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R211 (New York City Subway car)

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R211
An R211A train on the A at Inwood-207th Street
The interior of an R211 car with cove screens
In service2023–present
ManufacturerKawasaki Railcar Manufacturing
Built at
Family nameNTT (New Technology Train)
ReplacedAll SIR R44s
All R46s
Some R68s
Constructed2021–present
Entered service
  • R211A: March 10, 2023
  • R211S: October 8, 2024
  • R211T: February 1, 2024
Number under construction1055[2][3]
Number built
  • R211A: 460
  • R211S: 75
  • R211T: 20
  • Total: 555
Number in service345 (110 in revenue service during rush hours)
FormationFive-car sets
Fleet numbers
  • R211A: 3400–4039, 4060–4499 (355 cars TBD)
  • R211S: 100–174
  • R211T: 4040–4059 (80 cars TBD)
[4]
Capacity30 seats, 210 standing
per car [citation needed]
Operators
DepotsClifton Yard
Pitkin Yard[5]
Service(s) assigned
  • R211A: "A" train "C" train Rockaway Park Shuttle
  • R211S:
  • R211T: "C" train
Specifications
Car body constructionStainless steel with fiberglass ends and rear bonnets[6]
Train length5-car train: 301.05 feet (91.76 m)
Car length60.21 feet (18.35 m)
Width10 feet (3,048 mm) max
Height12 feet (3,658 mm) max
Floor height3.76 ft (1.15 m)
Platform height3.76 ft (1.15 m)
EntryLevel
Doors8 sets of 58 inches (150 cm) wide side doors per car
Maximum speed55 mph (89 km/h) (Service)
66 mph (106 km/h) (Design)
Weight82,000 pounds (37,000 kg)
Traction systemIGBT–VVVF (Alstom OptONIX)
Traction motors2 or 4[a] × Alstom 4 ECA 1625 A 3-phase AC induction motors[citation needed]
Acceleration2.5 mph/s (1.1 m/s2)
Deceleration3.0 mph/s (1.3 m/s2) (full service)
3.2 mph/s (1.4 m/s2) (emergency)
Electric system(s)Third rail, 600 V DC
Current collector(s)Contact shoe
Braking system(s)Dynamic braking propulsion system; Pneumatic tread brake system
Safety system(s)CBTC, dead man's switch, pulse code cab signaling, train stop
Headlight typeLED
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge

The R211 is a class of New Technology Train (NTT) subway cars built for the New York City Transit Authority. Being built by Kawasaki Railcar Manufacturing for the B Division of the New York City Subway and for the Staten Island Railway (SIR), they will replace two aging subway car models: all R44 cars on the SIR, plus all R46 and some R68 subway cars. The order is split into three parts: R211A and R211T cars for the subway and R211S cars for the SIR. The R211Ts employ open gangways between cars, allowing passengers to see and walk through the entire length of the train – a feature not present on the subway's other rolling stock.

Planning for the R211 order started in 2011. The design process started in 2012, at which time the order was supposed to consist of 75-foot-long (23 m) cars. The cars' lengths were changed to 60 feet (18 m) by 2015, and the first request for proposal was solicited in July 2016. After several changes to the proposal, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) awarded a contract to Kawasaki in January 2018. The first photos of the R211 shows an incomplete trailing car in Kawasaki's Kobe factory, the image was likely taken around late 2018. Delivery of the pilot cars began at the end of June 2021. They contain new features such as wider doors, information displays, LED-lit doorways, open gangways, and LED interior lighting. The R211As entered service on March 10, 2023, beginning a 30-day acceptance test on the A. Following a successful second revenue service test with the pilot set, it officially entered service with the first production set on June 29, 2023. The R211T test trains entered service on February 1, 2024, on the C, while the first R211S train entered service on October 8, 2024.

