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Salem, Tamil Nadu

Coordinates: 11°39′N 78°09′E / 11.65°N 78.15°E / 11.65; 78.15
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For other places with the same name, see Salem (disambiguation).

Salem
Metropolis
Coat of arms of Salem
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
Steel City[1]
Salem is located in Tamil Nadu
Salem
Salem
Location in Tamil Nadu
Coordinates: 11°39′N 78°09′E / 11.65°N 78.15°E / 11.65; 78.15
Country India
State Tamil Nadu
DistrictSalem
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodySalem City Municipal Corporation
 • MayorA. Ramachandran DMK
Area
 • Metropolis91.34 km2 (35.27 sq mi)
 • Metro
[3]
799.59 km2 (308.72 sq mi)
 • Rank5
Elevation
278 m (912 ft)
Population
 (2011)[4]
 • MetropolisIncrease 1,189,000[2]
 • Rank55th
 • Metro
[5]
Increase 2,463,367
 • Metro rank
37th
Demonym(s)Salemians, Salethar
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
 • SpokenTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
636xxx
Telephone code+91-427
ISO 3166 codeIN-TN
Vehicle registrationTN-27, TN-30, TN-54, TN-90, TN-52
HDIIncrease 0.669 medium[6]
Sex ratio987 ♀/ 1000 ♂
LiteracyIncrease 84.42%[7]
GDP(2020)US$10.354 (equivalent to $12.19 in 2023)Billion[8]
Websitewww.salemcorporation.gov.in

Salem, natively spelt as Selam[note 1] (pronounced [seːlam] ⓘ), is a major city in Salem district, located on the banks of the Thirumanimutharu river in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu surrounded by mountains. Salem is the fifth largest urban agglomeration in the state, exceeded by Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, and Third largest metropolitan region in the state only after to Chennai and Coimbatore metropolitan regions. The city is 124 km2 (48 sq mi) large.[9] Major products of Salem include silver anklets, sago, mangoes, steel, and textiles.

History

[edit]

Early period

[edit]

During the third century BCE, there was the period of Bogar – a notable Tamil Siddhar, and at that time Jainism and Buddhism arrived. Around the beginning of the common era, the existence of a culturally and economically advanced society in Salem two thousand years ago is evident from the discovery of silver coins of the Roman Emperor Tiberices Claudices Nero (37–68 CE) in Koneripatti of Salem in 1987. Later, the Pandya dynasty started ruling the region around Salem. Afterwards, the Pallava dynasty arose in Salem, followed by Mahendra Varma Pallava coming to Salem and the rise of Saivite principles. Mahendra Varma Pallava was succeeded by Narasimha Varma Pallava. Soon, the Pandya dynasty ruled over Salem. The Hoysala rule established in Salem and parts around Salem was retained under the Pandya dynasty.

Medieval period

[edit]

The city has also been a part of the Chola Dynasty. A mosque in the city is believed to have been built by Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore Kingdom in the present-day state of Karnataka. The town and the surrounding hilly regions were part of the Chola dynasty and were part of the trade route with the Roman empire.[10] It was later governed by Poligars, who built temples and forts in and around the city.[11] It was part of the Vijayanagara empire before being captured by Hyder Ali during the early 18th century, after the Mysore-Madurai war. It was ceded to the British in 1768 and the area became part of the struggle between Kongu Nadu, led by Dheeran Chinnamalai, and the British.[12]

Modern period

[edit]

Salem became part of Salem district since independence in 1947. Salem district was the first district to be formed in India on 4 April 1792 that spread over 7,530 km2 comprising the present-day Namakkal, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri. Alexander Reed was the collector of the Salem district from 1792 to 1799.[13]

Until 2008, the city was part of the Salem I and Salem II assembly constituencies. Salem is also a home to one of the earliest film studios in the country, Modern Theatres.[14][15]

Geography and climate

[edit]
Main article: Geography of Salem
Mookaneri Lake in the city

Salem is located at 11°40′N 78°08′E / 11.67°N 78.14°E / 11.67; 78.14,[16] at an average elevation of 278 m (912 ft.). The city is surrounded by hills: Nagaramalai on the north, Jarugumalai on the south, Kanjamalai on the west, Godumalai on the east and the Shevaroy Hills on the northeast. Kariyaperumal Hill is in southwestern Salem.[17] The Thirumanimutharu River flows through the city, dividing it in two.[18] The fort area is the oldest part of Salem.[19]

Location

[edit]
Salem City, view from Yercaud hills
Salem City, view from Oothumalai hills

Salem lies in the foothills of Shevaroy hills which houses the famous hill Station 'Yercaud'. It is located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) northwest of Tiruchirappalli, 170 kilometres (106 mi) northeast of Coimbatore, 206 kilometres (128 mi) southeast of Bangalore and about 346 kilometres (210 mi) southwest of the state capital, Chennai.

