Retail: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
←Replaced content with '{{Redirect2|Retail|Retail stores|the comic strip by Norm Feuti|Retail (comic strip)}} [[Image:US1242872.png|thumb|right|260px|Drawing of a [[self service|self-s...' |
||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
[[Image:US1242872.png|thumb|right|260px|Drawing of a [[self service|self-service]] store.]] |
[[Image:US1242872.png|thumb|right|260px|Drawing of a [[self service|self-service]] store.]] |
||
" |
|||
" is also applied where a service provider services the needs of a large number of individuals, such as a [[public utility]], like [[electric power]]. |
|||
Shops may be on residential streets, shopping streets with few or no houses or in a [[shopping mall]]. Shopping streets may be for [[pedestrian]]s only. Sometimes a shopping street has a partial or full [[roof]] to protect customers from [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]. Online retailing, a type of [[electronic commerce]] used for [[business-to-consumer]] (B2C) transactions and [[mail order]], are forms of non-shop retailing. |
|||
[[Shopping]] generally refers to the act of [[trade|buying]] products. Sometimes this is done to obtain necessities such as food and clothing; sometimes it is done as a [[recreation]]al activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping (just looking, not buying) and browsing and does not always result in a purchase. |
|||
==Etymology== |
|||
[[File:20070513 Apple Store.JPG|thumb|The [[Apple Store]] retail location on the [[Magnificent Mile]] in [[Chicago]].]] |
|||
[[File:20070513 Allerton Hotel and Michigan Ave.JPG|thumb|left|The world's only [[Garmin]] retail location is located on the [[Magnificent Mile]] in [[Chicago]].]] |
|||
Retail comes from the French word ''[[wiktionary:fr:retailler|retailler]]'', which refers to "cutting off, clip and divide" in terms of tailoring (1365). It first was recorded as a noun with the meaning of a "sale in small quantities" in 1433 (French). Its literal meaning for ''retail'' was to "cut off, shred, paring".<ref>{{OEtymD|retail|accessdate=2008-03-16}}</ref> Like the French, the word retail in both Dutch and German (''detailhandel'' and ''Einzelhandel'' respectively), also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. |
|||
<br clear=both> |
|||
==Types of retail outlets== |
|||
[[Image:MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg|thumb|right|285px|[[San Juan de Dios Market]] in [[Guadalajara, Jalisco]]]] |
|||
[[File:Выкладка хлебобулочных изделий.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Inside a supermarket in [[Russia]]]] |
|||
A [[marketplace]] is a location where goods and services are exchanged. The traditional [[market square]] is a [[city square]] where traders set up stalls and buyers browse the merchandise. This kind of market is very old, and countless such markets are still in operation around the whole world. |
|||
In some parts of the world, the retail business is still dominated by small family-run stores, but this market is increasingly being taken over by large [[retail chains]]. |
|||
Retail is usually classified by type of products as follows: |
|||
* Food products |
|||
* Soft goods - clothing, apparel, and other fabrics. |
|||
* Hard goods ("hardline retailers") - appliances, electronics, furniture, sporting goods, etc. |
|||
There are the following types of retailers by marketing strategy: |
|||
*[[Supermarket]]s - sell mostly food products; |
|||
*[[Department store]]s - very large stores offering a huge assortment of "soft" and "hard goods"; |
|||
*[[Discount store]]s - tend to offer a wide array of products and services, but they compete mainly on price; |
|||
* [[General merchandise store]] - a hybrid between a department store and discount store; |
|||
* [[Warehouse store]] - low-cost, often high-quantity goods piled on pallets or steel shelves; [[warehouse clubs]] charge a membership fee; |
|||
* [[Variety store]] or "dollar store" - extremely low-cost goods, with limited selection; |
|||
* Demographic - retailers that aim at one particular segment (e.g., high-end retailers focusing on wealthy individuals). |
