Battle of Qbaada
| Battle of Qbaada | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Russo-Circassian War | |||||||||
 End of the Caucasian War (1900) by François "Franz" Jean Roubaud | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Russia |
 Circassia | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Unknown | |||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
| Imperial Russian Army | Militias (Abreks, etc.) | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 250,000 | 20,000 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | 20,000 killed | ||||||||
| During the Circassian genocide, approximately 1,500,000[1][2][3][4] Circassians and other Caucasians were expelled from their ancestral homeland. The majority of this figure was displaced to the Ottoman Empire and a much smaller amount to Qajar Iran. An unknown amount of these deportees died before reaching their destination.[5] | |||||||||
.svg)  Krasnaya Polyana Location within Krasnodar Krai  Krasnaya Polyana Location within the Southern Federal District .svg) Krasnaya Polyana Location within European Russia | |||||||||
The Battle of Qbaada[a] took place in today's Krasnaya Polyana on 2 June [O.S. 21 May] 1864.[6][2][7][8][3][9][4][10] It is widely accepted as the final military engagement of the Russo-Circassian War,[11][12][13][4][14] as the Circassian people could no longer continue to resist the invading Imperial Russian Army.
A significant development in the wider Caucasian War, it was after the Battle of Qbaada that the Russian Empire annexed Circassia and initiated the Circassian genocide, in which 95% to 97% of the country's population was ethnically cleansed, leading to the creation of the Circassian diaspora.
Events
[edit]Battle
[edit]The Circassians gathered 20,000 men and women, mostly local villagers, Abreks, and tribal horsemen. The Imperial Russian Army advanced from four sides with 250,000 soldiers, mostly Cossacks and Russians. Circassian fighters attempted to break through the Russian lines, but were hit with artillery before they managed to reach the front, and were soon defeated by Russian infantry.
Aftermath
[edit]A military parade was held after the battle and 100 surviving Circassian warriors were publicly executed.[15] Russian troops then continued raiding and torching Circassian villages, driving many of their inhabitants into the Black Sea and destroying much of the landscape to prevent them from returning.[14] The ensuing Circassian genocide saw millions of Circassians and other Caucasians killed or expelled from Circassia and the rest of the Caucasus. Most of the deportees were sent to the Ottoman Empire, but many succumbed to injuries, disease, or starvation and exhaustion. The annexation of Circassia by the Russian Empire marked the end of the Caucasian War and thereby the Russian conquest of the Caucasus.
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. back cover. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.
- ^ a b "Çerkes Soykırımı nedir? 21 Mayıs 1864 Çerkes Sürgünü tarihçesi". Milliyet (in Turkish). 21 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ a b Неизвестные войны России. Взятие Кбааде и завершение Кавказской войны в 1864 г.
- ^ a b c Ufuk Tavkul, "Kazaklar", Birleşik Kafkasya dergisi, Ankara, 2007, Sayı 6-7, sf. 33
- ^ McCarthy 1995:53, fn. 45
- ^ Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.
- ^ Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2
- ^ T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258
- ^ Nıbe Anzor, 'Çerkes Meclisi 150 Yaşında', (In Turkish)
- ^ "Çerkesler olimpiyat meşalesini söndürdü". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 13 January 2021.
- ^ Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.
- ^ Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2
- ^ T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258
- ^ a b Weismann, Ein Blick auf die Circassianer
- ^ Kafkasya Bülteni, 19 Mayıs 1864