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Rothschild's giraffe

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Rothschild's giraffe
A male Rothschild's giraffe at Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Giraffidae
Genus: Giraffa
Species:
G. camelopardalis
Subspecies:
G. c. rothschildi
Trinomial name
Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi
Lydekker, 1903
Rothschild's giraffe's range in light green
Synonyms

G.c. rothschildi (Lydekker, 1903)

Rothschild's giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis) is an ecotype of the Nubian giraffe. It is one of the most endangered distinct populations of giraffe, with 1,399 mature individuals estimated in the wild in 2018.[1]

Taxonomy and evolutionary history

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Rothschild's giraffes at Lake Nakuru National Park in Kenya
Rothschild's giraffes at Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda

The IUCN currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.[1] Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi is named after the Tring Museum's founder, Walter Rothschild,[2] and is also known as the Baringo giraffe, after the Lake Baringo area of Kenya,[3] or as the Ugandan giraffe. All of those living in the wild are in protected areas in Kenya and Uganda. In 2007, Rothschild's giraffe was proposed as a separate species from other giraffe.[4] In 2016, Rothschild's giraffe was proposed as conspecific with the Nubian giraffe (elevated to full species), but that taxonomy has not been widely adopted.[5]

Characteristics

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The Rothschild's giraffe is easily distinguishable from other subspecies. The most obvious sign is in the coloring of the coat or pelt. Whereas the reticulated giraffe has very clearly defined dark patches with bright-whitish channels between them, Rothschild's giraffe more closely resembles the Masai giraffe. However, when compared to the Masai giraffe, the Rothschild's ecotype is paler, the orange-brown patches are less jagged and sharp in shape, and the connective channel is of a creamier hue compared to that seen on the reticulated giraffe. In addition, Rothschild's giraffe displays no markings on the lower leg, giving it the impression of wearing white stockings.[2]

Another distinguishing feature of Rothschild's giraffe, although harder to spot, is the number of ossicones on the head. This is the only Giraffa phenotype to be born with five ossicones. Two of these are the larger and more obvious ones at the top of the head, which are common to all giraffes. The third ossicone can often be seen in the center of the giraffe's forehead, and the other two are behind each ear. Regarding the hybridization and habitat of the species: Rothschild’s giraffes have different genetic markers that other species usually do not, which keeps their populations safe from extinction and hybridization overlap.[6][7] They are also taller than many other populations, measuring up to 5.88 metres (19.3 feet) tall.[8][9] They can weigh up to 2,500 pounds.[10]

Males are larger than females by a few hundred pounds[10] and their two largest ossicones are usually bald from sparring. They usually tend to be darker in colour than the females, although this is not a guaranteed sexing indicator.

The meat of the Rothschild giraffe is supposedly very sweet and its bones contain a specific type of fat that traditional cultures use as medicinal components.[11]

Habitat and distribution

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Isolated populations of Rothschild's giraffes live in savannahs, grasslands, and open woodlands of Uganda and Kenya. They are possibly regionally extinct from South Sudan and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Ecology and behavior

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Rothschild's giraffes mate at any time of the year and have a gestation period of 14 to 16 months, typically giving birth to a single calf. They live in small herds, with males and females (and their calves) living separately, only mixing for mating.[12] The Rothschild's giraffes are tolerant of other animals around them as long as they don't feel threatened. For the most part, they are very friendly, but the males are known to engage in fights for mating. Since this species can mate all year long, those battles seem to be frequent.[13]

Threats and conservation

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As of 2018, Rothschild's giraffe is classified as near threatened. Very few locations are left where Rothschild's giraffe can be seen in the wild, with notable spots being Lake Nakuru National Park in Kenya[14] and Murchison Falls National Park[15] in northern Uganda. Their predators are hyenas, lions, crocodiles, and leopards.[10]

Two dwarf giraffes standing only 9.5 feet (2.9 m) tall have been spotted in Murchison Falls National Park. Scientists speculate their dwarfism may have been caused by inbreeding due to species decline.[16]

A specimen in captivity, from the Parque de las Leyendas zoo

Three Rothschild's giraffes were electrocuted by low-hanging power lines in Soysambu conservancy in Nakuru, Kenya.[17]

In captivity

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Various captive breeding programmes are in place – notably at the Giraffe Centre in Nairobi, Kenya – which aim to expand the gene pool in the wild population of Rothschild's giraffe. As of January 2011, more than 450 are kept in ISIS (international species information system) registered zoos (which does not include the Nairobi Giraffe Centre), making both it and the reticulated giraffe the most commonly kept phenotypes of Giraffa.[18]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Fennessy, S., Fennessy, J., Muller, Z., Brown, M. & Marais, A. (2018). Rothschild’s Giraffe.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
  2. ^ a b Reed, Christopher (11 October 2005). "Obituary - Betty Leslie-Melville". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
  3. ^ Odada, Eric O. "Lake Baringo" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  4. ^ Brown, David M.; Brenneman, Rick A.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John P.; Milá, Borja; Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Louis, Edward E.; Grether, Gregory F.; Jacobs, David K. (1 January 2007). "Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe". BMC Biology. 5: 57. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-57. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 2254591. PMID 18154651.
  5. ^ Bercovitch, Fred B.; Berry, Philip S.M.; Dagg, Anne; Deacon, Francois; Doherty, John B.; Lee, Derek E.; Mineur, Frédéric; Muller, Zoe; Ogden, Rob (20 February 2017). "How many species of giraffe are there?". Current Biology. 27 (4): R136–R137. Bibcode:2017CBio...27.R136B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.039. hdl:20.500.11820/4c828f1a-f644-4268-9197-eb50244a1d75. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28222287.
  6. ^ Fennessy, Julian; Bidon, Tobias; Reuss, Friederike; Kumar, Vikas; Elkan, Paul; Nilsson, Maria A.; Vamberger, Melita; Fritz, Uwe; Janke, Axel (September 2016). "Multi-locus Analyses Reveal Four Giraffe Species Instead of One". Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543–2549. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.2543F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036. PMID 27618261.
  7. ^ "Giraffes will be translocated to Lake Mburo National Park". www.ugandawildlife.org. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  8. ^ Dagg, A.I.; Foster, J. B. (1982). The Giraffe. Its Biology, Behavior, and Ecology (with updated supplementary material). Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company.
  9. ^ Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. Baltimore, USA and London, UK: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1086–1089.
  10. ^ a b c "Rothschild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Giraffe Facts and Information". 13 March 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Saving the endangered Rothschild giraffe – DW – 06/19/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  12. ^ "Rothschild's Giraffe Joins List of Species Threatened by Extinction | African Wildlife Foundation". www.awf.org. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  13. ^ "Rothschild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) - Giraffe Facts and Information". 13 March 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  14. ^ "Lake Nakuru National Park". UNESCO. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  15. ^ "National Parks & Safaris". Uganda Tourist Board. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
  16. ^ Freeman, Colin (9 January 2021). "Secret life of dwarf giraffes uncovered in Africa". news.yahoo.com. The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  17. ^ "Kenya: Endangered giraffes killed by low power lines". BBC News. 22 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  18. ^ International Species Information System (2011). Giraffa camelopardalis. Version 12 January 2011.
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