Reciprocal access agreement
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A reciprocal access agreement (RAA) (Japanese: 部隊間協力円滑化協定, lit. 'force-to-force cooperation facilitation agreement')[1] refers to a bilateral defense and security pacts between governments that provides shared military training and military operations.[2][3][4][5] It is an agreement built to create a framework for the two cooperating countries to move their military force whenever required, and also provides a pathway for goods to be imported and exported from one country to the other through following the movement of visiting military forces.[2]
RAAs have been established between Japan and Australia, as well as Japan and the United Kingdom.[6][7] For Australia, the signing of a reciprocal access agreement has later been used to further strengthen ties with other countries like India and the United States, and to also renew old pacts like the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation (JDSC).[8]
Active
[edit]The following RAAs have been signed and are currently active.
Japan and Australia
[edit]Discussions over signing of the Japan-Australia Reciprocal Access Agreement (Japanese: 日豪円滑化協定), officially Agreement between Japan and Australia concerning the facilitation of reciprocal access and cooperation between the Self-Defense Forces of Japan and the Australian Defence Force[9][10] began in 2014 and was to be the second significant security pact Japan has made with another country ever since the 1960 Status of Forces Agreement with the United States.[3] It was signed during a virtual summit on 6 January 2022 by Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison after the former declined all overseas travel due to the increasing COVID-19 cases at the time.[5]
The pact has since then risen in prominence against the recent geopolitical tension and increasing competition in the Indo-Pacific space. Japan and Australia have shared concerns over China's growing maritime activities in the South China Sea, along with the concerns over a potential conflict with the Chinese Communist Party.[4][11] This was later exacerbated by China's imposement of economic and diplomatic sanctions in response to Australia's call for promoting and inquiry into the origins of the COVID-19 virus.[12]
On 22 October 2022, Prime Ministers Anthony Albanese of Australia and Kishida Fumio further used the RAA to revise an old pact known as the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation (JDSC).[13][14] The initial JDSC was signed back in 2007 and signed by Prime Ministers John Howard and Abe Shinzo, in part as a response to the growing security ties in the wake of the September 11 attacks. It was initially a non-binding security agreement, but the revision has made it a binding treaty between the two countries, and has allowed a more efficient utilization of the RAA.[15]
The Japan Australia RAA has also been used as a stepping stone to strengthen the ties between India and the United States, which formed an official grouping with Japan and Australia known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, or simply "The Quad".[3][4][16] This group was initially formed in 2004 after the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004. There was initially some discussion over forming joint military exercises between the four nations back in 2007, but that was later scrapped due to heavy criticism from China. This was later rectified in 2020, with the four nations holding their first joint military exercise. This was done in part due to the growing concerns over Beijing's actions in backing Moscow and their distancing from the West.[17]
Japan and the United Kingdom
[edit]On 5 May 2022, during an in-person meeting in Downing Street, United Kingdom Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Kishida agreed to begin discussions over signing an agreement similar to the RAA between Australia and Japan.[18][19][20][21] Similar to the original Japan Australia RAA, this was done to both ease the hosting of joint military exercises and to simplify the process of bringing troops from one country to another. In addition, this new agreement has allowed Japan to jointly develop a next-generation fighter jet. This would be the first time Japan has worked on a major military project with another country other than the United States.[22]
On the 11 January 2023, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak signed the Japan-UK Reciprocal Access Agreement (Japanese: 日英部隊間協力円滑化協定), officially Agreement between Japan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning the facilitation of reciprocal access and cooperation between the Self-Defense Forces of Japan and the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[1] during Kishida's visit to London[23][6] that will allow both nations to deploy troops in each other's countries. The UK will be the first European country to have such a reciprocal access agreement with Japan, with the UK government describing the pact as the most important of its type since the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance.[24]
Proposed
[edit]The following agreements are currently being negotiated.
