Race (sociology)

Not to be be confused with- [Race (biology)].

The term race or racial group usually refers to the [pseudo-scientific] categorization of [human]s into [population]s or [Group (sociology)|group]s on the basis of various sets of [hereditary] characteristics. The most widely used human racial [Taxonomy|categories] are based on salient visual [Trait (biological)|trait]s (especially [skin colour], [cranium|cranial] or [face|facial features] and [hair|hair texture]), and self-identification..

Some scientists argue that although race is a safe [taxonomy|taxonomic] concept in other species, it cannot be applied to humans.. The [biology |biologist]'s view of race varies a lot at time from the [social] version of race .

More recent genetic studies indicate that skin colour may change radically over as few as 25 generations, or about 2,500 years, given the influence of the environment.

The apparent criteria

By appearance only

[Image:Huxley races.png|thumb|225px|[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]'s map of apparent 'racial categories' from On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind ([1870]).

  1: [Capoid

  2: [Negroid

  3: [Negrito]es

  4: [Mediterranean race

  5: [Australoid]s

  6: [White people

  7: [Pacific Islander

  8: [Mongoloid

  8: [Mongoloid

  8: [Indigenous peoples of the Americas

  9: [Eskimo

Huxley states: 'It is to the Xanthochroi and Melanochroi, taken together, that the absurd denomination of "Caucasian" is usually applied'.]

The usual [criteria] involved over the years to define people by common pseudo-scientific (non-scientific) list of physical features. The belief was those who looked alike were derived from a common ancestor (like the children of a big family looking like their 2 common parents). In [Europe] the people of the World divided in to 4 or in some cases 5 categories, based on skin colour and to a degree the shape of the face as well. The categories were as follows, by [Victorian era|Victorian] times-

• White skinned= White/European (eg- [English people|English], [Russians] and [Dutch people|Dutch]).
• Suntanned/Olive skinned= [Mediterranean] European (eg- [Italians] and [Maltese people|Maltese]) and [Middle Eastern] (eg-[Arabs] and [Afghans]).
• Yellow skinned and slant eyed= [Orientals] (eg- [Apache] [Amerindian]s, [Chinese people|Chinese] and [Japanese people|Japanese]).
• Brown skinned= Indic/Indian (eg- [India|Indian] and [Pakistani]).
• Black skinned and flat nosed= Black/Negroid/Negro (eg- [South African] [Zulu]s, [Barbados|Barbadian]s and [Nigeria]n [Yoruba]s).

• • A supposed 'Turkish' nose and a 'Jewish' nose could be theoretically taken as proof of [Turks|Turkish] or [Jewish] ancestral roots. The [Anti-Semitic] [Nazis] attitude towards identifying Jews relied on this pseudo-science! The Nazis also persecuted the [Gypsy|Gypsies], who were considered part of the 'Indic' race.

• • The [Inuit] of the [Arctic], [Scandinavia]'s [Sami]/[Lapps], [ Negritos ], [Africa]'s [Bushmen] and [Australian Aborigines|Aborigines] of [Australia] were generally thought of as isolated and unrelated groups that had divided off early humans much earlier on in evaluation.

[File:Meyers b11 s0476a.jpg|thumb|200px|thumb|A Konversationslexikon map from Herr Meyers (1885-90) with breakdown of Hungarians, Finns, American Indians (Amerindians) and Turkic peoples to the "Mongoloid race" and Semites by the "White race".]

By about the [First World War] the scientifically inclined Europeans were sub-dividing the 'White race' in to 3 or 4 supposed sub-races, which were-

• Blond hair, white skinned, blue or grey eyes= [Aryan]s/[Nordic] (eg- [Swedish people|Swedish] and Dutch)
• Dark haired/ white skinned, brown eyed= [Alpine] (eg- Russians, [Romanians], English and [Welsh people|Welsh]).
• Dark haired, suntanned/olive skinned, brown eyed, normal nose= Mediterranean European (eg- Italians and [Maltese people|Maltese]). The [Middle East] was said to have bigger noses than [Mediterranean] people.
• Red hair, suntanned/olive or white skinned, brown or green eyes= [Anglo-Celtic]/[Gaels|Gaelic] (eg- [Scottish people|Scots], [Irish people|Irish] and Dutch.

There was much prejudice based upon this perception of the world as the Europeans and Orientals both regarded them selves as superior to the other skin colours. This all lead to racism, a non-scientific theory, or [ideology], that a particular race had become [superior] or [inferior] to another via [natural selection]. It advocated that in the races that make up the human race, there are deep, biologically determined differences, which should not be crossed, because, it is "extremely undesirable. It also states races should live separately and not intermarry. A supporter of racism is called a [racist]. These attitudes in turn created the horrors of African [slavery], [Apartheid], the [Jim Crow law]s, [Nazism] and [Japanese imperialism].

[File:Stoddard race map 1920.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Stoddard 'race' map from the [1920s|1920's] which divides humanity in to 4 skin colour groups (Black, Brown, Yellow and White).]

The mid [20th century] racial classification by American anthropologist [Carleton S. Coon], divided humanity into five races:

• Caucasoid (White) race
• Negroid (Black) race
• Capoid (Bushmen/Hottentots) race
• Mongoloid (Oriental/ Amerindian) race
• Australoid (Australian Aborigine and Papuan) race

In his landmark book [The Races of Europe], Coon defined the [Caucasian Race] as encompassing the regions of [Europe], [Central Asia], [South Asia], the [Middle East], [North Africa], and [Horn of Africa|Northeast Africa]. His work drew some charges of obsolete thinking or outright [racism] from a few critics, but some of the terminology he employed continues to be used even today, although the "-oid" suffixes now have in part taken on negative connotations.

