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Radom

Coordinates: 51°24′13″N 21°9′24″E / 51.40361°N 21.15667°E / 51.40361; 21.15667
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(Redirected from Radom, Poland)
This article is about the city in Poland. For other uses, see Radom (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Radon.
Radom
Moniuszki Street
Courthouse
Sandomierz Palace
Radom Cathedral
City Hall
Saint John the Baptist church
Resursa
Saint Catherine church
  • Moniuszki Street
  • Courthouse
  • Sandomierz Palace
  • Cathedral
  • City Hall
  • Saint John the Baptist church
  • Resursa
  • Saint Catherine church
Flag of Radom
Flag
Coat of arms of Radom
Coat of arms
Radom is located in Poland
Radom
Radom
Coordinates: 51°24′13″N 21°9′24″E / 51.40361°N 21.15667°E / 51.40361; 21.15667
Country Poland
Voivodeship Masovian
CountyRadom County (powiat radomski)
First mentioned1155
City rights1364
Government
 • City mayorRadosław Witkowski (PO)
Area
 • Total112 km2 (43 sq mi)
Population
 (30 June 2023)
 • Total196,918 Decrease (15th)[1]
 • Density1,761/km2 (4,560/sq mi)
Demonymradomianin (male) radomianka (female) (pl)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
26-600 to 26-618
Area code+48 48
Car platesWR
Primary airportRadom Airport
Websitehttp://www.radom.pl

Radom[a] is a city in east-central Poland, located approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) south of the capital, Warsaw. It is situated on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship. Radom is the fifteenth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest in its province with a population of 196,918 (30.06.2023)[1]

For centuries, Radom was part of the Sandomierz Province of the Kingdom of Poland and the later Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite being part of the Masovian Voivodeship, the city historically belongs to Lesser Poland. It was a significant center of administration, having served as seat of the Crown Council which ratified the Pact of Vilnius and Radom between Lithuania and Poland in 1401. The Nihil novi and Łaski's Statute were adopted by the Sejm at Radom's Royal Castle in 1505. In 1976, it was a center of the June 1976 protests.

The city is home to the biennial Radom Air Show, the largest air show in the country, held during the last weekend of August. "Radom" is also the popular unofficial name for a semiautomatic FB Vis pistol, which was produced from 1935 to 1944 by Radom's Łucznik Arms Factory. The city continues to produce military firearms for the Polish Armed Forces.

The international Radom Jazz Festival and the International Gombrowicz Theater Festival are held in the city.

History

[edit]
Further information: Timeline of Radom
Saint Wenceslaus church, the city's oldest church

Radom's original settlement dates back to the 8th–9th century. It was an early medieval town in the valley of the Mleczna River (on the approximate site of present-day Old Town). In the second half of the 10th century, it became a gord, called Piotrówka, which was protected by a rampart and a moat. Due to convenient location on the edge of a large wilderness, and its proximity to the border of Lesser Poland and Mazovia, Radom quickly emerged as an important administrative center of the early Kingdom of Poland. Piotrówka was probably named after St. Peter church, which in 1222 was placed under the authority of a Benedictine Abbey in nearby Sieciechów. The church no longer exists; the oldest still-extant church in Radom is St. Wacław, founded in the 13th century by Prince of Sandomierz Leszek I the White. The first documented mention of Radom comes from the year 1155, in a bull of Pope Adrian IV (villam iuxta Rado, que vocatur Zlauno, or a village near Radom, called Sławno). By 1233, Radom was the seat of a castellan. The name of the city comes from the ancient Slavic given name Radomir, and Radom means a gord, which belongs to Radomir.[3]

Saint John the Baptist church, founded by King Casimir III the Great in the 14th century

In the second half of the 13th century, Radom was granted a Środa Śląska town charter by Prince Bolesław V the Chaste, although no documents exist to confirm the exact date of this event. The town prospered in the 14th century, when in 1350 King Kazimierz Wielki established the so-called New Town, with a royal castle, a defensive wall, and a town hall. There was also a market square and a grid plan of the streets, patterned after Gothic German towns. The area of New Town was 9 hectares, and the length of the defensive wall was 1,100 meters. Radom had three gates, named after main merchant roads: Iłża Gate, Piotrków Trybunalski Gate, and Lublin Gate. The defensive wall was further protected by 25 fortified towers. New Town had the Church of John the Baptist, and the Royal Castle was built between the church and the moat.

