Red harvester ant: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Harvester ant hole.jpg|thumb|left|Red harvester ant nest entry]] |
[[Image:Harvester ant hole.jpg|thumb|left|Red harvester ant nest entry]] |
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===Nests=== |
===Nests=== |
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Red harvester ant nests are characterized by a lack of plant growth and small pebbles surrounding the entrance to the tunnel, which usually descends at a pronounced angle. [[Wiktionary:hull|Hulls]] of seeds may however be found scattered around the nest. In [[grassland]] areas, such as ranches, the lack of plant life makes red harvester ant colonies very easy to spot, and where they are very plentiful they may make serious inroads into the grazing available to livestock. |
Red harvester ant nests are characterized by a lack of plant growth and small pebbles surrounding the entrance to the tunnel, which usually descends at a pronounced angle. [[Wiktionary:hull|Hulls]] of seeds may however be found scattered around the nest. In [[grassland]] areas, such as ranches, the lack of plant life makes red harvester ant colonies very easy to spot, and where they are very plentiful they may make serious inroads into the grazing available to livestock yolo swag. |
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The mounds are typically flat and broad, {{convert|0|to|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} high, and {{convert|300|to|1200|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[diameter]]. There have been reports of even larger denuded areas, on the order of {{convert|10|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}. Three to eight trails typically lead away from the mound, like "arms". These trails are used by ants to collect and bring food back to the mound. "Scout" ants are the first ones out of the mound every morning. They seek food, and mark their path as they return to the mound to alert the worker ants. The worker ants follow the scent trail and collect the food. Other worker ants clean, extend and generally tend to the mound, the queen and the [[Wiktionary:brood|brood]]. All the ants in the colonies are females apart from the winged males produced in the breeding season. |
The mounds are typically flat and broad, {{convert|0|to|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} high, and {{convert|300|to|1200|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[diameter]]. There have been reports of even larger denuded areas, on the order of {{convert|10|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}. Three to eight trails typically lead away from the mound, like "arms". These trails are used by ants to collect and bring food back to the mound. "Scout" ants are the first ones out of the mound every morning. They seek food, and mark their path as they return to the mound to alert the worker ants. The worker ants follow the scent trail and collect the food. Other worker ants clean, extend and generally tend to the mound, the queen and the [[Wiktionary:brood|brood]]. All the ants in the colonies are females apart from the winged males produced in the breeding season. |
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Much research has been done on the [[foraging]] behavior of the red harvester ant. Three types of workers are most involved in the foraging process: nest patrollers, trail patrollers, and foragers. On a given day, nest patrollers emerge first from the nest to assess the safety and profitability of foraging. The [[colony]] gets the majority of its water from the [[metabolism]] of the fats in seeds <ref name="Gordon 2002">{{cite journal|last=Gordon|first=Deborah M.|title=The Regulation of Foraging Activity in Red Harvester Ant Colonies|journal=The American Naturalist|date=1 May 2002|volume=159|issue=5|pages=509–518|doi=10.1086/339461}}</ref> . If food is scarce, or if it is a particularly hot day, the energy and water benefits of foraging may be outweighed by its energy and water costs. In this case, the colony may be forced to rely on its extensive food stores. Seeds may be stored in the nest for months or even several years <ref name="Gordon, Holmes, Nacu (2007)">{{cite journal|last=Gordon|first=D. M.|coauthors=Holmes, S.; Nacu, S.|title=The short-term regulation of foraging in harvester ants|journal=Behavioral Ecology|date=19 November 2007|volume=19|issue=1|pages=217–222|doi=10.1093/beheco/arm125}}</ref> . |
