and Oregon State University provide classes and a handful of undergraduate degrees at Chemeketa Community College.

All of Marion County and all of Polk County are within the Chemeketa community college district.[75]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]
Buses at the Downtown Transit Center of Cherriots in 2018
Built in 1918, Salem's passenger train depot serves Amtrak and Greyhound.

Cherriots, an independent government agency, provides fixed-route bus service, rideshare matching, and paratransit/lift services for the disabled, within the urban growth boundary. They also operate Cherriots Regional, previously known as Chemeketa Area Regional Transportation System (CARTS), which provides bus service that connects Salem to destinations as far north as Wilsonville, as far west as Dallas, and to the east to Silverton and up the Santiam Canyon to Mill City. Cherriots, in cooperation with Wilsonville's SMART, provides routes between downtown Salem and Wilsonville. From Wilsonville, WES Commuter Rail connects to TriMet routes in Beaverton, including MAX Light Rail.

Greyhound Lines provides north–south service and connecting carrier service to Bend, Oregon, from the Salem Amtrak station.

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, leases the Salem Depot from the Oregon Department of Transportation. The Coast Starlight provides daily north–south service to cities between Los Angeles, California and Seattle, Washington. Amtrak Cascades trains, operating as far north as Vancouver, British Columbia and as far south as Eugene, Oregon, serve Salem several times daily in both directions.

HUT Airport Shuttle provides transportation to Portland International Airport. HUT also serves Corvallis with a second stop at Oregon State University, Albany, and Woodburn. Mountain Express provides transportation between Salem and Bend.[76]

McNary Field (Salem-Willamette Valley Airport) is owned and operated by the City of Salem. It serves primarily general aviation and the Oregon National Guard – Army Aviation Support Facility (AASF). Delta Connection offered commercial air service with two daily flights to Salt Lake City, Utah, from July 2007. However, citing fuel costs versus a load factor of less than 85 percent, the service was discontinued in October 2008. The city plans to go forward with airport improvements that were announced when service was commenced, including a longer runway and an expanded terminal building.[77] Avelo Airlines began service to Burbank, CA and Las Vegas, NV in early October 2023.

The city is served by the following highways:

Healthcare

[edit]

Salem Hospital Regional Health Services, one of the largest of Oregon's 57 acute care hospitals, is a 454-bed acute care medical facility. It is a not-for-profit organization, and is also the city's largest private employer.[78]

Notable people

[edit]

Sister cities

[edit]

Salem has three sister cities:[104]