Water bodies

[edit]

Mettur Dam is the main water resource for Salem District.

Climate

[edit]

Salem has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). January and February are generally pleasant; the hot summer begins in March, with the year's highest temperatures during April. Pre-monsoon thunderstorms occur during April and May. The Southwest monsoon season lasts from June to September. The northeast monsoon occurs from October to December.[20][21]

Climate data for Salem, Tamil Nadu (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.2
(99.0) 		39.4
(102.9) 		41.7
(107.1) 		42.8
(109.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		39.9
(103.8) 		38.9
(102.0) 		37.9
(100.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		42.8
(109.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.1
(89.8) 		34.7
(94.5) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.4
(92.1) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		34.0
(93.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6) 		20.4
(68.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.4
(72.3)
Record low °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		11.1
(52.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 4.4
(0.17) 		3.4
(0.13) 		17.3
(0.68) 		55.5
(2.19) 		109.7
(4.32) 		72.4
(2.85) 		108.0
(4.25) 		140.6
(5.54) 		176.5
(6.95) 		185.5
(7.30) 		110.2
(4.34) 		35.0
(1.38) 		1,018.5
(40.10)
Average rainy days 0.3 0.3 0.8 3.2 6.3 4.8 6.3 8.1 8.6 9.9 6.4 2.6 57.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 45 36 33 40 49 55 57 58 61 69 66 56 52
Source: India Meteorological Department[22][23]

Administration and politics

[edit]
Municipal corporation officials
Mayor A. Ramachandran Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Commissioner T.Christuraj Indian Administrative Service[24]
Deputy Mayor Saradha devi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam[25]
Member of Legislative Assembly
Salem North R. Rajendhran[26]
Salem West Arul Ramadoss[27]
Salem South Balasubramanian[28]
Member of Parliament
Salem (Lok Sabha constituency) T.M.Selvaganapathi[29]

Municipal corporation

[edit]
Salem Collectorate
Cannon at Salem Corporation headquarters

Salem is the headquarters of Salem district. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1867, and was upgraded to a special-grade municipality in 1979 and to a municipal corporation on 1 April 1994. The Salem municipal corporation has 72 wards,[30] each with an elected councillor.[31] The functions of the municipal corporation are divided into six departments: general administration and personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, city planning and information technology (IT). All six departments are governed by a municipal commissioner.[32] Legislative power is vested in the 60-member council,[33] headed by an elected chairperson and assisted by a deputy chairperson.[34]

State Assembly

[edit]

In 2008, the constituencies of Salem were redrawn as Salem North, Salem South and Salem West.[35] The city elects the three members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[36] Present MLAs are R. Rajendran (Salem North) from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Arul Ramadoss (Salem West) from Pattali Makkal Katchi and E. Balasubramanian (Salem South) from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[26][27][28]

Parliament

[edit]

The city is part of the Salem Lok Sabha constituency.[37] The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is S. R. Parthiban from the DMK.[29]

Law enforcement

[edit]

Law and order is maintained by the Salem city subdivision of the Tamil Nadu Police, headed by a Police commissioner. Special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a district-level special branch headed by a superintendent of police.[38]

Salem Central Prison which is located at Hastampatti, serves as the central prison for Salem district. Constructed in 1862, it is one of the oldest prisons in India and has a capacity of 1431 inmates.[39]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Salem, Tamil Nadu
Salem Steel Plant entrance

Salem is a major textile centre in Tamil Nadu, with more than 125 spinning mills, weaving units and garment units. Until the 1960s, it had fewer spinning mills. Private handloom weaving began to increase in the region after the 1960s and during the 1980s, the textile industry expanded with major spinning mills and dyeing units established supporting the industry.[40]

The area also houses a number of sago factories for the production starch. In Salem district, 34,000 hectares (130 sq mi) of land are devoted to cassava and 650 industrial units are engaged in tapioca processing. In 1981, the Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Co-operative Society (SAGOSERVE) was established to promote the sago industry and nearly 80 percent of the national demand for sago and starch is met by SAGOSERVE.[41] In and around Salem cassava yields are 25–30 tons per hectare, one of the highest in the world; the national average is 19 tons per hectare, and the world average is 10 tons.[42]