Component orders

[edit]
Digital display system

With all options exercised, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) plans to spend at least $3.686 billion in the order.[7] The contract is split into three parts: R211A, R211S, and R211T. The majority of the 535-car base order will comprise 440 R211A cars that will partially replace the aging 748-car R46 fleet.[b] There are also 20 R211T open gangway prototype cars, first delivered in late 2022, and 75 R211S cars that will replace the now 51 year old remaining 61-car R44 fleet on the Staten Island Railway.[7][8]: 73  The R44s and R46s are 75 feet (23 m) long, and the R211s are only 60 feet (18 m). As a result, the 752 R46s[b] would need to be replaced by 940 R211s.[c] In September 2024, the MTA indicated the possibility of retiring a handful of R68 and R68A cars with R211s,[11] and in December, it was confirmed that some R68s would be replaced by the second option order.[2][12]

There will be two options for additional cars: the first comprises 640 R211A cars, and the second comprises 355 R211A cars and 80 R211T cars for a total of 1,610 cars including the base order.[2][13] Any cars from the option orders that do not replace existing rolling stock will be used to expand the system's fleet.[14][15]

The R211 order was expected to provide 1,015 new cars to replace the existing fleet, as well as up to 597 cars for fleet expansions following the extension of the Second Avenue Subway and the automation of the New York City Subway.[8]: 72  The R211Ts would also increase capacity and allow passengers to walk seamlessly from one car to the next.[14][16][17][18]

Features

[edit]
The LED side destination sign of an R211

On the exterior, the cars have a blue front with large windows, LED headlights, and a blue stripe with gold accents on the sides. To designate the route, a large LED screen with the route bullet is displayed at the ends of the train, while the route's destination is displayed above the door on the front. On the sides, there is a screen that displays both the route bullet and the route's destination.[19] These exterior displays are very similar to the rollsigns on older trains (R40 to R68A), while the front destination display is similar to the overhead rollsign arrangement last used on the R38 cars from 1966, which displayed both the route and destination.

The doors on the R211s are 58 inches (150 cm) wide, compared to current MTA standard of 50 inches (130 cm),[20][1] thereby projected to reduce station dwell time by 25 to 30 percent.[21][22] This door width will also promote accessibility on the cars, making them the first fully accessible subway car in New York City.[23] This design change partially incorporates a design feature of the R110A prototype subway cars, which had doors that are 63 inches (160 cm) wide.[24] Flanking each set of doors are lights, which illuminate to indicate on which side of the train the doors would open.[19][25] There are twelve lights around each set of doors. These lights turn green when the doors open at each station and turn red when the doors are closing.[25]

Interior features

[edit]
The interior of an R211 car, showing a stationary blue bench next to three foldable yellow seats. The yellow seats are shown here in the folded-up position.
Flip seats are installed to allow for space for wheelchairs.

Antenna Design New York designed the interiors of the R211s.[19][25] Compared with older NTT orders, the seating on the inside is blue and gold, and flip seats are installed to allow for space for wheelchairs.[26][27] Designers at Antenna used gold seats to indicate priority seats for disabled and senior passengers, as riders often ignored priority-seating signs in older rolling stock models.[25] There are also looped stanchions, a feature found in some R46, R62A, and R160 cars, as well as on all R179 cars. There are small niches between the end of each bench and the door; this allows riders who stand in front of the doors to move aside.[19][25] On the floors are decals with arrows indicating that passengers should move into the center of the car.[19]

The R211s have white ceilings and walls to give the impression of a spacious interior, as well as LED lighting, which are angled to disperse the light throughout the car.[25] The cars have digital advertisements, digital customer information displays, illuminated door opening alerts, and security cameras,[26][27][1][28] unlike the current New Technology Trains, which lack these features.[29]

There are 28 screens inside each car, including updated digital displays over doors. The overhead screens display additional information, such as specific bus transfers, elevator locations, and which car the customer is located in.[25] In addition to various screens throughout the train, touch screen displays are present throughout the subway cars, allowing people to zoom in and out of the map.[30][31] The screens on the walls display advertisements, public service announcements, notices, and subway maps.[25]

Open-gangway trains

[edit]
R211T interiors with "soft shell" (top) and "hard shell" (bottom) open gangways

