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RT-2PM2 Topol-M

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Topol-M
SS-27 "Sickle B"
TypeIntercontinental ballistic missile
Place of originRussia
Service history
In serviceDecember 2000–present
Used byRussian Strategic Rocket Forces
Production history
DesignerMoscow Institute of Thermal Technology
ManufacturerVotkinsk Machine Building Plant
ProducedDecember 1994–2010
Specifications
Mass47,200 kg (104,000 lb)
Length22.7 m (74 ft)
Diameter1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
Warhead1 x 1.0 Mt [1]
EngineThree-stage Solid-fuel rocket
Operational
range
11,000 km (6,800 mi)
Maximum speed 7,520 metres per second (27,100 km/h; 16,800 mph; Mach 22)[2]
Guidance
system
Inertial with GLONASS[3]
Accuracy200 m CEP[2]
Launch
platform
Silo, road-mobile TEL
MZKT-79221 Transporter erector launcher carrying missile container during rehearsals for the 2012 Moscow Victory Day Parade.

The RT-2PM2 «Topol-M» (Russian: РТ-2ПМ2 «Тополь-М», NATO reporting name: SS-27 "Sickle B"[4], other designations: SS-27 Mod 1,[5][6] RS-12M1, RS-12M2, formerly incorrectly RT-2UTTKh)[7] is one of the most recent intercontinental ballistic missiles to be deployed by Russia,[8] and the first to be developed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was developed from the RT-2PM Topol mobile intercontinental ballistic missile.

In its Russian designation РТ stands for "ракета твердотопливная", raketa tverdotoplivnaya ("solid fuel rocket"), while УТТХ – for "улучшенные тактико-технические характеристики", uluchshenniye taktiko-tekhnicheskie kharakteristiki ("improved tactical and technical characteristics"). "Topol" (тополь) in Russian means "white poplar". It is designed and produced exclusively by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology, and built at the Votkinsk Machine Building Plant.[9][10]

Characteristics

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The Topol-M is a cold-launched, three-stage, solid-propellant, silo-based or road-mobile intercontinental ballistic missile.[11] The missile's length is 22.7 meters and the first stage has a body diameter of 1.9 meters. The mass at launch is 47,200 kg, including the 1,200 kg payload. Topol-M carries a single warhead with an 800 kiloton yield[1] but the design is compatible with MIRV warheads. According to chief designer Yury Solomonov, the missile can carry four to six warheads along with decoys.[12] It is claimed to have the highest accuracy of any Russian ICBM.[13] The body of the rocket is made by winding carbon fiber.

The Topol-M may be deployed either inside a reinforced missile silo or from an APU launcher mounted on the MZKT-79221 "Universal" 16-wheeled transporter-erector-launcher.[13] The designation for the silo-based Topol-M missile is believed to be RS-12M2, while the mobile version is RS-12M1.[7]


Combat Support Vehicle (MOBD) 15V231 of Topol/Topol-M at the Saint-Petersburg Artillery Museum
Troposphere Relay Station R-406VCh of Topol/Topol-M at the Saint-Petersburg Artillery Museum
Topol-M mobile launchers on the streets of Moscow during Victory Day Parade Rehearsal

The first stage has rocket motors developed by the Soyuz Federal Center for Dual-Use Technologies. These give the missile a much higher acceleration than other ICBM types. They enable the missile to accelerate to the speed of 7,320 m/s and to travel a flatter trajectory to distances of up to 10,000 km.[2]

As a solid propellant design, the missile can be maintained on alert for prolonged periods of time and can launch within minutes of being given the order.[12]

Development and deployment

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The development of the missile began in the late 1980s as a response to the American Strategic Defense Initiative.[14] Initially an evolutionary upgrade of the RT-2PM Topol,[15] the missile was redesigned in 1992.[citation needed] The missile's principal designer was Yuri Solomonov, who would later oversee the development of the RSM-56 Bulava.[16]

The first flight test took place on December 20, 1994, during which the missile, launched from Plesetsk, hit its target 6,400 kilometres (4,000 mi) away.[17][18] Two missiles were put on experimental combat duty in December 1997 at Tatishchevo.[17] The fifth test flight on 22 October 1998 was unsuccessful as the missile exploded after being launched; the sixth test flight two months later was successful.[17] The 104th Regiment of the Taman Missile Division, based in Saratov, introduced 10 missiles into service on 30 December 1998; another ten entered service with a second regiment in December 1999.[17][19]

Silo launcher Topol-M entered service by presidential decree on 13 July 2000, the third, fourth and fifth regiments entered service in 2000, 2003 and 2005. The last regiment was to arrive in 2012.[20]

On December 12, 2006, the first three mobile Topol-M missile systems entered duty with a missile unit stationed near the town of Teykovo.[21]

Current Strategic Rocket Forces Order of Battle lists the following sites with Topol-M missiles:[22]

  • 27th Guards Rocket Army (HQ: Vladimir)
    • 60th Missile Division at Tatishchevo with 60 silo-based Topol-M
    • 54th Guards Missile Division at Teykovo with 18 mobile Topol-M

The Topol-M missiles have a lifetime between 15 and 20 years.