In 1364, Radom's obsolete Środa Śląska rights were replaced with more modern Magdeburg rights, and residents gained several privileges as a result.[4] At that time, Radom was located along the so-called Oxen Trail, from Ruthenian lands to Silesia. In 1376, the city became the seat of a starosta, and entered the period of its greatest prosperity.[5]

Poland's Golden Age

[edit]

King Władysław Jagiełło granted several privileges to the city. Jagiełło himself frequently travelled from Kraków to Vilnius, and liked to stay at Radom Castle en route. On March 18, 1401, the Pact of Vilnius and Radom was signed, which strengthened the Polish–Lithuanian union. Immediately after the Pact, preparations for the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War began. King Casimir IV Jagiellon frequently visited Radom, along with his wife, Elizabeth of Austria. Here, the King would host foreign envoys, from such countries as the Crimean Khanate, the Kingdom of Bohemia, and the Duchy of Bavaria. On November 18, 1489, Johann von Tiefen, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, paid homage to King Jagiellon at Radom Castle. Mikołaj Radomski, one of the earliest Polish composers, comes from Radom. In 1468, the complex of a Bernardine church and monastery was founded here by King Jagiellon, with support of the local starosta, Dominik z Kazanowa. The complex was originally made of wood (until 1507).[6]

Plaque at the Radom Castle commemorating the adoption of the Nihil novi act in Radom in 1505

In 1481, Radom became the residence of Prince Kazimierz, the son of King Jagiellon, who ruled the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The young prince died of tuberculosis, and later became patron saint of both the city of Radom (since 1983), and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Radom (since 1992). During the reign of Alexander Jagiellon, the Nihil novi act was adopted by the Polish Sejm in a meeting at Radom Castle.[7] Furthermore, at the same meeting, the first codification of law published in the Kingdom of Poland was accepted. Radom was a royal city, county seat and castellany, administratively located in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province.[8] It remained one of the most important urban centers of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, and was also the seat of the Treasure Tribunal in 1613–1764, which controlled taxation. Several kings visited the city, including Stephen Bathory and his wife Anna Jagiellon, Sigismund III Vasa, and Augustus III of Poland. In 1623 many residents died in an epidemic, and in 1628, half of Radom burned in a fire.[4]

The period of prosperity ended during the Swedish invasion of Poland. The Swedish army captured the city without a fight in November 1655. At first the invaders behaved correctly, as King Charles X Gustav still sought alliances within the Polish-Lithuanian nobility; the situation changed, however, in early 1656, when anti-Swedish uprisings broke out in southern Lesser Poland and quickly spread across the country. Radom was looted and almost completely destroyed in August 1656. Its population shrank from some 2,000 before the war, to 395 in 1660, with only 37 houses still standing. Swedish soldiers burned the royal castle and the monastery. With the Polish population in decline, the number of Jewish settlers grew by the early 18th century. In 1682 the first Piarists arrived, and in 1737–1756, opened a college.[9] The 3rd Infantry Regiment of the Polish Crown Army was stationed in Radom at various times.[10]