It was announced in July 2016 that some of the cars would have open gangways,[1] which allows passengers to see and walk through the entire length of the train.[32] These cars, which are designated as R211T, are the first contemporary trainsets to have full-open gangways in New York, and the first open gangway cars in the system since the BMT D-type Triplex, MS Multi-section cars and Bluebird Compartment Cars were introduced in 1925, 1934 and 1939 respectively. Similar open gangway designs are used in major cities such as Toronto (Toronto Rocket), London (S Stock) and Paris (MP 14).[32][33] The open gangways also help prevent subway surfing, as subway surfers can no longer climb between cars to reach the train's roof, as was possible on older trains and the R211As.[34] To test out the curve radius and gangway flex in the existing 60-foot-long cars, an R143 test train was equipped with measuring gauges and was operated on most parts of the B Division.[d]

The prototype cars consist of two designs. Two of the five-car sets utilize interior panels in the gangway connection ("hard shell"), and the other two five-car sets use interior bellows in the gangway connection ("soft shell").[35][36] The latter design also contains a wider walkway and handles between cars. Ultimately, the hard shell was chosen for the second option order, which will include 80 cars of the type.

Mechanical and signaling systems

[edit]

The cars use Alstom's OPTONIX propulsion system.[19] Each car contains an on-board computer system that could detect breakdowns in critical systems such as braking and door-opening.[1][19]

All R211A and R211T cars are equipped for communications-based train control (CBTC)[13][22] in conjunction with the ongoing automation of B Division lines.[37]: 14  All R211S cars are equipped with pulse code cab signaling.[13]

History

[edit]

Initial request for proposal

[edit]

The R211 Design Master Plan was approved by the MTA in December 2011, and design planning began in December 2012.[16][38] An R211 solicitation was posted in the classified section of Metro Magazine's May 9, 2013, issue, stating the proposal to acquire these cars in the near future. At the time, the order was planned to be 75 feet (23 m) in length, the same length as the R46 and R68 cars. Open-gangways, which would allow passengers to seamlessly walk throughout the train or units, and other alternate configurations were also initially considered for the entire order.[39]

By the release of the MTA's 2015–2019 Capital Program in October 2015, the order specified 60-foot (18 m) cars, which has been the standard length of new B Division cars since the R143 order. As of March 2016, open-gangways will be tested on ten cars (now designated as the R211T).[17] Additionally, the order was broken up into a base order of 565 R211A cars and two option orders: the first for 375 R211A cars, and a second for up to 520 R211As.[17][14][15][39]

The request for proposal (RFP) was issued on July 22, 2016, and the contract was to be put out for bidding.[16][17][26] With the RFP, the breakup of the order was changed. The base order consisted of 285 cars, with 10 R211T cars, 75 R211S cars, and 200 R211A cars. There were still two option orders; the first option order contained 740 cars (either R211As or R211Ts, depending on the success of the R211Ts in the base order), and the second base order contained 520 cars. The RFP closed in December 2016,[40] and the contract was expected to be awarded in early 2017,[16] at which time the existing R46 fleet would be 42 years old, making the oldest cars 49 years old, in 2024. However, in January 2017, the contract was pushed back to mid-2017.[40]

On April 24, 2017, at the New York City Transit Board Meeting, the breakdown of the order was changed once again. The base order now included 535 cars (an increase of 250 cars), with 10 R211T cars, 75 R211S cars, and 450 R211A cars. The option order now consisted of between 490 and 640 R211 cars. This change was made to allow for faster deliveries of the R211 cars. The R211As, with their standard configuration, would be delivered in 2021, earlier than the open-gangway R211T cars, which would not be delivered until at least 2023.[7]

Contract

[edit]

Creation of mockup and contract award

[edit]
A full-size mock-up of the exterior of an R211 car at 34th Street–Hudson Yards station

In May 2017,[40] the MTA quietly built a mockup of the R211 in a sparsely-used section of the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station's mezzanine, hidden behind a construction wall. The New York Daily News first reported on the mockup's existence in September of that year. The mockup contains features such as the open-gangway designs, digital screens showing next stops and their station layouts, multicolor lights next to the doors to indicate which set of doors will open, and a blue-and-gold-stripe paint design on its exterior.[41] The model was completed and was made publicly accessible from November 30 to December 6, 2017, so riders could review it.[42][43]

In August 2017, Bombardier Transportation, who was manufacturing the R179s at the time, was banned from bidding on the R211 contract due to various delays and problems associated with the R179 contract.[44][45] Shortly afterward, it was reported that CRRC had also opted out of contention for the R211 contract, leaving Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Alstom Transport as two of the likely bidders for the contract.[45]