In the 21st-Century, Coon's role came under further critical scrutiny when [Prof. John P Jackon Jr], noted that the American Coon, "actively aided the segregationist cause in violation of his own standards for scientific objectivity.".

[File:Ali Haurand 2003.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Herr Ali Haurand of [Germany] would have been called an ‘Aryan‘ back then.]

In the late [18th century], [Europe]ans began using the term [Aryan] to refer to the original [Prehistory|prehistoric] [Proto-Indo-Europeans] and their descendants up to the present day (i.e., the [Indo-European people#Indo-European peoples|Indo-European peoples]--those [Caucasian race|Caucasian]s who are speak the [Indo-European languages]). It was also assumed at the time, that, Aryans were a naturally [culturally] superior people. By the late [19th century], some [Europe]ans began to use the name Aryan for only the [Germanic peoples|Nordic] peoples of Europe (one branch of the Indo-European peoples), as a "pure," "noble" and racially "superior" race they claimed were descended from the original [Aryan tribes]. The [theory] that the Aryans first came from [Alpine] [Europe] became especially popular in [Germany] and to a lesser degree in [Austria], [Switzerland] and [Hungary].

There was much prejudice based upon this perception of the world as the Europeans and Orientals both regarded them selves as superior to the other skin colours, which lead to the horrors of African [slavery], [Apartheid], the [Jim Crow Law]s, [Nazism] and [Japanese imperialism]. The accidental misinterpretation of the works of [Charles Darwin] (known as [Darwinism]) only helped to fuel the non-scientific opinions of 'race' and 'racial superiority'.

Genetics and haplogroups

In [human genetics] (the study of [DNA] in different living things), the [haplogroup]s most commonly studied are [Y-chromosome] [(Y-DNA)] haplogroups and [mitochondrial DNA] [(mtDNA) haplogroups], both of which can be used to define the '[genetic populations]'.

[Image:Molecular lineage.png|thumb|200px|right|

  Ancestral [-]

  Haplogroup A (Hg A)

  [Haplogroup] B (Hg B)

All of these molecules are part of the ancestral haplogroup, but at some point in the past a mutation occurred in the [ancestral molecule], mutation A, which produced a new lineage.]

In [human genetics], the haplogroups most commonly studied are [Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups|Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups] and [Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups|mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups], both of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the [patrilineal] line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the [matrilineal] line, from mother to daughter. In theory the children of even a big family all share the DNA of their 2 common parents.

All of these DNA haplogroup molecules are part of the bigger ancestral haplogroup, but at some point in the past a mutation occurred in the [ancestral molecule], mutation A, which produced a new lineage this is haplogroup A and is defined by it's mutation as mutation A. At some more recent point in the past, a new [mutation], mutation B, occurred in a person carrying haplogroup A; mutation B defined haplogroup B. [Haplogroup] B is a subgroup, or subclade of haplogroup A; both haplogroups A and B are subgroups (subclades) of the ancestral haplogroup and so on.

For example- Korean males display a 35% frequency of the [Haplogroup O2b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O2b1*] subclade and a lower frequency of [Haplogroup O3 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup O3] and [Haplogroup C3 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup C3]. [Haplogroup C4] is the predominant male lineage among the [indigenous Australians].

Theoretically, [Genetic drift] is the random change in gene frequencies between generations, but, a few individuals may leave behind more descendants and thus genes than other individuals. The genes of the next generation will be the genes of these “lucky” individuals' children, not necessarily the healthier or “better” individuals' children.

Social Darwinism, intelligence (IQ) and race

[Social Darwinism]' refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition is active among all individuals, or even whole nations as [social evolution] in human societies.

It is a social adaptation of the theory of [natural selection] as first invented by [Charles Darwin]. [Natural selection] explains success in various animal populations as the outcome of competition between any individual [organism]s for limited resources popularly known as "[survival of the fittest]", a term first used by either [Herbert Spencer], or [Andrew Carnegie].

Fascist movements have commonly held [Social Darwinism|social darwinist] views of nations, races, and societies. Italian Fascist [Alfredo Rocco] shortly after [World War I] claimed that conflict was inevitable in society:

Conflict is in fact the basic law of life in all social organisms, as it is of all biological ones; societies are formed, gain strength, and move forwards through conflict; the healthiest and most vital of them assert themselves against the weakest and less well adapted through conflict; the natural evolution of nations and races takes place through conflict. Alfredo Rocco

[Nazi] [Germany], the Nazis utilized social [Darwinism] to promote their [Racialism|racialist] concept of the German nation was part of the [Aryan race] and believed in the competition of races. The Nazis tried to strengthen the ‘Aryan race’ in Germany by murdering those they regarded as weaker, like Jews, [Slavs], Gypsies and [disabled people].

It was believed until recently that race and [IQ] were connected. The fact that environment, such as [school]ing, [food] content and [alcohol] consumption/boozing has a significant effect on IQ undermines the case for the use of IQ data as a source of genetic information .

This prejudice was partially applied in Europe and the USA to both- the [Irish people|Irish], [Australian] [Aborigines], [Native American Indians], Blacks, Gypsies, [Albania]ns, Italians, Turkish Cypriots, Slavic [Russians] and Russia's [Chechen]s tribes.

Racism, colonialism and African slavery

[File:Cicatrices de flagellation sur un esclave.jpg|right|thumb|125px|A Black slave who was beaten very badly. The person who beat him up worked for his owner.]