|||
Some stores take a [[no frills]] approach, while others are "mid-range" or "high end", depending on what income level they target. |
|||
Other types of retail store include: |
|||
* [[General store]] - a store which sells most goods needed, typically in a rural area; |
|||
* [[Convenience store]] - a small store often with extended hours, stocking everyday or roadside items; |
|||
* [[Big-box store]]s encompass larger department, discount, general merchandise, and warehouse stores. |
|||
<br clear=both> |
|||
[[File:Chaat stand in mussoorie.jpg|thumb|left|250px| A food vendor in [[India]]]] |
|||
[[File:Adidas store in Tel Aviv Israel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Adidas]] store in [[Tel Aviv]], Israel ]] |
|||
==Retail pricing== |
|||
The [[pricing]] technique used by most retailers is [[cost-plus pricing]]. This involves adding a [[markup (business)|markup]] amount (or percentage) to the retailer's cost. Another common technique is [[suggested retail price|suggested retail pricing]]. This simply involves charging the amount suggested by the manufacturer and usually printed on the [[product (business)|product]] by the manufacturer. |
|||
In Western countries, retail [[price]]s are often called [[psychological pricing|psychological price]]s or '''odd prices'''. Often prices are fixed and displayed on signs or labels. Alternatively, when prices are not clearly displayed, there can be [[price discrimination]], where the sale price is dependent upon who the customer is. For example, a customer may have to pay more if the seller determines that he or she is willing and/or able to. Another example would be the practice of discounting for youths or students. |
|||
<div id="Kinds of retailers"> <!-- anchor tag for links to this section --></div> |
|||
==Transfer mechanism== |
|||
There are several ways in which consumers can receive goods from a retailer: |
|||
* [[Counter service]], where goods are out of reach of buyers and must be obtained from the seller. This type of retail is common for small expensive items (e.g. jewelry) and controlled items like medicine and liquor. It was common before the 1900s in the United States and is more common in certain countries.{{Which?|date=March 2009}} |
|||
* [[Delivery (commerce)]], where goods are shipped directly to consumer's homes or workplaces. [[Mail order]] from a printed catalog was invented in 1744 and was common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Ordering by [[telephone]] is now common, either from a catalog, newspaper, [[television advertisement]] or a local restaurant [[menu]], for immediate service (especially for [[pizza delivery]]). [[Direct marketing]], including [[telemarketing]] and television [[shopping channel]]s, are also used to generate telephone orders. [[Online shopping]] started gaining significant market share in developed countries in the 2000s. |
|||
* [[Door-to-door]] sales, where the salesperson sometimes travels with the goods for sale. |
|||
* [[Self service|Self-service]], where goods may be handled and examined prior to purchase, has become more common since the 1920s. |
|||
==Second hand retail == |
|||
{{see also|Charity shop}} |
|||
Some shops sell second-hand goods. In the case of a [[non-profit organization|nonprofit]] shop, the public donates goods to the shop to be sold. In [[give-away shop]]s goods can be taken for free. |
|||
Another form is the [[pawnbroker|pawnshop]], in which goods are sold that were used as collateral for loans. There are also "[[consignment]]" shops, which are where a person can place an item in a store and if it sells, the person gives the shop owner a percentage of the sale price. The advantage of selling an item this way is that the established shop gives the item exposure to more potential buyers. |
|||
==Sales techniques== |
|||