Missile defense evasion capabilities

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According to Russia this missile and its derivatives, RS-24 Yars, RS-26 Rubezh and RSM-56 Bulava are designed to counter and evade current or planned United States missile defense system.[23] It is said to be capable of making evasive maneuvers to avoid a kill by interceptors, and carries targeting countermeasures and decoys.[24]

One of the Topol-M's most notable features is its short engine burn time following take-off, intended to minimize satellite detection of launches and thereby complicate both early warning and interception by missile defense systems during boost phase. The missile also has a relatively flat ballistic trajectory, complicating defense acquisition and interception.[25]

According to The Washington Times, Russia has conducted a successful test of the evasive payload delivery system.[26] The missile was launched on 1 November 2005 from the Kapustin Yar facility. The warhead changed course after separating from the launcher, making it difficult to predict a re-entry trajectory.

Equipment of Topol-M with MIRV

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Main article: RS-24 Yars

A new missile loosely based on Topol-M and equipped with multiple re-entry vehicles (MIRV) is called RS-24 Yars. In January 2009 Russian sources hinted that the production of the mobile Topol-M missile would be shutting down in 2009 and that the new MIRVed RS-24 version would replace it.[27]

Operators

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Loading ICBM Topol-M into the launch silo
The final stage of loading the rocket into the launch silo
 Russia

The Strategic Missile Troops are the only operator of the RT-2PM2 Topol-M. As of March 2020,[28] 60 silo-based and 18 mobile RT-2PM2 Topol-M missiles are deployed with 2 rocket divisions:

Silo-based:

Road-mobile:

It is believed that since 2010 no more RT-2PM2 Topol-M missiles have been purchased in favor of the newest RS-24 Yars.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b SIPRI Yearbook Online 2011
  2. ^ a b c "Topol-M: Missile Defense Penetrator by Michal Fiszer". Mputtre.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  3. ^ www.missiledefenseadvocacy.org. "Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance » SS-27 / Topol-M". missiledefenseadvocacy.org.
  4. ^ "SS-27 Sickle B". Deagel.com. 2011-03-10. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  5. ^ "Russian ICBM Force Modernization: Arms Control Please!".
  6. ^ "Crowdsourcing Russian ICBMs". www.armscontrolwonk.com.
  7. ^ a b RS-12M1/2 Topol-M (SS-27/RT-2PM2) (Russian Federation), Offensive weapons
  8. ^ "RT-2PM2 Topol-M (SS-27 Mod 1 "Sickle B")". Missile Threat. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  9. ^ "RT-2PMU? – Topol-M SS-27 – Russian / Soviet Nuclear Forces". Fas.org. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  10. ^ Land-Based Ballistic Missiles[dead link‍]
  11. ^ "SS-25 (RS-12M Topol) - Missile Threat".
  12. ^ a b "Missile Threat | SS-25 (RS-12M Topol)". Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  13. ^ a b "Russia". The Nuclear Threat Initiative. Nti.org. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  14. ^ Bleek, Philipp C. (1 June 2000). "Russia Approves Topol-M, Warns Missile Could Defeat U.S. Defense". Arms Control Today. 30 (5): 26.[dead link‍]
  15. ^ "Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS". Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
  16. ^ Champlin, Luke (October 2009). "Russia Defends Struggling Missile Program". Arms Control Today. 39 (8): 45. Archived from the original on 2015-05-24.
  17. ^ a b c d Norris, Robert S.; Arkin, William M. (1 July 2000). "Russian Nuclear Forces, 2000". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  18. ^ "Russia tested a prototype for a new intercontinental ballistic missile successfully". Defense Daily. 22 December 1994. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  19. ^ Hoffman, David (27 December 1998). "Russia Set To Deploy Topol-M Missiles; Move Comes Amid Dispute on Control". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  20. ^ ""Тополь-М": история создания и перспективы - Ракетная техника". rbase.new-factoria.ru.
  21. ^ Strategic Missile Forces spokesman Col. Alexander Vovk, quoted by ITAR TASS.
  22. ^ Strategic Rocket Forces (2007-12-13). "Strategic Rocket Forces – Russian strategic nuclear forces". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  23. ^ "General says Russia will counter U.S. missile defense plans". USA Today. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  24. ^ Confidencial Digital (11 March 2014). "Así es el Topol-M, el misil ruso que burla el Escudo Antimisiles" – via YouTube.
  25. ^ "Russia Approves Topol-M; Warns Missile Could Defeat U.S. Defense". Armscontrol.org. June 2000. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  26. ^ Washington, The (2005-11-20). "Russian warhead alters course midflight in test". Washington Times. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  27. ^ Армс-Тасс (2009-01-22). Армс-Тасс (in Russian). Arms-tass.su. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  28. ^ Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt (9 March 2020). "Russian nuclear forces, 2020". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 76 (2): 73–84. Bibcode:2020BuAtS..76b.102K. doi:10.1080/00963402.2020.1728985.
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