When [Europe]ans came to America, they killed thousands of [Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]s and when the European settlers got to Australia, they started killing of large numbers of [Indigenous Australians|Aborigine]s. In both cases, they regarded the native people as predestined to be inferior and not worth helping. This view was based on the Europeans' opinions on [Darwinism] and how it could be used to judge the value of the native peoples. With the birth of their empires, many other native tribes suffered in [Sub-Saharan Africa], [Canada], [New Zealand], [China], [Pakistan], [Bangladesh] and [India].

a Relatively small numbers of White settlers and British (then including Irish) convicts attacked and removed Aboriginal populations from the South Eastern parts of Australia . [Tasmanian] Aboriginals in particular suffered, most of them on the Island being killed by settlers or disease. The complete extermination of the [Tasmanian Aboriginal] population was achieved on the orders of the now 'criminal against humanity' [Lt Governor George Arthur] in [1830] . His actions would now be called a [crime against humanity]!

The [Atlantic slave trade] peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by people from the stronger African kingdoms like the [Yoruba people|Yoruba], [Kingdom of Benin] and [Ashanti|Ashanti Confederacy], against weaker African tribes and peoples. Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of [tropical diseases|disease] and moreover fierce African resistance.. Many millions of [Africans] were killed while they were held as prisoners or as [slave]s by the Europeans and [Arabs]. The [African-American people] and some others call this "[The Black Holocaust]".

Japan also held similar beliefs about [Chinese people|Chinese] and [Koreans] in their colonies.

Racism in World war 2

The 'Aryan nations'.

For the main articles see- [Nazi Germany] and [Austrofascism].

[File:Bundesarchiv R 165 Bild-244-52, Asperg, Deportation von Sinti und Roma.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Both [Sinti] and [Roma] Gypsies about to be deported in [Germany], May 22, [1940].]

Alleged scientific findings of racial differences were used by [Nazi Germany] to justify the [Racial policy of Nazi Germany|racialist policy] with its concept of "Großdeutschland" ([Greater Germany]) and the [Nordic race]cial idea. The [Nazis] attitude towards the Jews were [Anti-Semitic] and falsely blamed them for Germany's defeat in [World War I] and the [Great Depression]. The Nazis and some of their [anti-Semitic] allies, like [Hungary], committed [genocide] against the [Jews] during the [Holocaust] of [World War II]. Some of the Hungarian native [Magyars] matched the Nazi racial ideal and were used as proof that Hungary was a [Teutonic] and [Aryan] nation, like [Germany], [Sweden], etc.

The [Wola massacre] (Template:Lang-pl) of August, 1944 at[Wola] in [Warsaw]), was the scene of the largest single [Wiktionary:massacre|massacre] in the [history of Poland]. According to different sources, some 40,000 to 100,000 Polish [civilians] and [POW]s were killed by the [Nazi Germany|German] troops.

[Image:Nazi german atrocities.jpg|thumb|150px|right|The execution of supposedly 'sub-human' [Soviet Union|Soviet] [prisoners of war] by German military personnel.]

About 12 million, most of whom were [OST-Arbeiter|Eastern Europeans], were employed in the German war economy as [forced labor in Germany during World War II].. The Nazis regarded [Slavs] as disposable slave labour and "[cattle on two legs]", which were only of being worked to death if not shot where they stood. The anti-Semitic [Krupki] massacre, in Byelorussia serves as an example of how Germany treated it's racial enemies.

[James Schwarzenbach] (1911-1994) was a far-right and [antisemitic] [Swiss politician], in the 1970s head of the short-lived [Republican Party of Switzerland] He was member of the [Swiss National Council] representing the Nationale Aktion in the legislature 1967-1971. Schwarzenbach's Republican Party originated as a split off the [Nationale Aktion] in 1971, with which it merged once again in 1990, into the [neo-fascist] [Swiss Democrats]. The SD is amongst both the oldest the lest successful of Europe's far right parties.

Both Aryanism and the [Aryan belt] concept still linger on among some parts Germany and Austria. These attitudes are prevalent in parts of the former [East Germany] and in [Austria]. [Turks|Turkish] and [Angolan people|Angolan] migrant labours have been attacked in some formerly [East German] towns in the [1990‘s]. [Switzerland] has rejected it's [WW2] flirting with the far right. The German [National Democratic Party of Germany|National Democratic Party] and [Sweden|Swedish] [National Democrats (Sweden)|National Democrats] are a modern example of this. They also play on the partly true, but over stated, claims that 'to many' foreigners are 'flooding' into their countries. Both parties are affiliated to the U.K.'s [British National Party].

For the main article see- [Sweden during World War II].

Sweden was another country that once considered it's self to be part of the 'Aryan belt' and of Aryan racial stock. The most virulent form was in the form of a informal breading program to reduce more 'Aryans' and less '[Laps]', along with some intermittent and/or indirect help for [Nazi Germany] during World War 2. While it became a haven for refugees from Norden and the Baltic states, and Swedes were involved in rescuing Scandinavian victims of internment camps." --- Nordstrom, p. 318: "By late 1943 Sweden was a haven for some 11,000 refugees from Denmark, including over 7,000 Danish Jews, and about 30,000 Norwegians."---> Nevertheless, internal and external critics have argued that Sweden could have done more to resist the Nazi war effort, even if risking occupation.. Sweden had to play a careful balancing game between the opposing forces throughout the war.

[Image:ND partisymbol.png|175px|thumb|right|The Nationaldemokraterna party logo.]

The minor [National Democrats (Sweden)|National Democrats] (Nationaldemokraterna, ND) [political party], formed by a faction of the [Sweden Democrats] in [October 2001]. The party describes itself as a [Democracy|democratic]/ [nationalist] ("national democratic"), [right-wing] and [Ethnopluralism|ethnopluralist] party. While many in the mainstream media have designated the party as [Xenophobia|xenophobic] and/or [Racism|racist] the party has publicly rejected these descriptions as a smear. As far as can be told, it is vehemently [anti-immigration], especially when concerning Blacks, hard-line [Muslims] and citizens of the [CIS|C.I.S.].