The Salem Steel Plant, a unit of the Steel Authority of India, produces cold-rolled stainless steel and a hot-rolled stainless-carbon steel alloy. The plant is being expanded and modernized, with plans for steel-melting and continuous-casting facilities.[43] The Southern Iron and Steel Company (part of JSW Steel) have their first integrated steel plant in Salem for the production of TMT corrosion-resistant bars and alloy steels.[44][45] The Salem region is rich in mineral ores, with some of the largest magnesite and bauxite deposits in India. Public and private magnesite factories include Burn Standard and Company, Dalmia Magnesites and Tata Refractories.[46]

Salem Mango[47] belt contributes the economy in large scale by exporting mangoes to foreign countries and supplying mangoes all over India. The Leigh Bazaar is the region's largest market for agricultural products. The Tamil Nadu government and the Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu are planning a 160-acre (65 ha) IT park in the city.[48][49] The Steel Authority of India is planning a 250-acre (100 ha) steel special economic zone in its Salem plant,[50] and an electrical and electronics industrial estate is in the Suramangalam area of the city.[51]

Salem is also famous for its silver jewelry. Shevapet, Sivathapuram and Panangadu are the areas where the Silver Products are made in cottage industries. Salem produces World Class Artistic Silver Anklets, Toe Rings, Neck Chains, Pendents and Silverware. Salem has the presence of Multi-National Corporations, including Capgemini, First American (India) Financial Corporation (FAI), Whirlpool Warehouse, Vee Technologies, and SourceHOV LLC. The Tamil Nadu government is trying to get Hindustan Aeronautics Limited on board to set up a manufacturing unit at Salem as the state has been chosen for establishing the center's ambitious defense corridor project with Salem being one of the nodes.[52]

Demographics

[edit]
Salem Government Multispeciality Hospital
Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
 
 89.79%
Muslim
 
 7.48%
Christian
 
 2.36%
Jain
 
 0.11%
Sikh
 
 0.02%
Buddhist
 
 0.01%
Other
 
 0.2%
No religion
 
 0.02%

Salem had a population of 826,267 in the 2011 census. There were 987 females for every 1,000 males, significantly higher than the national average of 929. The main language spoken is Tamil. Kannada is spoken among Devayanga community.[53] A total of 79,067 were under age six: 40,570 males and 38,497 females. The city's literacy rate was 76.37 percent, higher than the national average of 72.99 percent.[53] Salem had 215,747 households and a total of 332,147 workers: 1,599 farmers, 3,040 agricultural laborers, 32,597 in household industries, 278,892 other workers, 16,019 part-time workers, 165 part-time farmers, 544 part-time agricultural workers, 1,937 part-time workers in household industries and 13,373 other part-time workers.[4] As per the religious census of 2011, Salem had 89.79% Hindus, 7.48% Muslims, 2.36% Christians, 0.11% Jains, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.2% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.[54]

Religious landmarks

[edit]
Entrance of Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Salem
1008 Lingam temple in the city

Salem has several Hindu temples. The Kottai Perumal koil is present in centre of the city (also called as Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Salem). This temple is one of the Pancha Bhrigu Kshethram and the rest are Tirupathi, Sarangapani temple, Nachiyar Koil and Oppiliappan temple. The Kottai Mariamman Temple, dedicated to the goddess Mariamman, has an annual five-day festival during the Tamizh month of Aadi (mid-July to mid-August).[55] The temple's gopuram is made up of seven tiers. Sugavaneshwarar Temple is dedicated to Shiva, and according to mythology the sage Sugha Brahmarishi is worshiped there. Arunagirinadhar sang a song about Muruga in the temple, which was built during the 13th century by Mamannan Sundara Pandiyan.[56] Kottai Perumal Temple, Skandhashram,[57]

Jamia Masjid is Salem's oldest mosque and lies on the southern bank of the Thirumanimutharu River in the heart of the city. It was reportedly built by the Kingdom of Mysore ruler Tipu Sultan, who is said to have prayed here. The Masjid Inam granted to the mosque in 1862 was confirmed by the British with a special resolution in 1880.[58][59][60]

Christ Church is located on Fort Road and the church was consecrated in 1875.[61] The other popular churches in and around the city include the Lechler Memorial Church, which is the oldest church in Salem, was built in 1856 by a German missionary in Fort Salem.[62]

Shopping and recreation

[edit]
Islands of Mookaneri Lake
Ghat road to Yercaud
Kurumbapatti Zoological Park entrance

Salem's traditional shopping areas are in the Town area, with major retailers in Bazaar Street, Car Street, First Agraharam and Chinna Kadai Street. Shevapet and the Fort area are noted for hardware and furniture, and Leigh Bazaar in Shevapet is the main wholesale market.