Much research has been done on the [[foraging]] behavior of the red harvester ant. Three types of workers are most involved in the foraging process: nest patrollers, trail patrollers, and foragers. On a given day, nest patrollers emerge first from the nest to assess the safety and profitability of foraging. The [[colony]] gets the majority of its water from the [[metabolism]] of the fats in seeds <ref name="Gordon 2002">{{cite journal|last=Gordon|first=Deborah M.|title=The Regulation of Foraging Activity in Red Harvester Ant Colonies|journal=The American Naturalist|date=1 May 2002|volume=159|issue=5|pages=509–518|doi=10.1086/339461}}</ref> . If food is scarce, or if it is a particularly hot day, the energy and water benefits of foraging may be outweighed by its energy and water costs. In this case, the colony may be forced to rely on its extensive food stores. Seeds may be stored in the nest for months or even several years <ref name="Gordon, Holmes, Nacu (2007)">{{cite journal|last=Gordon|first=D. M.|coauthors=Holmes, S.; Nacu, S.|title=The short-term regulation of foraging in harvester ants|journal=Behavioral Ecology|date=19 November 2007|volume=19|issue=1|pages=217–222|doi=10.1093/beheco/arm125}}</ref> . |
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The colony is able to communicate through momentary [[antenna (biology)| antennal]] contact involving the transfer of [[cuticle|cuticular]] [[hydrocarbon]]s <ref name="Greene and Gordon (2007)">{{cite journal|last=Greene|first=M. J.|coauthors=Gordon, D. M.|title=Interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions|journal=Behavioral Ecology|date=22 January 2007|volume=18|issue=2|pages=451–455|doi=10.1093/beheco/arl105}}</ref> . Other visual, [[temporal]], and [[olfaction|olfactory]] cues may also be involved <ref name="Greene and Gordon (2007)" /> . Based on the nest patrollers’ reports, trail patrollers may leave the nest to determine the best possible foraging direction. This decision is based upon various economic factors such as food availability and neighboring nests’ foraging behavior. As both types of patrollers return, foragers assess their rates of return to decide whether to leave the nest to find food. In an experiment involving patroller mimics, it was found that a return rate of 1 patroller every 10 seconds stimulated the highest level of foraging activity <ref name="Greene and Gordon (2007)" /> . This return rate indicates high availability of food and good foraging conditions, and therefore a favorable [[benefit-cost ratio|cost-benefit ratio]] for the foragers. If the patroller return rate is too high, it may be a warning of danger, such as the sighting of a predatory lizard. A lower return rate could indicate lack of available food, or heavy competition. |
The colony is able to communicate through momentary [[antenna (biology)| antennal]] contact involving the transfer of [[cuticle|cuticular]] [[hydrocarbon]]s <ref name="Greene and Gordon (2007)">{{cite journal|last=Greene|first=M. J.|coauthors=Gordon, D. M.|title=Interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions|journal=Behavioral Ecology|date=22 January 2007|volume=18|issue=2|pages=451–455|doi=10.1093/beheco/arl105}}</ref> . Other visual, [[temporal]], and [[olfaction|olfactory]] cues may also be involved <ref name="Greene and Gordon (2007)" /> . Based on the nest patrollers’ reports, trail patrollers may leave the nest to determine the best possible foraging direction. This decision is based upon various economic factors such as food availability and neighboring nests’ foraging behavior. As both types of patrollers return, foragers assess their rates of return to decide whether to leave the nest to find food. In an experiment involving patroller mimics, it was found that a return rate of 1 patroller every 10 seconds stimulated the highest level of foraging activity <ref name="Greene and Gordon (2007)" /> . This return rate indicates swag high availability of food and good foraging conditions, and therefore a favorable [[benefit-cost ratio|cost-benefit ratio]] for the foragers. If the patroller return rate is too high, it may be a warning of danger, such as the sighting of a predatory lizard. A lower return rate could indicate lack of available food, or heavy competition. |
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Once an ant has decided to forage, it will almost always continue until it has found food to take back to the nest. 90% of returning foragers are “successful” <ref name=Schafer>{{cite journal|last=Schafer|first=Robert J.|coauthors=Holmes, Susan; Gordon, Deborah M.|title=Forager activation and food availability in harvester ants|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=1 April 2006|volume=71|issue=4|pages=815–822|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.024}}</ref> . Therefore, forager return rate is a good indicator of food availability. Logically, overall foraging activity is influenced by the rate of returning foragers <ref name= "Schafer" /> . When food is plentiful, foragers will quickly find it and immediately return to the nest. Foragers still in the nest will interpret this to mean food searches will be profitable: low energy input with a high chance of a seed reward. Foraging activity will consequently be increased. Likewise, a decline in food availability, indicated by a decrease in forager return rate, will cause the colony to decrease its foraging activity <ref name="Greene and Gordon (2007)" />. |