[Nick Griffin] of the [British National Party] visited Sweden whilst campaigning before the [European Parliament election, 2004 (Sweden)|2004 European Parliament election] and gave the National Democrats his endorsement.

Eastern Europe

For the main article see- the [Arrow Cross Party].

[Image:Nyilaskereszteszaszlo.SVG|thumb|right|150px|The banner of Hungary' [far-right] [Arrow Cross Party].]

Both the [Nazis] and Hungary's [Arrow Cross Party] were virulently anti-Semitic and believed the Jews were naturally criminals and workshy. During the [war criminal] [Ferenc Szálasi]'s, short rule in Hungary, thousands of [Jew]s were murdered outright or sent to [Auschwitz concentration camp].

Like [Romania]'s [Iron Guard], they also persecuted the [Gypsy|Gypsies], who were considered part of the allegedly inferior and supposedly criminally inclined 'Indic' race. During [World War II], the [Nazism|Nazis] embarked on systematic attempt at [genocide] of the Romanies/Gypsies, known as the [Porajmos]. The Nazis also knowingly killed of thousands of [Slavs], [lesbians], [Communists], [liberals] and [gay]s.

Most Germans and Austrians are ashamed of this era, but Hungary has yet to really face up to what it did to the [Roma] as support for the fledgling [Jobbik] party rises.

For the main article see- the [Iron Guard].

[File:Guardiadehierro.svg|thumb|right|115px|Symbol of the Iron Guard .]

The [Iron Guard] was an [antisemitic] fascist movement and political party in [Romania] from 1927 to 1941. They despised and denounced both Jews, [Hungarians] and Gypsies.

Some Romanian people still support these prejudice views even today.

For the main articles see- the [Ustaše] and [Chetniks].

The [Croat] [Ustaše] and [Serb] [Chetniks] were racist militia in the former Yugoslavia. The Ustaše was openly pro-Nazi and anti-every one else. The Chetniks were Nazi sympathisers who hated Jews, Gypsies and [Bosniak]s. These sentiments tried to re-emerge during the break up of the former [Yugoslavia] during the [1990's].

Both Lithuania, the Czech republic, Slovakia, Byeloruss and the Ukraine once had a long standing hatred of [Russians], [Jews], [Poles] and Gypsies, which came to the for during Wold War 2. Events like the [Lithuania|Lithuanian]'s anti-Semitic [Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941],., came as little surprise to the [Western World]. Pro-[Nazi] [collaborator units] like [Lithuanian Security Police] (Lietuvos saugumo policija), [30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Belarussian)] and [14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Galizien (1st Ukrainian)] were actively supporting the German [Wehrmacht] in such act.

Some older [Czechs] still dislike Germans for what they did in World War 2 and Slovaks also vehemently dislike [Hungarians] and Gypsies, who they stereotype as naturally criminally inclined.

Italy

For the main article see- [Italian Fascism].

Fascist [Benito Mussolini], in a [1919] speech to denounce [Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia], claimed that Jewish bankers in [London] and [New York City] were bound by the chains of [Race (classification of human beings)|race] to [Moscow], and claimed that 80 percent of the [Soviet Union|Soviet] leaders were Jews.

Many Italian fascists held anti-Slavist] views, especially against neighbouring [Yugoslavs|Yugoslav] nations, who they saw as being in competition with Italy, which had laid claim to the [Yugoslavia's region of [Dalmatia].

Mussolini said [Italy] would get it's own way and was willing to use force to settle arguments. An early example was Italy's bombardment of the [Greece|Greek] island of [Corfu] in [1923]. Soon after he succeeded in setting up a [puppet state|puppet regime] in [Albania] and crushed a rebellion in [Libya], which had been an Italian [colony] since [1912]. Italy went on and brutally conquered [Montenegro], [Dalmatia], [Albania] and [Greece] in [World War 2].

Italy, like [Germany], [Austria] and [Hungary] mistakenly regarded all [Slavs] and Gypsies as stupid, racially inferior due to the effects of [Social Darwinism] and undeserving of there basic rights! Anti-Arab discrimination was also used in parts of [Libya].

Some Italians still harbor preducses against [Arab], Gypsy and [Romanian people|Romanian] immigrants today.

The Imperial Rule Assistance Association of Japan

For the main articles see- [Imperial Way Faction] and [Hideki Tōjō].

[Image:Taisei Yokusankai.svg|thumb|135px|right|Logo of the [Imperial Rule Assistance Association].]

The Imperial Rule Assistance Association (Taisei Yokusankai) was a coalition of fascist and [Nationalism|nationalist] political movements of Japan such as the [Imperial Way Faction] (Kōdōha) and the [Tōhōkai|Society of the East] (Tōhōkai). It was formed under the guidance of [Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister] [Fumimaro Konoe] Prior to creation of the IRAA, Konoe had already effectively [nationalization|nationalized] strategic industries, the [news media], and [labour union]s, in preparation for [total war] with [China]. Japan needed more land, [minerals] and [colonies], so they annexed [Korea], [Manchuria] and part of China. When Konoe's hard line successor, the war criminal [Hideki Tōjō] took over the IRAA he attempted to establish himself as the absolute leader, or [Shogun], of Japan, under the [Emperor of Japan].. The Japanese regarded the Chines, Koreans and Europeans as an inferior race that should be crushed and exploited. The Japanese brought much suffering to China in [World War 2] and massacred about 15,000,000 between 1937 and 1945.

[Image:Nanjing ditch.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[Xuzhou|Hsuchow], [China], 1938. A ditch full of the bodies of Chinese civilians who were needlessly killed by [Empire of Japan|Japanese] soldiers. ]

The Japanese [prisoner-of-war camp]s of World War 2, many of which were used as labour camps, had alarmingly high death rates. The [International Military Tribunal for the Far East] found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . The death rate among Chinese [POW]s was much larger due to the abuse they received at the hands of their captors after a directive ratified on August 5, 1937 by emporor[Hirohito] declared that the Chinese were no longer protected under international law. About 10 million Chinese were also mobilized by the[ Japanese army] and the [East Asia Development Board] for [History of slavery#Japan|slave labor] in [Manchukuo] and north [China].