As of 2014, there was talk of reviving the now-stagnant Sister City project launched in 1964 with Salem in Tamil Nadu, India.[105]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Salem City Manager Keith Stahley". Salem, Oregon. November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  2. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Salem, Oregon
  4. ^ "List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  5. ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
  6. ^ Maxwell, Michelle (July 28, 2008). "Salemite realizes dream of publishing book". StatesmanJournal.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
  7. ^ Hagan, Chris (July 26, 2011). "A pair of CC tools for Tuesday". StatesmanJournal.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013. Are you a Mid-Valley resident or a Salemite first?
  8. ^ a b c d e "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Salem city, Oregon". www.census.gov. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  9. ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". U.S. Census Bureau. June 15, 2014. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014.
  10. ^ "2020 Census Metropolitan Statistical Area Profiles" (PDF). Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  11. ^ "Salem Municipal Airport | Salem, Oregon". www.cityofsalem.net. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  12. ^ Johnson, Tony, Language Education Supervisor, CTGR Cultural Resources Division
  13. ^ a b c d McArthur, Lewis A.; Lewis L. McArthur (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (Seventh ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-277-1.
  14. ^ a b "How Salem Got its Name". Salem Public Library, Salem, Oregon. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  15. ^ a b "Salem (Oregon) Online History - Salem's Name". www.salemhistory.net. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
  16. ^ "Salem (Oregon) Online History - Brief History". www.salemhistory.net. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
  17. ^ Heine, Steven Robert M1 The Oregon State Fair Images of America Archived January 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Arcadia Publishing August 20, 2007
  18. ^ Lucas, Bill. "The Cherry City". Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
  19. ^ Hermann, Shirley. "Salem's Cherry Festival". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
  20. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  21. ^ a b "The Creeks of Salem". Salem Online History. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  22. ^ a b c d e f "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  23. ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
  24. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Salem McNary FLD, OR". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  25. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for SALEM, OR 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  26. ^ "2010 Census profiles: Oregon cities alphabetically R-S" (PDF). Portland State University Population Research Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  27. ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 215.
  28. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Salem city, Oregon". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  29. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Salem city, Oregon". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  30. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Salem city, Oregon". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
  31. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  32. ^ "Salem (city), Oregon". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 15, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  33. ^ "Oregon – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  34. ^ "City of Salem City Government homepage". Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  35. ^ "Contact a City Councilor". www.cityofsalem.net. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  36. ^ "About Salem, Oregon". Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
  37. ^ "Statement from SUMCO on the closure". Statesman Journal. November 13, 2003. Archived from the original on January 3, 2004. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
  38. ^ "City of Salem CAFR". Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  39. ^ "Salem Neighborhood Associations". cityofsalem.net.
  40. ^ a b "Salem Saturday Market". SSM. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  41. ^ "ALL MARKETS". SSM. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  42. ^ "World Beat Festival". www.salemmulticultural.org. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  43. ^ Perez, Elida S. (June 26, 2008). "Pacific Islands shine at World Beat". Statesman Journal. p. W8. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  44. ^ "Salem Art Association". Salem Art Association. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  45. ^ "Art fair is a party for Salem and its friends". Statesman Journal. July 17, 2008. p. C5. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  46. ^ "Chef's Nite Out". Marion-Pold Food Share. Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  47. ^ "Oregon State Fair". Archived from the original on August 25, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
  48. ^ "Mid-Valley Video Festival". Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
  49. ^ "SALEM FILM FESTIVAL 2013". salemfilmfestival.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  50. ^ "Salem Repertory Theatre". Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2006.
  51. ^ "Home". Pentacle Theatre. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  52. ^ "Capitol Pride of Salem, Oregon". Capitolpride.org. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  53. ^ Tamaribuchi, Tara (September 1, 1999). "Museum is well-kept secret". Statesman Journal. p. 4C.
  54. ^ a b Kim, Eunice (November 15, 2007). "Landmark building's 80th birthday is reason to party". Statesman Journal. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  55. ^ "The Answer: Salem Oregon's Tallest Building". Salemoregon.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  56. ^ "Home – Salem Chamber Orchestra | Salem, OR". Salem Chamber Orchestra. April 23, 2015. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
  57. ^ Wilson, Brian. "Season 2019-2020". Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  58. ^ "2010 Tree Cities USA Communities in Oregon". National Arbor Day Foundation. Archived from the original on December 21, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  59. ^ "Salem, Oregon-Tree City USA". City of Salem. March 25, 1977. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
  60. ^ "Explore wine regions in Oregon: Willamette Valley". Oregon Wine. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  61. ^ "Salem Business Journal Home Page". Salem Business Journal. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  62. ^ "Salem Magazine | Arts, Entertainment, Lifestyle and Home Living". Salem Magazine. Archived from the original on July 17, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  63. ^ "Introduction to Salem's Park Division". City of Salem. Archived from the original on May 7, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2007.
  64. ^ "Minto Brown Island Park". City of Salem. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
  65. ^ "Peter Courtney Minto Island Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge / Jiri Strasky + DOWL". ArchDaily. January 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  66. ^ "Bushs Pasture Park". City of Salem. Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
  67. ^ a b c "Marion Square Park". City of Salem. Archived from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2009.
  68. ^ "Waldo Park". City of Salem. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 5, 2007.
  69. ^ a b "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Marion County, OR" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  70. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Polk County, OR" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  71. ^ "Salem-Keizer Public Schools". Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  72. ^ Affirmative Action and Democratic Vistas: After the Supreme Court Michigan Cases Archived June 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  73. ^ Hammond, Betsy (June 10, 2009). "Vote closes Oregon School for the Blind". The Oregonian. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
  74. ^ Gatke, Robert Moulton. 1943. Chronicles of Willamette, the pioneer university of the West. Portland, Or: Binfords & Mort.
  75. ^ "Oregon Community Colleges and Community College Districts" (PDF). Oregon Department of Community Colleges & Workforce Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  76. ^ Mountain Express Archived July 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ King, Tim (July 11, 2008). "Delta will suspend Salem flights in October". Salem-News.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  78. ^ "Salem Hospital fast facts". Salem Health. Archived from the original on November 24, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  79. ^ Nuzzo, R. (March 21, 2005). "Biography of George E. Andrews". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (13): 4663–4665. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501311102. PMC 555700. PMID 15781855.
  80. ^ "Ryan Bailey". USA Track & Field. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  81. ^ Lynn, Capi. Statesman Journal Speaks with Actor and Filmmaker Cal Barnes. The Statesman Journal. Retrieved March 20th, 2021.
  82. ^ "Baseball Reference". Lute Barnes. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
  83. ^ "Babes in Toyland: Making and Selling of a Rock and Roll" Band by Neal Karlen. Publisher: Crown; 1st edition (August 2, 1994). ISBN 0812920589
  84. ^ "Jerome Brudos". A+E Television Networks, LLC. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  85. ^ "Gus Envela Jr. (1968–)". oregonencyclopedia.org. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  86. ^ "John Fahey". Oregon Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  87. ^ "Pat Fitzsimons". Bend Bulletin. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  88. ^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Kristi Turnquist | The (July 30, 2012). "Rising star, comedian Ron Funches outgrows Portland, leaves for Los Angeles". oregonlive. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  89. ^ "Alfred Carlton Gilbert". Salem Public Library. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  90. ^ Rob Owen (January 12, 2012). "Jon Heder returns as animated 'Napolean Dynamite'". OregonLive.com. The Oregonian. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
  91. ^ "Herbert Hoover". Salem Public Library. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
  92. ^ "Justin Kirk". IMDb. Archived from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  93. ^ "Kelly LeMieux". Encyclopedia Metallum The Metal Archives. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  94. ^ "Jed Lowrie". BASEBALL REFERENCE. COM. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  95. ^ "154. Richard Laurence Marquette". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  96. ^ "Douglas J. McKay (1953–1956): Secretary of the Interior". American President: An Online Reference Resource. Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  97. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (March 4, 2008). "Larry Norman". nytimes.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  98. ^ Earles, Andrew (September 15, 2014). Gimme Indie Rock: 500 Essential American Underground Rock Albums 1981-1996. Voyageur Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7603-4648-8.
  99. ^ Slotnik, Daniel E. (November 5, 2011). "Leonard Stone". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  100. ^ "Bill Swancutt". pro-football-reference.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  101. ^ "Willamette's 25th President: Biography | Willamette University". willamette.edu. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  102. ^ "Michael J. Totten". www.facebook.com.
  103. ^ "Zollie Volchok". The Seattle Times Company. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  104. ^ "City of Salem, OR Official Website". Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  105. ^ Syed Muthahar Saqaf (December 3, 2014). "Sister City Project revived in Salem". The Hindu. Retrieved June 1, 2015.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Salem,_Oregon&oldid=1259466382"