Late modern era

[edit]
Piarist College in the 19th century

Radom remained within the Sandomierz Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the Third Partition of Poland (1795). For a few years (1795–1809) it was part of the Austrian province of West Galicia. After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was part of the Polish Duchy of Warsaw, which named it capital of the Radom Department. From 1815 the city belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland, remaining a regional administrative center. In 1816–1837 it was the capital of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, whose capital, despite the name, was at Radom. In 1837–1844 it was the capital of the Sandomierz Governorate, and from 1844 until the outbreak of World War I, the capital of the Radom Governorate. The Polish 5th Line Infantry Regiment, which later fought against Russia in the November Uprising, was stationed in Radom.[11] The city was an important center of the November Uprising. Its obsolete and ruined fortifications were destroyed upon order of Mayor Józef Królikowski. In the early days of the January Uprising, Marian Langiewicz visited Radom, preparing the rebellion. In the 19th century, Radom was one of the leading centers of the new art of photography in partitioned Poland, alongside major cities of Warsaw, Gdańsk, Kraków and Wilno.[12] In 1867 a sewage system was built. Russians closed down the Benedictine monastery and established a Tsarist prison in its place.[13] Streets were gradually paved, and in 1885, a rail line from Dąbrowa Górnicza to Dęblin was completed, via Radom. In the early 20th century a power plant was built. In 1906, notable Polish independence fighter Kazimierz Sosnkowski, future politician and general, escaped from Warsaw to Radom, pursued by the Russian Okhrana.[14] In Radom, he continued his secret activities, and became the commander of the local Combat Organization, before he eventually had to escape again, this time to the Dąbrowa Basin.[14]

During World War I, the city was captured by the Austro-Hungarian Army in July 1915. An Austrian garrison remained until November 1918.

City map from 1919

In the Second Polish Republic Radom became part of Kielce Voivodeship. In 1932 the City County of Radom was created, and the following year, its rail connection with Warsaw was completed. In the late 1930s, due to the government project known as the Central Industrial Area, several new factories were built; by 1938, the population had grown to 80,000. The city was also a military garrison, serving as headquarters of the 72nd Infantry Regiment.

World War II

[edit]

On September 1, 1939, the first day of the German invasion of Poland and World War II, the Germans air raided the city.[15] On September 8, 1939, Radom was captured by the Wehrmacht, and was afterwards occupied by Germany. On September 21, 1939, the German Einsatzgruppe II entered the city to commit various crimes against the population, and afterwards its members co-formed the local German police and security forces.[16] The Germans immediately confiscated the food stored in warehouses in Radom and nearby settlements, and carried out requisitions in the city council.[17] The occupiers established a special court in Radom,[18] and two temporary prisoner-of-war camps for captured Polish soldiers, one in the pre-war military barracks and one in the Tadeusz Kościuszko Park.[19] There were poor conditions in the camp in the barracks, and hunger and diseases were common.[20] The local civilian population helped many POWs escape from the camp.[21]

Former seat of the Gestapo and NKVD during the occupation

From October 1939 to January 1940, the Germans carried out several public executions of Polish civilians in various locations in Radom, killing 111 people.[22] The Germans also operated a heavy prison in the city,[23] and carried mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, who were then held in the prison.[24] Many Poles expelled from Gdynia in 1939 were placed in a temporary transit camp in a local church, before they were sent to nearby settlements.[25]

The occupiers liquidated local cultural and social life.[26] All sports clubs and high schools were closed, and teaching of literature, geography and history in the remaining schools was prohibited.[27]

In March and May 1940, the Germans carried out massacres of 210 Poles, including teenagers, from Radom and nearby settlements in the city's Firlej district.[28] Around 100 Poles from Radom were murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940.[29] In July, August and November 1940, the Germans carried out deportations of Poles from the local prison to the Auschwitz concentration camp.[30] Deportations to concentration camps continued throughout the war, and 18,000 people passed through the local prison, mostly Polish political activists, resistance members and innocent people, plus ordinary criminals.[31] At the large massacre sites in the present-day districts of Firlej and Kosów, the Germans murdered around 15,000 and 1,500 people, respectively.[32]

Monument and cemetery in Firlej where the Germans murdered around 15,000 Poles and Jews

In October 1940, the German occupiers established a forced labour camp for Jews,[33] and in 1941, they formed the Radom Ghetto, with a population of 34,000 Jews, most of whom perished at the Treblinka extermination camp.[15] According to German regulations, sheltering Jews outside the ghetto was punishable by death.[34] The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota", established by the Polish resistance movement operated in the city.[35]