Many [Japan|Japanese] still believe that they did not commit as many massacres as the [Western World] and [China] said they did.

Modern and recent racist ideologies

The U.K. and Ireland

Racism in the U.K. and [Ireland] of Jews, Gypsies and minorities like the various [Northern Irish] factions during [The Troubles]. The original "[An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman]" jokes and "[Irish jokes]" are yet another form of English nationalist stereotyping the [Gaels|Gaelic] people and culture. The modern [Irish people|Irish] versions are just humours quips about the [English people|English], [Scottish people|Scots] and [Kerrymen] (people from [County Kerry] in [Ireland].).

As the countries became independent after the [1950's], many migrated to the U.K. and France, but were decremented against. Some [United Kingdom|British] cafes and hotels would not welcome in [Caribbean] guests. Since the [1960's], India, Pakistani and Bangladeshi people have moved to the U.K. and were victimised and '[Paki]-bashed'.

The NF had penetrated [British police force] as well as society in general. The [Broadwater Farm riot] occurred around the [Broadwater Farm] area of [Tottenham], North [London] on [6 October] [1985]. Substantial damage was caused and a police officer, [Keith Blakelock|PC Keith Blakelock], was murdered after the death of [Cynthia Jarrett]. This lead to the removal of some overtly racist offices and the reforming of policing in the U.K.

The [Dewsbury riot] of 1989 was a minor clash between activists of the [British National Party] and local South Asian youths. Riot police were used in controlling the events, so as to stop a repeat of incidents like [Broadwater Farm riot] .

The horror of [9/11], 2001, has heightened the British fears about [Islam] and [Arabs] in general. [Polish people|Polish] and [Brazil|Brazilian] [migrant labours] are also discriminated against in some places. [Racist] parties like the U.K.'s [British National Party] and [National Front] trade on these fears to get votes.

France

Racism in [France] was usually about limiting the rights of Jews, Gypsies and minorities like the [French people|French] [Basques]; as well as a nascent fear of Germans after the horrors of [World War 1]. Since [Algeria|Algerian] independence the French made Arabs feel unwelcome in some French towns as well. The horror of [9/11], 2001, has heightened the French fears about [Islam] and [Arabs] in general.

Recently [Inter-ethnic riots] like at [Roquetas de Mar] in Almeria, during 2008 saw [Senegal]ese and [Romani people|Roma] (Gypsy) people fight it out. The [Perpignan riot] of [2005] were between [North Africa]n and [Roma (Romani subgroup)|Roma] communities after after a man of North African descent was shot dead by a Roma man.

France now faces its own upswing in nationalist and fascist sentiments, mainly due to the growing [Arab] communities in some towns and fears emanating from the Algerian civil war of the 1990's. The [National Front (France)|Front National] has capitalized on both this and France's growing Euro-scepticism over resent years. The party is affiliated to the U.K.'s [British National Party].

Belgium and the Netherlands

[Image:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Native Congo Free State labourers who failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off.]

Racism amongst Belgians has usually been aimed either between [Flanders] and [Wallonia] or of an [anti-Semitic] nature, but in recent years become a more generalised problem, with a particular emphasis on Islamophobic.

Belgian brutality in their former [colony] of the [Congo Free State] , now the [DRC], is a well documented fact as is their poor attitude toward citizens of that country. Up to 8 million of the estimated 16 million native inhabitants died between [1885] and [1908] According to the former British diplomat [Roger Casement], this depopulation had four main causes: "indiscriminate war", starvation, reduction of births and diseases. [African trypanosomiasis|Sleeping sickness] ravaged the country and must also be taken into account for the dramatic decrease in population.

The anti-Semitic fascists of the [Walloon] [Rexist] party (it was officially called [Christ King|Christus Rex] and founded in [1930], by the Walloon, [Léon Degrelle]) and [Flemish] [Flemish National Union], (founded by [Staf de Clercq] on [October 8], [1933]) were active in the country during [World War II]. [Racist] parties like the Belgian's [Vlaams Blok] (now called the [Vlaams Belang]) trade on these fears and age old inter-Belgian animosities to get votes.

[File:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands logo.png|thumb|125px|right|The N.S.B.'s party flag.]

The [Fascist]-come-[Nazi] [National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands] (Template:Lang-nl, NSB) was a [Politics of the Netherlands|Dutch] [fascist] and later [Nazism|national socialist] [political party]. The NSB did well during the [1930s] and the only legal party in the Netherlands during most of the [The Netherlands in World War II|Second World War], after Germany had occupied the [Low Countries].

Anti-Indonesian sentiments are now being roused in by similar parties, like the the [Party for Freedom] (Template:Lang-nl, PVV) in the [Netherlands], which once ruled over Indonesia and has a large racially [Maluku |Malaccan] [Indonesians|Indonesian] community in it.

Both V.B. and the P.V.V. want the [Netherlands] and the racially akin [Belgian] province of [Flanders] to merge in to one, united, [irredentist] land.

Poland

[Image:Trytek i NOP.jpg|thumb|right|150px|NOP demonstration lead by Catholic-[sedevacantist] [priest Rafał Trytek].]

The Poles once had long standing hatred and [xenophobic] of Russians, Jews, [Byelorussians], [Ukranians], Jews and Gypsies, which came to the for during Wold War , in event such as [Przytyk pogrom]. Many Poles fearcly resent what the [Russians] did in the [Cold War] and the [Germans] did in World War 2. Anti-Semitism has some grassroots support in Poland.