Once an ant has decided to forage, it will almost always continue until it has found food to take back to the nest. 90% of returning foragers are “successful” <ref name=Schafer>{{cite journal|last=Schafer|first=Robert J.|coauthors=Holmes, Susan; Gordon, Deborah M.|title=Forager activation and food availability in harvester ants|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=1 April 2006|volume=71|issue=4|pages=815–822|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.024}}</ref> . Therefore, forager return rate is a good indicator of food availability. Logically, overall foraging activity is influenced by the rate of returning foragers <ref name= "Schafer" /> . When food is plentiful, foragers will quickly find it and immediately return to the nest. Foragers still in the nest will interpret this to mean food searches will be profitable: low energy input with a high chance of a seed reward. Foraging activity will consequently be increased. Likewise, a decline in food availability, indicated by a decrease in forager return rate, will cause the colony to decrease its foraging activity <ref name="Greene and Gordon (2007)" />. |
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Revision as of 15:02, 2 October 2013
| Red harvester ant | |
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| P. barbatus worker from Texas, United States | |
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| Species: | P. barbatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Pogonomyrmex barbatus Smith, 1858
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The red harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) is a large (5–7 millimetres) ant common in the southwest United States, preferring the arid chaparral habitat [1]. Red harvester ants are often mistaken for fire ants, but are not related to any fire ant species, native or introduced.
Description
Diet
The main food source for red harvester ants usually consists of seeds, which they hoard in great numbers, hence their name.
Caste system
As with most ant species, their mating castes consist of winged alates (reproductives) that reside in the nest until weather permits them to fly away and mate. After that the male usually dies, while the now-fertilized queen returns to the ground to search for a suitable nesting site. Once she has chosen a site, she sheds her wings and begins to reproduce, creating a new colony. She produces "worker ants" for 1–20 years until her death. Some Queens have been known to live up to 30 years in the wild.
Predators
Red harvester ants are a favorite food for desert horned lizards. Harvester ants will defend their colonies vigorously against real or perceived attacks, whether by large or small animals. They may bite ferociously and their stings are venomous and painful. The effect spreads through the lymphatic system, sometimes causing dangerous reactions, especially in animals sensitive or allergic to their venom.
Over the years, their numbers have been declining, and this has often been attributed to competition for food with the invasive red imported fire ant and the Argentine ant. Their decline has affected many native species, especially those for which the red harvester ant is a chief source of food, such as the Texas horned lizard.
Nests
Red harvester ant nests are characterized by a lack of plant growth and small pebbles surrounding the entrance to the tunnel, which usually descends at a pronounced angle. Hulls of seeds may however be found scattered around the nest. In grassland areas, such as ranches, the lack of plant life makes red harvester ant colonies very easy to spot, and where they are very plentiful they may make serious inroads into the grazing available to livestock yolo swag.
The mounds are typically flat and broad, 0 to 100 mm (0.0 to 3.9 in) high, and 300 to 1,200 mm (12 to 47 in) in diameter. There have been reports of even larger denuded areas, on the order of 10 m2 (110 sq ft). Three to eight trails typically lead away from the mound, like "arms". These trails are used by ants to collect and bring food back to the mound. "Scout" ants are the first ones out of the mound every morning. They seek food, and mark their path as they return to the mound to alert the worker ants. The worker ants follow the scent trail and collect the food. Other worker ants clean, extend and generally tend to the mound, the queen and the brood. All the ants in the colonies are females apart from the winged males produced in the breeding season.