Radom was a center of Polish resistance, with various organizations, such as Service for Poland's Victory, Independent Poland [pl], Union of Armed Struggle, Bataliony Chłopskie, Grey Ranks and numerous Home Army units operating in the area.[26] The resistance carried out various actions, which included sabotage, stealing weapons, secret education, etc.[26] Poles were even able to produce weapons for Polish partisans in the local arms factory, even though it was seized by the Germans. In 1942, the Germans discovered the activity, and then publicly hanged 50 Poles, including 26 employees of the arms factory, and a pregnant woman.[36] Scouts from the Gray Ranks who worked at the local post office stole and destroyed anonymous letters to the Gestapo, thus possibly saving many lives.[31] Two German doctors from a local hospital helped the Polish resistance, for which one was even arrested and sent to a concentration camp.[31] In April 1943, the resistance successfully assassinated the chief of the local German police.[37]

In 1944, following the Polish Warsaw Uprising, the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków, where they were initially imprisoned, to Radom.[38] Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children.[38] 3,500 Poles expelled from Warsaw stayed in the city, as of November 1, 1944.[38]

In January 1945, the occupiers sent the last transport of prisoners from Radom to Auschwitz, but it only reached Częstochowa, while the remaining prisoners were massacred in Firlej.[31]

On January 16, 1945, the city was captured by the Red Army, and then restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which then stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Fallen Red Army soldiers rest at the local cemetery at Warszawska Street. The communists held Polish resistance members in the former German prison.[31] In September 1945, the resistance movement attacked the communist prison and liberated nearly 500 prisoners.[31]

Up to the Second World War, like many other cities in interwar Poland, Radom had a large Jewish population. According to the Imperial 1897 census, out of the total population of 28,700, Jews constituted 11,200 (~39%).[39][40]

Current events

[edit]
Radom in the 1970s

From 1975 to 1998, it was the seat of the Radom Voivodeship. In 1954 and 1984, city limits were greatly expanded by including several settlements as new districts,[41] including Długojów Górny, Huta Józefowska, Janiszpol, Józefów, Kierzków, Kończyce, Krychnowice, Krzewień, Malczew, Mleczna, Nowa Wola Gołębiowska, Nowiny Malczewskie, Stara Wola Gołębiowska, Wincentów, Wólka Klwatecka.[42]

In 2007, two pilots died in an accident at the air show, resulting in the cancellation of the rest of the event. On 30 August 2009, also during the air show, another two pilots who represented Belarus were killed when their plane crashed.

Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers in 2007.

Geography

[edit]

Climate

[edit]

Radom has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb).

Climate data for Radom
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.7
(23.5) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		7.6
(45.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 26
(1.0) 		25
(1.0) 		28
(1.1) 		37
(1.5) 		59
(2.3) 		76
(3.0) 		79
(3.1) 		66
(2.6) 		45
(1.8) 		36
(1.4) 		38
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		549
(21.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org[43]

Places of interest

[edit]
Radom Cathedral
Radom Cathedral
Sacred Heart of Jesus Church
Sacred Heart of Jesus Church

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
192161,599—    
193178,073+26.7%
193985,501+9.5%
195080,298−6.1%
1960130,116+62.0%
1970159,480+22.6%
YearPop.±%
1980191,053+19.8%
1990228,487+19.6%
2000230,492+0.9%
2010222,496−3.5%
2020209,296−5.9%
Source: [44][45]

Culture

[edit]
Building of the former Land Credit Society
Jacek Malczewski Museum and Polish Legions monument

The arts

[edit]

Philharmonic

[edit]

Cinemas

[edit]

Theatre

[edit]
  • Jan Kochanowski Theatre[48]

Museums and art galleries

[edit]

Sports

[edit]
Polish Basketball League match between Rosa Radom and Trefl Sopot in Radom in 2014

Transport

[edit]
Transport in Radom

Radom is an important railroad junction, where two lines meet: east–west connection from Lublin to Łódź, and north–south from Warsaw to Kielce, and Kraków. The city is also located close to European route E77, here the European route E371 begins, which runs southwards, to Slovakia. The famous Radom Air Show takes place at Radom Airport, an airport located 3.5 km (2 mi) from the center of Radom.