Like in other nations across the world, there are several [far-right] organizations in [Poland] and public support of these parties is marginal.

[Image:Polish neo nazis.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[National Radical Camp (1993)|National Radical Camp] demonstration in 2008, celebrating the anniversary of [anti-Jewish pogrom] in [Myslenice] ([1936]).]

The [neo-fascist] [Polish Nationalist Union] was one of the larger groups active in the early 1990s, The current major neo-fascist movement is the NOP under the leadership of [Adam Gmurczyk]. [Tomaz Szczepanski] founded the organization "Niklot" in [1998], promoting Slavic supremacy (a [Slavic languages|Slavic] form of the Nazis' [übermensch]). Like the ultra-Catholic [Radio Maryja] station, they have [anti-modernist], [nationalist], anti-[Gipsy] and [xenophobic] program.

United States and Canada

[Image:WhiteTradeOnlyLancasterOhio.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A pro-segregation (segregation) sign on a restaurant in [Lancaster, Ohio], in [1938]. Obviously only Whites could eat there, whilst non-Whites were not welcomed!]

[United States|American] racism has been a major issue in the country since before its founding. Historically dominated by socially and ethnically diverse White [settler|settler society] race in the [United States] as a concept became significant in relation to other groups. Generally [racism|racist attitudes] in the country have been most onerously applied to [Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans], [African American]s and some "[Xenophobia|foreign-seeming]" action against [Mexican] immigrants among others.

The [Chinese people|Chinese], [Japanese people|Japanese] and [Irish people|Irish] had trouble in America, during the 19th Century, but the Blacks fell foul of the [Jim Crow Law]s which once racially separated the racist parts of America between Blacks and Whites. These first emerged in the late [19th Century] and lasted to the mid [1960s|1960's] and the [Voting Rights Act of 1965].

[File:Scientific racism irish.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Some psudo-[scientific Racism] from an American magazine, [Harper’s Weekly], says that the Irish are similar to 'Negroes'.]

The cold blooded use of [police brutality] on Mr [Rodney King] by the [Los Angeles Police Department|LAPD] in [1991] saw [Los Angeles] torn apart by several days of [Black American] versus White and [Koreans|Korean] [riots]. The L.A.P.D. had a reputation befor then of having a heavy anti Black bias, as well as a reported dislike for [Arabs]. Thankfully this has all changed and any overt racists in the forces have been removed.

[Mexican]]s / and Blacks are still hated in parts of America, while the horror of [9/11], 2001, has heightened the American fears about [Islam] and [Arabs] in general.

[Canada] has also had a few anti-Chinese and anti-Native American riots in [Queen Victoria|Victorian] times and during the [Great Depression], but now it's virtually died out in the much more tolerant modern state.

Africa

For the main artical see- The [Apartheid] system.

[File:ApartheidSignEnglishAfrikaans.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sign from South Africa during Apartheid times.]

[South African] [Apartheid laws] were a system was used to deny many rights of [Non-white] people The laws allowed the white minority to keep the Black majority out of certain areas. Black people had to carry special papers (passes) or have permission to live and work in particular areas. Whites opposed intermarriage with non-whites and [Coloured people] were also discriminated against, but not as badly as the Non-whites. The [Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act] of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races and the [Immorality Act] of 1950 made [Miscegenation|sexual relations with a person of a different race] a [criminal offence] . The Blacks suffered greatly and were even banned from [vote]ing at one point.

For the main article see the- [Rwandan Genocide].

The [Rwandan Genocide] of [1994] was the mass killing of hundreds of thousands of [Rwanda]'s [Tutsis] and politically moderate [Hutu] by [tribalist] and ultimately [racist], Hutus under the [Hutu Power] ideology. The [Twa] pygmies were also killed by both sides. [Bantu] Hutus and [Nilotic] Tutsis had hated each other for centuries, but had managed to co-exist until the [Prussian]s colonised the various local countries. The Prussian authorities approved of social Darwinism and helped the Tutsis to rule over the Hutus. This only counted to foster the hatred that erupted in [Rwandan] and [Burundi] in the [1990's], which killed about 900,000 people !

Anti-Chinese riots hit Lusaka, [Zambia], in 2006 and [Maseru], [Lethsotho] in 2007 . Most Africans fear the Chinese are trying to colonise Africa like the Europeans did in Victorian times. Chinese [Neo-colonialism] is a growing fear in both [Africa] and the [Orient].

Abidjan in [Ivory Coast] were hit by the more exspeted Anti-white riots in 2004 . The often brutal European colonial rule has left many bitter feelings in [Sub-Saharan Africa].

Australia and New Zealand

[File:1981 Arnhemland Aboriginal Performance on Open Air Theatre.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Australians are now making efforts to help the Aborigines, who they once discriminated against.]

[Australia] and [New Zealand] were also tainted with racism to. Asustralia has had a long traditional hatred of [Orentals]. The anti-[Chinese Australian|Chinese] demonstrations that took place in the Burrangong region, in [New South Wales], [Australia] between 1860 and 1861. They lead to the [Sinophobic] [Lambing Flat riots]. They occurred on the goldfields at Spring Creek, Stoney Creek, Back Creek, Wombat, Blackguard Gully, Tipperary Gully, and Lambing Flat (now [Young, New South Wales]) In December 1920, Anti-[Japanese Australian|Japanese] and [Indonesian Australian|Indonesian] (mainly from [Kupang] in [Timor]) communities took place in [Broome, Western Australia|Broome], a town in northern [Western Australia].