Reliance Shopping Mall, the city's largest shopping complex is situated near Five Roads. Other malls in the city are Nirmal Skywin mall and Kandaswarna Mega mall.[63]

Kurumbapatti Zoological Park and Anna Park are government-run parks.[64] Paravasa Ulagam[65] and Dream Land are amusement parks in the city. Mookaneri (Kannankurichi) lake within the city limits is a popular tourist place and bird watching destination.[66][67][68]

Yercaud, a major hill station in Tamil Nadu is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Salem City. The ghat road starts at the end of the Salem City limits. The ghat road is a picturesque spot and attracts a lot of early morning walkers and joggers. Yercaud is also a famous weekend getaway for the people of Salem and nearby districts and states.

Cuisine

[edit]

Thattu vadai Set (or simply called as settu) is a savory snack and popular street food, which originated in Salem and is now available in other cities in Tamil Nadu like Chennai. It is a very famous street snack available at almost every small stall set up on the streets of Salem. The sandwich consists of two crunchy thattai discs with fillings such as crispy beetroot, carrot and other vegetables smeared with green and red chutneys. Norukkal Mix, another popular snack is smashed murukku mixed with chutney, groundnut, coconut, sliced tomatoes and Chillipowder (Molagapodi). Egg Settu, Murukku Settu and Maanga Settu are the different varieties of Thattu vadai Set. Salem has a variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian hotels which offer good food in a reasonable price.[69][70][71][72][73][74][75]

Transport

[edit]
Trumpet Exchange
A newly renovated Salem Junction's Entrance

Road

[edit]

Salem has six arterial roads: Omalur Road, Cherry Road, Saradha College Road, Junction Main Road, Trichy Road and Attur Road. Three National Highways originate from or pass through Salem: NH 44 (Srinagar via Madurai and Tirunelveli Kanyakumari), NH 544 (Salem – Kochi via Erode and Coimbatore and Tiruppur )and NH 79 (Salem – Ulundurpet).[76]

Salem is the headquarters of the Salem division of TNSTC. The city has two major bus stations: the MGR Integrated Bus Terminus in Meyyanoor and the Town Bus Station (Old Bus Stand) in the town area. Intercity and interstate routes and private buses originate at the Central Bus Stand (New Bus Stand), and local buses originate at the Old Bus Stand. The Anna Flyover is the oldest in the city, and the Trumpet Interchange was built in the realignment of NH 544 to ease traffic towards Coimbatore. A new double-decker flyover runs within main city centres like New bus stand, 5 roads, saratha college road, 4 roads to ease congestion on these roads. It is the longest double-decker flyover in Tamil Nadu covering a length of 7.87 km.

The Town Bus terminus is being upgraded into a double decker bus terminus, the first of this kind in the state under the smart City scheme .[77] The terminal building of the New Bus terminus is also reconstructed under the smart City scheme.

A new bus port has also been proposed for the city at Jagirammapalayam near IT park with an area of about 61 acres. This includes a bypass road to connect the Ayothiapattinam area of the city with the bus port.[78]

Other bus stands include the Omalur bus station and Attayampatti bus station in the outskirts of the city.

Rail

[edit]

Salem Junction is an A-1 category ISO-14001 certified[79] railway junction located in Suramangalam area, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of the city. In 2005, the Railway Board approved the creation of a Salem railway division from Palakkad and Tiruchirapalli divisions. It is the fourth-largest of the six Southern Railway zone divisions. Salem Railway Junction has been rated as the cleanest station among the divisional headquarters railway stations and also the ninth cleanest railway station in the entire country, according to a survey report published in June 2017.[80] Other major railway stations catering to the city include Salem Town,[81] Salem Market, Omalur Junction, Karuppur railway station and Ayothiapattinam railway station.

Air

[edit]
Salem Airport

Salem Airport (IATA SXV, ICAO VOSM) is located on the Salem-Bengaluru Highway (NH44) in Kaamalapuram about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the city. Airports Authority of India (AAI) opened the airport in 1993 for commercial operations. Kingfisher Airlines flew from Chennai but ended its service in October 2011 due to low occupancy. Trujet started services to Chennai in March 2018 as a part of the Udaan scheme by Government of India as well as Air Odisha gives connectivity to Bengaluru and Pondicherry from June 2018.[82][83][84][85]

Flight services resumed from October 2023. Now, Salem is directly connected to Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, and Cochin.

AirlinesDestinations
Alliance AirBangalore, Kochi[86]
IndiGoBangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad[87]

The other nearest major airports are Tiruchirappalli (152 km) and Coimbatore (148 km).