Foraging
Much research has been done on the foraging behavior of the red harvester ant. Three types of workers are most involved in the foraging process: nest patrollers, trail patrollers, and foragers. On a given day, nest patrollers emerge first from the nest to assess the safety and profitability of foraging. The colony gets the majority of its water from the metabolism of the fats in seeds [2] . If food is scarce, or if it is a particularly hot day, the energy and water benefits of foraging may be outweighed by its energy and water costs. In this case, the colony may be forced to rely on its extensive food stores. Seeds may be stored in the nest for months or even several years [3] .
The colony is able to communicate through momentary antennal contact involving the transfer of cuticular hydrocarbons [4] . Other visual, temporal, and olfactory cues may also be involved [4] . Based on the nest patrollers’ reports, trail patrollers may leave the nest to determine the best possible foraging direction. This decision is based upon various economic factors such as food availability and neighboring nests’ foraging behavior. As both types of patrollers return, foragers assess their rates of return to decide whether to leave the nest to find food. In an experiment involving patroller mimics, it was found that a return rate of 1 patroller every 10 seconds stimulated the highest level of foraging activity [4] . This return rate indicates swag high availability of food and good foraging conditions, and therefore a favorable cost-benefit ratio for the foragers. If the patroller return rate is too high, it may be a warning of danger, such as the sighting of a predatory lizard. A lower return rate could indicate lack of available food, or heavy competition.
Once an ant has decided to forage, it will almost always continue until it has found food to take back to the nest. 90% of returning foragers are “successful” [5] . Therefore, forager return rate is a good indicator of food availability. Logically, overall foraging activity is influenced by the rate of returning foragers [5] . When food is plentiful, foragers will quickly find it and immediately return to the nest. Foragers still in the nest will interpret this to mean food searches will be profitable: low energy input with a high chance of a seed reward. Foraging activity will consequently be increased. Likewise, a decline in food availability, indicated by a decrease in forager return rate, will cause the colony to decrease its foraging activity [4].
The ability for a colony to quickly regulate its foraging behavior is quite important since their food source is variable and scattered. This regulatory ability is variable in itself, influenced by food availability, current need to eat, and colony health [1] . Colonies are more likely to adapt to varying forager return rates when the rate of foraging is high, which may be because variances are simply harder to detect during low rates [1]. Overall, the red harvester ant demonstrates a remarkable ability in social cognition, cost-benefit analysis, and behavioral economics.
Use in captive ant ecologies
Red harvester ants are commonly used in captive ant ecologies (the so-called, "Ant Farm", which is a trademark of Uncle Milton, Inc.). Their large size and foraging habits, coupled with an inability to climb the glass walls of the enclosures used, make the species an excellent choice for this role.
References
- ^ a b c Gordon, D. M. (25 February 2011). "Colony variation in the collective regulation of foraging by harvester ants". Behavioral Ecology. 22 (2): 429–435. doi:10.1093/beheco/arq218.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Gordon, Deborah M. (1 May 2002). "The Regulation of Foraging Activity in Red Harvester Ant Colonies". The American Naturalist. 159 (5): 509–518. doi:10.1086/339461.
- ^ Gordon, D. M. (19 November 2007). "The short-term regulation of foraging in harvester ants". Behavioral Ecology. 19 (1): 217–222. doi:10.1093/beheco/arm125.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d Greene, M. J. (22 January 2007). "Interaction rate informs harvester ant task decisions". Behavioral Ecology. 18 (2): 451–455. doi:10.1093/beheco/arl105.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Schafer, Robert J. (1 April 2006). "Forager activation and food availability in harvester ants". Animal Behaviour. 71 (4): 815–822. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.024.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
External links
Media related to Pogonomyrmex barbatus at Wikimedia Commons- EconTalk interview with Deborah Gordon and her research on Red harvester ants