By the [21st century] the situation had no improved much. The [Redfern Riots] on the evening of Saturday 14 February 2004 was an event in the inner [Sydney] suburb of [Redfern, New South Wales|Redfern] sparked by the death of the [Indigenous Australians|Indigenous Australian] teenager, Thomas 'TJ' Hickey, [Indigenous Australians|Indigenous Australian] were until about the 1970's regarded as inferior people by most White Australians. The horror of [9/11] helped stoke the causes of the [anti-Arab] [Cronulla riots of 2005] were a series of [Racism|racially] motivated mob confrontations which originated in and around [Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla], a beachfront suburb of Sydney, [New South Wales], Australia. Soon after the riot, ethnically motivated violent incidents occurred in several other Sydney suburbs. The [Lebanese Australian] and [Egyptian Arabs] were the primary targets. In [2009], [Melbourne], [Indian] students protested against what they claimed were racist attacks by white youns, blocking streets in the city centre as they did so.

New Zealand has a smoldering dislike of Australians and [[Maori] in some quarters. [Bastion Point] (Takaparawhau in [Māori language|Māori]) is a coastal piece of land in [Orakei], [Auckland], [New Zealand], overlooking the [Waitemata Harbour]. The area has significance in New Zealand history for its role in [1970s] Māori protests against forced [Alienation (property law)|land alienation] by non [Māori] New Zealanders. New Zealanders have until about the 1970's regarded Maori as an inferior people

Both [Tonga] and the [Solomon Islands] have also had anti-Chinese in recent years.

There is also a unrelated Bastion Point near [Mallacoota, Victoria|Mallacoota], [Victoria (Australia)|Victoria], [Australia].

Asia

For the full articles see- [1977 riots in Sri Lanka], [Burning of Jaffna library], [Osh riots], [Dushanbe riots].

[Image:Riots in Dushanbe 1990.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Dushanbe riots]

The [Uzbeks], [Tajik]s, [Kyrgyz], [Armenian]s and [Meskhetian Turks] have regularly clashed in the [Fergana Valley], [Central Asia]. The rivalries between these nationally are as old as the pre-Soviet, states they emerged from. The [Osh riots] of 1990 were an ethnic conflict between [Kyrgyz] and [Uzbeks] that took place in in the city of [Osh], that was then a part of the [Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic] (Kyrgyz SSR).

The racist [Dushanbe riots] were an instance of [anti-Armenian] and anti-government unrest in [Dushanbe], the capital of the [Tajik SSR], from February 12–14, 1990.

The [Burning of Jaffna library], in 1981 was an important event in the [Sri Lankan civil war]. An organized mob went on a rampage on the nights of [May 31] to [June 2], [1981], burning the [Jaffna library] in [Jaffna]. The [Sinhalese] and [Tamil]s have had a long standing feud though out history over who was in charge of northern Sri Lanka, in particular, the [Tamil] dominated [Jaffna peninsula].

For the main articles see- the [May 1998 riots in Indonesia] and the [1969 race riots of Singapore].

[File:May 1998 Trisakti incident.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[Trisakti University] students clash with police forces.]

The [May 1998 riots in Indonesia] were a principal factor in the [Fall of Suharto]. They occurred in several parts of [Indonesia], but most notably in the capital and largest city, [Jakarta]. The riots were triggered by economic problems like food shortages and mass [unemployment] in Indonesia.

It soon degenerated in to a [Sinophobic] [pogrom] by the ethically [Malay people|Malay] against the [Chinese people|Chinese] people living in [Indonesia].

[Malaysia], [Singapore] and [South Korea] have also had anti-Chinese and Anti-[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese] riots over the years.

For the main articles see- the The [Nanjing Anti-African protests], the [2008 Tibetan unrest], the [July 2009 Ürümqi riots] and the 2009 [Shaoguan incident].

The [Nanjing Anti-African protests] protests were mass demonstrations and riots against [Africa]n students in [Nanjing], [China], which lasted from December 1988, to the following January. The students were from China's former allies in Africa like [Angola] and [Mozambique].

During 2008, many [Tibetan people|Tibetan] students that had failed to except Tibet’s re-assimilation in to China, during the [1950’s], after about 200 years of intermittent independence, decided to riot on the anniversary of the Tibetan’s failed anti-Chinese rebellion. The riots were bloodily suppressed and defeated by a combination of Chinese riot police and troops in [armoured cars]. Most Chinese regarded Tibet as rightfully theirs and the Tibetan people as an inferior and disorderly people. Most [Tibetans] are kept off the [social ladder] as the region is developed for the benefit of ‘Greater China’.

By 2009, the Uyghur realised they were in virtually the same situation. The [July 2009 Ürümqi riots] were the final boiling over of simmering [Uyghur] versus [Han Chinese|Han] Chinese that dated back to the province’s re-annexation after a brief spell of independence during and between the World Wars. The Chinese regard Uyghur as backward peasants and keep them on a lower level on the [social ladder]. Chinese media blamed ’criminal elements’ for the riot broke out on 5 July 2009 in [Ürümqi], the capital city of the [Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region], in northwestern [People's Republic of China|China]. Rioting on the first day involved at least 1,000 [Uyghur people|Uyghurs] in a protest that escalated into attacks on [Han Chinese|Han] people after confrontations with police. Police attempted to quell the rioters with [tear gas], [riot police] and armoured vehicles by imposing a [curfew] in most urban areas. In total, officials said that 197 people died with 1,721 others injured as hundreds of Han people clashed with both police and Uyghurs on 7 July . Authorities also shut down Internet services and restricted cell phone services in Ürümqi for the night. On 8 July, [President of the People's Republic of China|Chinese president] [Hu Jintao] cut short his attendance of the [35th G8 summit] and returned to China due to the situation in Xinjiang.

[Macao] and [Hong Kong] have also had Anti-[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese] riot over the years.