On January 19, 2018, the MTA Board suggested that Kawasaki Rail Car, Inc, a subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Kobe, Japan, be awarded the $1.4 billion base order for the first 535 new R211 cars.[7][28] The cars were anticipated to be delivered from 2020 to 2023, with the option orders to be delivered by 2025. The R211 base order includes 20 R211T cars with open gangways; 75 R211S cars for the Staten Island Railway, to be delivered near the end of the base order; and 440 R211A cars similar to the R143/R160 series. All cars in the base order will operate in five-car units.[7][1] The first test train was then expected to be delivered in July 2020, with the production cars being delivered between 2021 and 2023.[46] The R211A/T cars are being assembled at Kawasaki's factories in the U.S. at Lincoln, Nebraska, while the R211S cars are being assembled at Yonkers, New York.[1] In October 2019, the MTA Board ratified a contract with Thales Group for the installation of CBTC equipment in 92 five-car R211 sets.[47]: 47 

Option orders

[edit]

In October 2018, it was noted that the second option order would consist of 89 sets, and in September 2019, it was confirmed that the 89 sets would be formed from 437 cars.[48][13][e] The MTA also confirmed in September 2019 that the first option order would also consist of 640 cars.[49][f] The entire order will consist of 1,612 cars with both options exercised.[13][50]: 12  During that time, delivery of the base order was expected to be completed by August 2023, with option 1 and option 2 completed by December 2024 and October 2025 respectively.[46]

In March 2022, the MTA Board voted to add CBTC equipment to another 128 five-car units as part of the first option order.[47]: 47  That October, the MTA Board voted to exercise the first option order for 640 cars, along with related non-car items,[20][51] at a cost of $1.7 billion.[52][53] All cars in the first option order would be R211A cars.[53][54] The cars in the option order would be delivered from February 2025 to December 2026.[53] In October 2023, the MTA Board voted on adding CBTC equipment to another 89 R211 sets as part of the second option order.[47]: 47 

On December 16, 2024, the transit committee of the MTA Board voted to approve the second option order.[55][56] The second option was revised from 437 cars to 435 cars linked in 87 five-car sets, of which 355 would be R211A cars and 80 would be the hard shell open gangway R211T cars. This option, along with some related non-car options would cost $1.3 billion. It was expected that these CBTC-equipped cars would begin to be delivered in 2027 and 2028, and would replace R46 and R68 subway cars.[2]

Delays in delivery

[edit]

By January 2019, the first R211A train was scheduled to be delivered in July 2020, but was delayed to January 2021. Thereafter, new R211 cars would have been produced and delivered at a rate of 30 to 40 cars per month.[50]: 29  The first two test trains of ten R211T open-gangway cars would have been delivered in May 2021, followed by the first 5-car set of R211S cars for the Staten Island Railway in December 2021.[50]: 12  Under the schedule outlined in January 2019, the base order of R211 cars would begin delivery in October 2021[8]: 74  and continue to be delivered through mid-2023.[50]: 12  If the two option orders of 1,077 cars were exercised, deliveries would have continued through late 2025. A decision on whether to make the first option order as open-gangway or standard trainsets was needed to be decided by late 2022; by late October 2022, the first option order was confirmed to comprise standard trainsets.[50]: 13  It was also announced in January 2019 that Kawasaki had made a full-car mock-up of the R211 fleet.[50]: 15–17 

In late November 2020, the MTA announced that delivery of the first cars was delayed to the first quarter of 2021.[57] The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic had impacted global supply chains and manufacturing,[58] so the delivery of the first cars was delayed by between 9 and 14 months.[37]: 16  By January 2021, the first cars were scheduled to arrive in April. The R211T open-gangway test trains were delayed to April 2022, while the R211S Staten Island Railway test train was delayed to August 2022. Deliveries of the base order of R211As were scheduled for September 2022 to September 2024, while deliveries of the R211S cars were scheduled for October 2023 to June 2024.[37]: 17  Kawasaki planned to deliver 22 cars per month, a rate that an independent engineering consultant for the MTA described as "aggressive".[37]: 26 