Behind the scenes at retail, there is another factor at work. Corporations and independent store owners alike are always trying to get the edge on their competitors. One way to do this is to hire a [[merchandising]] solutions company to design custom store displays that will attract more customers in a certain demographic. The nation's largest retailers spend millions every year on in-store [[marketing]] programs that correspond to seasonal and promotional changes. As products change, so will a retail landscape. Retailers can also use [[facing (retail)|facing]] techniques to create the look of a perfectly stocked store, even when it is not. |
|||
A '''destination store''' is one that customers will initiate a trip specifically to visit, sometimes over a large area. These stores are often used to "[[anchor store|anchor]]" a shopping mall or plaza, generating foot traffic, which is capitalized upon by smaller retailers. |
|||
==Customer service== |
|||
According to the book "Discovery-Based Retail"<ref>Philip H. Mitchell 2008, Discovery-Based Retail, Bascom Hill Publishing Group ISBN 9780979846793</ref> [[customer service]] is the "sum of acts and elements that allow consumers to receive what they need or desire from your retail establishment." |
|||
== Retail Sales == |
|||
The '''Retail Sales''' report is published every month. It's a measure of the [[consumer spending]], an important indicator of the US [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]. Retail firms provide data on dollar value of their retail sales and inventories. 12000 firms in the final [[survey]] and 5000 in the advanced one. The advanced estimated data is based on a sub sample from the US CB complete retail & [[food service]]s sample.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/retail/index.html US Census Bureau] Retail sales [http://www.forexmotion.com/index.php/en/macroeconomic-reports/142.html?ruta=retail.xml Retail Sales][http://www.mypivots.com/Investopedia/Details/329/retail-sales Retail Sales Definition]</ref> |
|||
It's been published by the [[US Census Bureau]] since 1951. |
|||
==Bibliography== |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Krafft |first=Manfred |coauthors=Mantrala, Murali K. (eds.) |year=2006 |title=Retailing in the 21st century: current and future trends |publisher=Springer Verlag |location=New York |isbn=3540283994}} |
|||
==See also== |
|||
{{div col|3}} |
|||
* [[List of department stores by country]] |
|||
* [[Point of sales]] |
|||
* [[Point of sales terminal]] |
|||
* [[Retail concentration]] |
|||
* [[Retail design]] |
|||
* [[Retail software]] |
|||
* [[Retailing in India]] |
|||
* [[Shopping mall]] |
|||
* [[Specialist store]] |
|||
* [[Stand-alone store]] |
|||
* [[Store manager]] |
|||
* [[Supermarket]] |
|||
* [[Tuangou]] |
|||
* [[Variety store]] |
|||
* [[Visual merchandising]] |
|||
* [[Wardrobing]] |
|||
{{div col end}} |
|||
==Notes== |
|||
{{wikibooks|Marketing}} |
|||
{{wiktionarypar|retailing|retail}} |
|||
<!--<nowiki> See http://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref> and </ref> tags. </nowiki>--> |
|||
{{reflist|2}} |
|||
==External links== |
|||
*[http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/retail.asp Investopedia.The Industry Handbook: The Retailing Industry] |
|||
[[Category:Retailing| ]] |
|||
[[Category:Business]] |
|||
[[ar:بيع قطاعي]] |
|||
[[bn:দোকান]] |
|||
[[ca:Minorista]] |
|||
[[cs:Maloobchod]] |
|||
[[da:Detailhandel]] |
|||
[[de:Einzelhandel]] |
|||
[[es:Minorista]] |
|||
[[fr:Commerce de détail]] |
|||
[[ga:Siopa]] |
|||
[[gd:Bùth]] |
|||
[[ko:유통업체]] |
|||
[[hi:खुदरा]] |
|||
[[id:Ritel]] |
|||
[[is:Smásala]] |
|||
[[it:Vendita al dettaglio]] |
|||
[[he:קמעונאות]] |
|||
[[kn:ಚಿಲ್ಲರೆ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ]] |
|||
[[lt:Mažmeninė prekyba]] |
|||
[[ms:Peruncitan]] |
|||
[[nl:Detailhandel]] |
|||
[[ja:小売]] |
|||
[[no:Detaljhandel]] |
|||
[[pa:ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਖੁਦਰਾ ਬਾਜ਼ਾਰ ਤੇ ਸੁਨੀਲ ਮਿੱਤਲ]] |
|||
[[pl:Handel detaliczny]] |
|||
[[pt:Varejo]] |
|||
[[ru:Розничная торговля]] |
|||
[[sq:Magazina]] |
|||
[[scn:Dittagghianti]] |
|||
[[simple:Shop]] |
|||
[[sk:Maloobchod]] |
|||
[[fi:Vähittäiskauppa]] |
|||
[[sv:Detaljhandel]] |
|||
[[tr:Perakendecilik]] |
|||
[[uk:Роздрібна торгівля]] |
|||
[[yi:ריטעיל]] |
|||
[[zh:零售]] |
|||
Revision as of 13:06, 3 September 2010
"