The new world attitude

With the revelations of what the [Holocaust] had done to it's victims and how the [civil rights] movement tried to liberate the [Afro-Caribbeans] from racist [White supremacist] rule in [South Africa] and the southern [USA] (eg-[Mississippi] and [Alabama] ), the old ideas about race were swept away along with the prejudices that followed in it's wake! Blacks could vote in South Africa after a 50 year ban and the word 'Nigger' fell out use.

In some cases [positive discrimination], the [ethnics 1st laws (U.K.)|ethnics 1st laws] and "[political correctness]" have taken the situation to the opposite extreme, leading to accusations in the [UK], [USA] and [Australia] of [reverse racism], that is to say racism in favour, not against the ethnic minorities. Political correctness is a term applied to [language], ideas, policies, or behaviour seen as seeking to minimize offence to gender, racial, cultural, disabled, aged or other identity groups. Conversely, the term "politically incorrect" is used to refer to language or ideas that may cause offense or that are unconstrained by [orthodoxy] or [good manners] (eg- [racism|racists] and [Islamophobia|Islamophobics]). An example of [political correctness] is the term [House Negro] is a racially [pejorative] term for a [Black people|black person] in a domestic job ([hotel porter], [waiter]), comparing them to a Black servant employed in the house of a White master during slavery. [Malcolm X] where he explains that the slaves called "House Negroes" working in the house and "Field Negroes" laboured outside. Such terms are now considered [politically incorrect] and abhorrent.

Text of speech his :

The [United States] is now a [Multiculturalism|diverse] country and in 2006, it became the third nation in world history to reach 300 million people. [People's Republic of China|China] and [India] each each got just over 1 billion people in them.

The spectacular growth of the Hispanic population through [immigration] from principally [Mexico] among other places combined with and generally high [birth rates] are noted as a partial factor for the USA's rising population in the last quarter-century. The [United States Census, 2000|2000 census] also found [Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]/Amerindians at their highest population ever, 4.5 million, since the U.S was founded in 1776.

[Brazil] is also a [Race (classification of human beings)|racially] diverse and [multiracial] country. Nowadays, most Brazilians classify themselves as being Whites, closely followed by the 'Brown group' ([coloureds]). Racial [Interracial marriage|Intermarriage] has been part of the country's history and most Brazilians can trace their origin to [Europe]an, [Amerindian], and [Africa]n ancestors. The only real racial trouble comes in the fact that the Whites have a tendency of getting the better jobs and houses, whilst the Blacks have a tendency to be left back in the [Favela]s.

Related pictures

• 
  A racially segregated bus station in [Durham, North Carolina], in May [1940]. The [Jim Crow Law]s racially separated parts of America between Blacks and Whites.
• 
  A billiard hall for only [African Americans], in [Memphis, Tennessee], in [1939].
• 
  The cafe has two entry doors for two rooms: one for "Whites" only and "Coloureds" only.
• 
  An African-American youth at a drinking ‘coloured only’ [water fountain] in a courthouse lawn in [Halifax, North Carolina], in [1938].
• 
  Punch] cartoon depicting [King Leopold II] of Belgium as a rubber vine entangling a Congolese man.
• 
  The Rexist flag.
• 
  The VNV flag.
• 
  [Norwegians] were classed as ‘Aryans‘.
• 
  Portuguese] were classed as ‘[Mediterranean]s‘.
• 
  [Mayor] Mr [Anatoly Pushkov], of [Togliatti] in [Russia], would have been classed as an 'Alpine'. He was [elected] in [2008].
• 
  Arabs were classed as ‘Middle Eastern’.
• 
  The Chinese [Uyghur] were classed as ‘Orientals’.
• 
  Hmong] tribe were classed as ‘Orientals’.
• 
  Amerindians, like the [Apache], were classed as ‘Orientals’ and once killed by White [colonists].
• 
  The [Komi] of [Siberia] were yet another tribe classed as supposed ‘Orientals’ or an Oriental and Aryan mix.
• 
  [Azeri]s would have been oddly classed as either 'Orientals' or 'Middle Eastern'
• 
  Indian]s were classed as ‘Indics’.
• 
  Gypsies were classed as ’Indics’, They did face a degree of persecution even in 1920's [Hungary]. The picture was taken in [1928].
• 
  Gambian]s were classed as ‘Negroids’.
• 
  the Congolese were also classed as ‘Negroids’.
• 
  Israeli] Physicians, Mr [Benzion Werbin] is of [Jew]ish decent and could become a victim of anti-Semites.
• 
  The [Inuit] were once classified as an 'earlier off shoot' of the [human race] that came in to existence long before most others did.
• 
  The [Lapps]] were also once falsely classified as a supposed early off shoot of the human race.

See also

• [Racism]
• The [African National Congress|ANC]
• The [Nazis]
• The [Fascist]s
• The [KKK]
• [Discrimination]
• [DNA]
• [RNA]
• Dr [Charles Darwin]
• The [Austronesian peoples]
• The [Negrito]s
• The [Human genome]
• [Haplogroup]s
• [pseudo-scientific]
• Mr [Colin Jordan]
• [How Rastus Gets His Turkey]
• [Coon song]
• The [Holocaust]
• The [Porrajmos]
• [List of race riots]
• [List of massacres of Indigenous Australians]
• [Identity politics]
• The [Zoot Suit Riots]
• The [Kondopoga] melee
• [Scientific racism]

Sources

[Category:History of Japan]] [cs:Lidská rasa] [eo:Raso] [es:Raza] [eu:Arraza] [fi:Ihmisrotu] [fr:Race humaine] [he:גזע (אדם)] [hr:Rasa] [id:Ras manusia] [nl:Menselijk ras] [nn:Menneskerasar] [no:Menneskerase] [pt:Raça] [ru:Раса] [sr:Раса] [sv:Människoraser] [uk:Раса] [zh:种族]