In late March 2021, TV station NY1 reported that delivery of the first cars had slipped further, with the arrival of the first cars delayed to June 2021.[59] At its June 2021 meeting, the MTA's Capital Program Oversight Committee announced the R211A pilot had been delayed to July 2021 and the R211T test train had been delayed to June 2022. The production of the R211A base order, the R211S test train, and the rest of the R211S order had the same timeline as was outlined in January 2021.[60]: 12  Some of the other issues with the test train, such as cracks in the HVAC frame, had been identified in previous months and fixed.[60]: 19  The base order of R211As had to be underway by November 2023 so there would be enough cars to test a communications-based train control (CBTC) system being installed on the IND Eighth Avenue Line.[60]: 21  By July 2022, full delivery of the R211A base order and the R211S order had been delayed to 2025 due to labor issues at Kawasaki's Nebraska factory.[53][61] Kawasaki was obligated to construct 40 cars per month in Nebraska as part of its contract with the MTA.[62][63] The R211 fleet won the Nebraska Chamber of Commerce's "Coolest Thing Made in Nebraska" contest for 2022.[62][63]

In January 2024, issues with the Automatic Speed Control (Staten Island Railway's implementation of pulse code cab signaling) software was discovered on the R211S cars, delaying the start of the 30-day in-service test until August 2024, and the beginning of deliveries for production cars until later in 2024.[64]

Delivery

[edit]
R211A 4064 being delivered on June 29, 2021

Starting on June 29, 2021,[65] the first set of R211A cars (4060–4064) was delivered to the New York City Transit Authority at the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal.[21][66] The next five cars (4065–4069) were delivered starting on July 12, 2021, forming a complete pilot ten-car train for acceptance testing and evaluation.[67] The test train was delivered despite a lack of staff in Nebraska and a shortage of important parts, which prompted an independent engineering consultant to predict that delivery of the test train could be delayed past July 2021.[60]: 21  By June 2024, 235 R211A cars were delivered with 190 in service.[64]

The first of the R211T cars with the hard shell gangway design (4040–4049) were delivered in November 2022.[68] By December 2022, the set began testing.[69] The first of the R211T cars with the soft shell gangway design (4050–4059) were delivered a few months later, in January and June 2023.[68]

On the first week of May 2023, the first set of R211S cars (100–104) was delivered to the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal, forming a complete pilot five-car train for acceptance testing and evaluation.[70][71] After undergoing several tests on New York City Subway trackage, the unit was transported to Staten Island during the week of October 16, 2023.[72][73]

Service

[edit]
The first R211A train during its inaugural revenue service run on March 10, 2023
The first R211T train during its inaugural revenue service run on February 1, 2024
The first R211S train during its inaugural revenue service run on October 8, 2024

The R211A cars were placed into revenue service on the A on March 10, 2023,[74][75] for a 30-day in-service acceptance test.[76][69] After successful completion, R211A cars officially entered revenue service on June 29, 2023, several months later than originally planned.[77] During a press conference at Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets the same day, it was announced that at least two R211A trains would enter service per month.[78][79] During a media preview of the R211T cars in February 2023 at Coney Island Yard, it was announced that the R211T cars were expected to enter revenue service in late 2023.[80][81] This was further confirmed during another press conference in late June 2023, during which it was also announced that the R211S cars would enter service in January 2024.[77] However, in June 2024, it was announced that the R211S 30-day revenue entry has been delayed until August 2024.[64]

In late October 2023, all but one train of active R211A cars were temporarily pulled from service.[82][83] A video had circulated online showing an out of service train traveling at a very slow speed with flat wheels.[83] The MTA later confirmed that the cars were out of service due to multiple issues, including leaking gearboxes which had caused the flat wheels on the aforementioned set.[83][84] The agency began to return the trains to service within weeks, after fixes were completed.[84] The repairs to the R211As did not delay the delivery of the R211S fleet.[85] By January 2024, deliveries of R211As had resumed.[86]