Sports

[edit]

Gandhi Stadium, built originally for cricket, also hosts athletic meets, football, Volleyball and basketball.[88] Salem District Cricket Association (SDCA) has 47 teams in league cricket. The city has 2 international standard turf grounds. The Green Valley Sports club Cricket ground is on the outskirts of Salem city.[89][90] The state chief minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami inaugurated the Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium with international standards on 10 February 2020 in the presence of former cricketer Rahul Dravid and former ICC and BCCI president N. Srinivasan built at a cost of ₹3 crore (US$360,000) in Karivepilapatti near Vazhapadi.[91][92] This newly inaugurated ground is the home ground for Salem Spartans, a TNPL team and also the second home ground for the Indian Premier League team of Chennai Super Kings.[93][94]

T. Natarajan, who hails from Salem, made his international debut for the India cricket team in December 2020[95] He plays in the Indian Premier League for Sunrisers Hyderabad and is nicknamed as "Yorker King" for his accurate Yorkers at death overs in T20 games.[96] In the 2020 IPL season, delivered a whopping 96 yorkers in 16 IPL matches this year. He played a major role for India to win the Dettol T20 Series 2020 in Australia.[97]

Mariyappan Thangavelu from Salem is an Indian Paralympic high jumper. He represented India in the 2016 Summer Paralympic games held in Rio de Janeiro in the men's high jump T-42 category, winning the gold medal in the finals.[98]

City-based teams

[edit]
Club Sport League Home Stadium Founded
Salem Spartans Cricket Tamil Nadu Premier League Salem Cricket Foundation Stadium[99] 2016

Education

[edit]
Vinayaka Missions University
Montfort School Church, Yercaud, Salem
Salem Periyar University
Women at an all women's school in Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
See also: List of educational institutions in Salem, India

Salem has several educational institutions with Arts and Science colleges affiliated to Periyar University founded in 1997.

Sister cities

[edit]

Salem has one sister city:

As of 2014, there was talk of reviving the now-stagnant Sister City project launched in 1964 with Salem in Oregon, USA.[109]

Notable people

[edit]

Arts, entertainment and television

[edit]

Mathematics, science and technology

[edit]

Media

[edit]

Politics

[edit]

Sports

[edit]

Others

[edit]

Salem Day

[edit]

The Salem city was formed on 1 November 1866. Salem City Municipal Council celebrated its Centenary in 1966. Fittingly the Municipality was upgraded into a special grade Municipality on 1 April 1979. The Centurion Municipality was declared as the Salem City Municipal Corporation The date of formation of Salem city is recognised as Salem day and it is celebrated by the people all over the city. Salem city celebrates its birthday every year on the first of November.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Salem is the anglicized spelling used in British English, and cēlam is the romanized spelling from the Tamil script, simplified in Indian English as Selam.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "My Salem – My Pride". Government of India. 30 October 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  2. ^ "Salem, India City Area Population 1950-2023". Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  3. ^ "About Salem". salem.nic.in. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Salem(05740)". Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  5. ^ "Primary Census Abstract – Urban Agglomeration" (XLS). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  6. ^ "Some Aspects of Inter District Disparities in Tamil Nadu". Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  7. ^ "Salem City Census 2011 data". Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  8. ^ https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/8278/overview
  9. ^ "About Corporation". salemcorporation.gov.in. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  10. ^ "Far East Kingdoms of South Asia: Cheras". The History Files. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  11. ^ E. H. Warmington (2014). The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Cambridge University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1107-432-14-7.
  12. ^ Asha Sridhar (30 January 2015). "Winding the clock back, anti-colonial wise". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  13. ^ S.P.Saravanan, Saravanan (10 April 2016). "Salem's history on a map". The Hindu. Salem. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  14. ^ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  15. ^ "Partywise Comparison Since 1977". Election Commission of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  16. ^ "Falling Rain Genomic s, Inc – Salem". Fallingrain.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  17. ^ Syed Muthahar Saqaf (18 January 2015). "People throng tourist spots on 'Kaanum Pongal'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  18. ^ SS.P. Saravanan (26 October 2015). "River Thirumanimuthar cries for attention". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
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  20. ^ "DISTRICT GROUNDWATER BROCHURE SALEM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU" (PDF). Central Ground Water Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  21. ^ "Ground Water Augmentation of Kannankuruchi Lake, Salem, TamilNadu Using GIS" (PDF). International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  22. ^ "Station: Salem Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 679–680. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  23. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M203. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  24. ^ "Commissioner of municipal corporation". Salem municipal corporation. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
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  26. ^ a b "MLA of Salem (North)". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  27. ^ a b "MLA of Salem (West)". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  28. ^ a b "MLA of Salem (East)". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  29. ^ a b "Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu. 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
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