  • Transport in Radom - Gallery
  • Radom Airport
    Radom Airport
  • Bus Solaris Urbino 12
    Bus Solaris Urbino 12
  • Main railway station
    Main railway station
  • Biking in Radom
    Biking in Radom

Education

[edit]
University of Radom

Radom is home to about 20 schools of higher education:

Public Library
  • University of Radom (Uniwersytet Radomski)[52]
  • Instytut Teologiczny Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Radomiu - department of theology
  • Kolegium Nauczycielskie[53]
  • Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych[54]
  • Niepubliczne Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych[55]
  • Niepubliczne Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych TWP[56]
  • University College of Environmental Sciences (Wyższa Szkoła Ochrony Środowiska)[57]
  • Radomska Szkoła Zarządzania
  • Warsaw Agricultural University - department in Radom (Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie)
  • College of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (Kolegium licencjackie Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej)[58]
  • Warsaw University - department in Radom (Uniwersytet Warszawski)[59][60]
  • Maria Curie-Skłodowska University - department in Radom (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej)[61]
  • Wyższa Inżynierska Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa i Organizacji Pracy[62]
  • Higher Business College (Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu)[63]
  • Higher Financial and Banking College (Wyższa Szkoła Finansów i Bankowości)[64]
  • Higher Merchant College (Wyższa Szkoła Handlowa)[65]
  • Higher Seminary (Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne)[66]
  • Higher Journalis College (Wyższa Szkoła Dziennikarska)[67]
  • Zespół Szkół Medycznych[68]

Other

[edit]
Headquarters of Polish Armaments Group
MSBS rifle from Łucznik Arms Factory

Politics

[edit]

Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Radom constituency

  • Ewa Kopacz (PO)
  • Dariusz Bąk (PIS)
  • Mirosław Maliszewski (PSL)
  • Czesław Czechyra (PO)
  • Marek Suski (PIS)
  • Marek Wikiński (SLD),
  • Radosław Witkowski (PO)
  • Krzysztof Sońta (PIS)
  • Sandra Pachocka (NIC)
Courthouse

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns — sister cities

[edit]

Radom is twinned with:[69][70]

Former twin towns:

On 28 February 2022, Radom ended its partnership with the Russian city of Ozyory and the Belarusian city of Homyel as a reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[73]

Notable people

[edit]
Jan Kochanowski monument
Jacek Malczewski monument
Leszek Kołakowski monument

Notable people who have been born, have lived or have worked in Radom:

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
    • Pronunciation:
      • UK: /ˈrɑːdɒm/ RAH-dom[2]
      • Polish: [ˈradɔm] ⓘ
      • Yiddish: ראָדעם, romanized: Rodem