The MTA separately indicated that when revenue-service testing of the R211Ts began, they would initially run on the C route because that route made local stops, making it easier to monitor problems with the trains.[87][88] At the time, internal MTA policy allowed the R211T to be used only on routes where stops were spaced no more than four minutes apart; only the C and R routes fit this criterion.[89] The R211Ts began running in revenue service on February 1, 2024.[58][34][90] In June 2024, the MTA announced that it expected the first R211S to enter service before the end of that year.[91][92] The first R211S train began running on the Staten Island Railway on October 8, 2024.[93][94] When option 2 was announced in December 2024, the MTA announced that two of the five-car open gangway trains would begin operating on the G route in early 2025.[55][56] The 80 R211Ts in option 2, which have slight differences from the original hard-shell test train, would be able to operate on any route in the B Division.[12]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 2 motors on A1 cars (lowest number car in unitized set), 4 motors on A2 & B cars
  2. ^ a b The R211 order is slated to replace 752 R46 cars.[7][8]: 73  Four of these cars were scrapped after separate incidents in 2017 and 2020, leaving only 748 cars in revenue service.[9][10]
  3. ^ Both quantities represent 94 full-length trainsets, each of which is 600 ft (180 m) long. Each 600-foot trainset of R46s would require eight cars, while each 600-foot trainset of 60 long cars would require ten such cars. As such, 752 R46 cars could be arranged to make 94 full-length trainsets, and 940 sixty-foot-long cars could be arranged to make 94 such trainsets.
  4. ^ See also:
    • Tech And Transit (April 4, 2017), R211 Open Gangway Measurement Test Train (R143 8269–8272), archived from the original on December 15, 2021, retrieved April 5, 2017
  5. ^ An option order with 333 cars would only result in 83.25 train sets of four cars, but an MTA board meeting document from October 2018 mentions 89 four- and five-car trainsets in the second option order, all of which would be equipped with communications-based train control. Assuming all 437 cars will be equipped with CBTC, the order would have to be divided into 81 five-car sets, totaling 405 cars, plus 8 four-car sets, totaling 32 cars.
  6. ^ If the second option had 333 cars, there would 88 cars in 22 sets of four cars each, and 245 cars in 49 sets of five cars each.
    • If the second option had 437 cars, there would be 32 cars in 8 sets of four cars each, and 405 cars in 81 sets of five cars each.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Maslin Nir, Sarah (January 19, 2018). "New York Set to Acquire the Next Generation of Subway Cars". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d https://new.mta.info/document/160601
  3. ^ https://new.mta.info/document/143601
  4. ^ "New Technology Trains – B Division". nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
  5. ^ "MTA on Twitter "That moment when you're waiting for the train and ✨this✨ pulls up"". Twitter. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  6. ^ "New York City Transit to Award Contract for New Generation Subway Cars". Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "New York City Transit and Bus Committee Meeting 1/22/2018" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 22, 2018. pp. 134–136. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d "Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting January 2020". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 2020. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
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  13. ^ a b c d e "New York City Transit and Bus Committee Meeting October 2018" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 19, 2018. pp. 188–189. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  14. ^ a b c "Review of the A and C Lines" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 11, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  15. ^ a b "MTA Twenty-Year Capital Needs Assessment 2015–2034" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  16. ^ a b c d "MTA Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting: January 2016" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  17. ^ a b c d "Transit & Bus Committee Meeting – March 2016" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 21, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  18. ^ Rivoli, Dan (August 13, 2015). "Ancient subway trains on C and J/Z lines won't be replaced until 2022, documents say". Daily News (New York). Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g "MTA's R211 Subway Cars, United States of America". Railway Technology. June 22, 2023. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  20. ^ a b "New York set to order 640 new subway cars". Trains. October 25, 2022. Archived from the original on November 3, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  21. ^ a b Duggan, Kevin (July 1, 2021). "MTA moves forward with new R211 train cars after yearlong delay". amNewYork. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  22. ^ a b "MTA unveils new fleet of subway cars". ABC7 New York. July 1, 2021. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  23. ^ Preview: Our New R211 Subway Cars, August 13, 2021, archived from the original on November 19, 2022, retrieved November 19, 2022
  24. ^ "R-110 New Technology Test Program". www.nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h Budds, Diana (February 8, 2024). "Inside the design of the MTA's super bright, extremely spacious, high-tech new subway trains". Fast Company. Archived from the original on February 10, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
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