France and Japan
[edit]On 20 January 2022, Japan and France held a meeting to bolster military cooperation in response to China's actions in the South China Sea and North Korea's advancing nuclear and missiles development.[25][26][27]
Japan and the Philippines
[edit]
On 3 November 2023, Japan and the Philippines announced that they had begun talks for a Reciprocal Access Agreement.[28][29] On 6 November 2023, Philippine Defense Secretary Gilberto Teodoro stated that his country wanted to reach an agreement "at the soonest possible time".[30]
On 8 July 2024, Philippine Defense Secretary Gilberto Teodoro and Japanese Foreign Minister Yoko Kamikawa signed the Philippines-Japan Reciprocal Access Agreement, the first RAA negotiated with a Southeast Asian nation.[31][32] It would take effect after ratification by the countries' legislatures, Philippine and Japanese officials said.[33][34]
On 16 December 2024, the RAA was signed officially and unanimously ratified by the Philippine Senate (Resolution No. 1248).[35]
South Korea and the United Kingdom
[edit]On 20 November 2023, South Korea and the UK signed the Downing Street accord which exponentially increases military cooperation between the two countries.[36] It has been proposed that the two countries should forge an institutionalized agreement, modeled after the Japan-UK Reciprocal Access Agreement, to build upon the Downing Street accord further.[37]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "日英部隊間協力円滑化協定の署名" [Signing of Japan-UK Reciprocal Access Agreement]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 11 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Japan-Australia Reciprocal Access Agreement". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Australia, Japan sign 'historic' defence pact amid China concerns". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ a b c Hui, Tan Ming (11 January 2022). "Japan and Australia ties blossom". Lowy Institute. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Japan, Australia sign defence pact for closer cooperation". Reuters. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ a b Smout, Alistair (11 January 2023). "Britain, Japan sign defence pact during PM Kishida visit to London". Reuters. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "Japan Ministry of Defense". Japan Ministry of Defense. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ Yamagami, Shingo (26 December 2022). "By getting out in front on China, Australia led the world". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "Japan-Australia Reciprocal Access Agreement". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 6 January 2022.
- ^ "日豪円滑化協定の署名" [Signing of Japan-Australia Reciprocal Access Agreement]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 6 January 2022.
- ^ Takenaka, Kiyoshi; Park, Ju-Min (17 November 2020). "Japan, Australia reach agreement-in-principle on defence pact amid concerns over disputed South China Sea". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "China punishes Australia for promoting an inquiry into covid-19". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ Walton, David; Akimoto, Daisuke (25 October 2022). "What's New in Australia and Japan's Updated Joint Declaration of Security Cooperation?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "MOFA: Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation". www.mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "Japan, Australia to seek security agreement when premiers meet this week -Nikkei". Reuters. 18 October 2022. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "The Quad: An emerging multilateral security framework of democracies in the Indo-Pacific region | Think Tank | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ Gale, Alastair (24 May 2022). "Quad Members Have Eyes on China, No Collective Comment on Russia". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Japan, UK to sign military agreement next month". World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "UK and Japan sign military agreement amid Russia concerns". BBC News. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ "Japan, U.K. agree on defense pact amid China's rise in Indo-Pacific". Kyodo News. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
- ^ "Japan to sign military pact with UK as allies eye China threat". Financial Times. 5 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ^ "UK and Japan sign military agreement amid Russia concerns". BBC News. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ Daly, Patrick (11 January 2023). "Rishi Sunak and Japanese PM to agree closer defence links at Tower of London". Evening Standard. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ Daly, Patrick (11 January 2023). "Rishi Sunak and Japanese PM to agree closer defence links at Tower of London". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Sixth Japan-France Foreign and Defense Ministers' Meeting". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ Takenaka, Kiyoshi (20 January 2022). "France and Japan face 'tougher' Indo-Pacific security situation, minister says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "Japan, France begin informal talks on access deal for joint drills". Kyodo News. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ^ "Japan and Philippines agree to take defense ties to next level". The Japan Times. 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Philippines, Japan announce negotiations for key defence pact". France 24. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Philippines aiming to seal "reciprocal" troop pact with Japan". Reuters. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ^ Flores, Helen (9 July 2024). "Philippines, Japan ink military access agreement". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ^ Gomez, Jim; Nuga, Haruka (8 July 2024). "Japan and the Philippines sign a defense pact in the face of shared alarm over China". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ^ "PBBM highlights importance of defense ties with Japan with the signing of PH-Japan Reciprocal Access Agreement (RAA)". Presidential Communications Office. 8 July 2024.
- ^ "Philippines, Japan sign military access pact". Rappler. 8 July 2024.
- ^ Abarca, Charie Mae (17 December 2024). "Senate ratifies historic PH-Japan RAA". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ^ "UK and South Korea to agree new partnership to redefine and strengthen ties for next generation". GOV.UK. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ Shin, Francis (7 December 2023). "What's Next for the South Korea-UK Relationship?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.