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "GUS - Bank Danych Lokalnych". bdl.stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
  2. ^ "Radom". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
  3. ^ "Historia". Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Historia miejscowości". Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Grody mazowieckie". Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  6. ^ "RADOM – Kościół rektoralny pw. św. Katarzyny w Radomiu – OO. Bernardyni". Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Historia Radomia". Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  8. ^ Województwo sandomierskie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku; Cz.1, Mapy, plany (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. 1993. p. 3.
  9. ^ "Kolegium Pijarów". Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  10. ^ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. pp. 26–27.
  11. ^ Gembarzewski, p. 69
  12. ^ Kuropatwa, Justyna (2017). "Moda na fotografię w Gdańsku na tle ziem polskich (do lat sześćdziesiątych XIX wieku)". In Kita, Jarosław; Korybut-Marciniak, Maria (eds.). Życie prywatne Polaków w XIX wieku (in Polish). Vol. VI. Łódź-Olsztyn: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. p. 101. ISBN 978-83-8088-801-2.
  13. ^ Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej (in Polish). Radom. 2010. pp. 12–13.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ a b Kirszak, Jerzy (2008). "Wspołtworca niepodległości. Kazimierz Sosnkowski do 1918 roku". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 11–12 (94–95). IPN. p. 109. ISSN 1641-9561.
  15. ^ a b "Historia miejscowości". Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  16. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 58.
  17. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 118
  18. ^ Grabowski, Waldemar (2009). "Polacy na ziemiach II RP włączonych do III Rzeszy". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 8–9 (103–104). IPN. p. 62. ISSN 1641-9561.
  19. ^ Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej, p. 14, 28
  20. ^ Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej, p. 15
  21. ^ Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej, p. 17
  22. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 250-251
  23. ^ "Schweres NS-Gefängnis Radom". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  24. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 252
  25. ^ Tomkiewicz, Monika (2003). "Wysiedlenia z Gdyni w 1939 roku". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 12–1 (35–36). IPN. p. 36. ISSN 1641-9561.
  26. ^ a b c Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej, p. 2
  27. ^ Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej, p. 2, 9
  28. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 252-253
  29. ^ Weronika Chochoł. "Polegli na Golgocie Wschodu..." Radio Plus Radom (in Polish). Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  30. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 261
  31. ^ a b c d e f Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej, p. 13
  32. ^ Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej, p. 20
  33. ^ "Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Radom". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  34. ^ Datner, Szymon (1968). Las sprawiedliwych (in Polish). Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza. p. 23.
  35. ^ Datner, p. 69
  36. ^ Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej, p. 6-7, 17
  37. ^ Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej, p. 14
  38. ^ a b c "Transporty z obozu Dulag 121". Muzeum Dulag 121 (in Polish). Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  39. ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
  40. ^ See also: Alfred Lipson, ed. and comp., The Book of Radom: The Story of a Jewish Community in Poland Destroyed by the Nazis (New York, 1963), based on Sefer Radom, ed. Yitsḥak Perlov (Tel Aviv, 1961); Sebastian Piątkowski, Dni życia, dni śmierci: Ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918–1950 (Warsaw, 2006).
  41. ^ Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 22 sierpnia 1953 r. w sprawie zmiany granic miasta Radomia w województwie kieleckim., Dz. U., 1953, vol. 41, No. 190
  42. ^ Rozporządzenie Ministra Administracji i Gospodarki Przestrzennej z dnia 3 marca 1984 r. w sprawie zmiany granic niektórych miast w województwach: katowickim, kieleckim, legnickim, radomskim i wrocławskim., Dz. U., 1984, vol. 14, No. 64
  43. ^ "Climate: Radom". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  44. ^ Dokumentacja Geograficzna (in Polish). Vol. 3/4. Warszawa: Instytut Geografii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 1967. p. 41.
  45. ^ "Radom (Mazowieckie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia".
  46. ^ Radom Chamber Orchestra
  47. ^ Helios cinemas Archived 2006-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ Jan Kochanowski Theatre
  49. ^ Jacek Malczewski Museum
  50. ^ Modern art museum
  51. ^ Skansen in Radom
  52. ^ Uniwersytet Radomski
  53. ^ Kolegium Nauczycielskie
  54. ^ Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków
  55. ^ Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Archived 2006-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków TWP
  57. ^ Wyższa Szkoła Ochrony Środowiska
  58. ^ Kolegium licencjackie Archived 2005-12-28 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ^ Warsaw University department in Radom
  60. ^ Uniwersytet Warszawski
  61. ^ Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej Archived 2003-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
  62. ^ Wyższa Inżynierska Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa
  63. ^ Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu
  64. ^ Wyższa Szkoła Finansów i Bankowości
  65. ^ Wyższa Szkoła Handlowa
  66. ^ Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne
  67. ^ Wyższa Szkoła Dziennikarska
  68. ^ www
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Radom - Miasta partnerskie" [Radom - Partnership cities]. Miasto Radom [City of Radom] (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h "Radom - miasta partnerskie" (in Polish). radom.naszestrony.pl. Archived from the original on 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  71. ^ "Banská Bystrica Sister Cities". © 2001-2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  72. ^ Zachert, Uwe; Annica Kunz. "Twin cities". Landeshauptstadt Magdeburg [City of Magdeburg]. Archived from the original on 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  73. ^ "Radom zerwał współpracę z rosyjskim i białoruskim miastem. Obywatele Ukrainy autobusami będą jeździć za darmo" (in Polish). Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  74. ^ "Manny Steinberg".
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