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Biochar carbon removal

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Biochar carbon removal (also called pyrogenic carbon capture and storage) is a negative emissions technology. It involves the production of biochar through pyrolysis of residual biomass and the subsequent application of the biochar in soils or durable materials (e.g. cement, tar). The carbon dioxide sequestered by the plants used for the biochar production is therewith stored for several hundreds of years, which creates carbon sinks.

Definition

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A man working biochar into soil in a greenhouse
Biochar applied to the soil in research trials in Namibia

The term refers to the practice of producing biochar from sustainably sourced biomass and ensuring that it is stored for a long period of time. The concept makes use of the photosynthesis process, through which plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere during their growth. This carbon dioxide is stabilised within the biochar during the production process and can subsequently be stored for several hundreds or thousands of years.

Biochar Carbon Removal falls into the category of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies.[1][2] It is considered to be a rapidly implemented and capital-efficient negative emissions technology ideal for smaller scale installations such as farmers, and also to help rural diversification in developing countries.[3][4][5][6] This is, amongst others, reflected in the guidance documents of the Science Based Targets initiative.[7][8]

Scientifically, this process is often referred to as Pyrogenic Carbon Capture and Storage (PyCCS).[9][10] The term biochar carbon removal was introduced by the European Biochar Industry Consortium in 2023[11] and has since been adopted by various institutions and experts.

Biochar Carbon Removal can also be categorised as a form of Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS).[12]

Beyond carbon sequestration, biochar application has various other potential benefits, such as increased yield and root biomass, water use efficiency and microbial activity.[13]

Biochar production

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Further information: Biochar

Biochar is produced through the pyrolysis process. Biomass (e.g. residual plant material from landscaping or agricultural processes) is reduced to smaller pieces is heated to 350–900 °C (662–1,652 °F) under oxygen-deficient conditions. This results in solid biochar and by-products (bio-oil, pyrogas).[14][10] In order to maximise the carbon storage potential, typically those biochar technologies are used that minimise combustion and avoid the loss of pyrogas into the atmosphere.[9]

In low-oxygen conditions, the thermal-chemical conversion of organic materials (including biomass) produces both volatiles, termed pyrolytic gases (pyrogases), as well as solid carbonaceous co-products, termed biochar. While the pyrogases mostly condense into liquid bio-oil, which may be used as an energy source, biochar has been proposed as a tool for sequestering carbon in soil.[15]

The global biochar market is expected to reach USD 368.85 million by 2028.[16]

Internationally there are several voluntary standards that regulate the biochar production process and product quality. These include the following (non-exhaustive list):

  • European Biochar Certificate (EBC) and World Biochar Certificate (WBC) developed by the Ithaka Institute[17]
  • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  • The International Biochar Initiative[18]

Carbon removal potential

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Global scope

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Three main carbonaceous products are generated during pyrolysis, which can be stored subsequently in different ways to produce negative emissions: a solid biochar for various applications, a pyrolytic liquid (bio-oil) pumped into depleted fossil oil repositories, and permanent-pyrogas (dominated by the combustible gases CO, H2 and CH4) that may be transferred as CO2 to geological storage after combustion.[1]

In 2022/2023, biochar carbon removal accounted for 87–92% of all delivered carbon removals.[19]

The potential extent of carbon removal with biochar is the subject of ongoing research. Using current waste from the farming and forestry industry worldwide, an estimated 6% of global emissions, equivalent to 3 billion tonnes of CO2, could be removed annually over a 100 year time frame.[20] More broadly, the potential is quantified to be between 0.3 and 4.9 billion tonnes of CO2 per year (GtCO2 yr−1).[21]

Permanence

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Permanence in carbon products is a good indicator of the quality or durability of the material. It also describes the amount of time that carbon can be stored in a material. Biochar is produced by rapidly carbonizing organic matter into maceral.[22] There is evidence that biochar, produced at pyrolysis temperature over 600 °C (1,112 °F), resembles inertinite and thus highly stable.[23][24]

The level to which carbon dioxide is fixed and stored, depends both on the biochar production process and the subsequent application. If produced under certain conditions, 97% of the total organic carbon in biochar is highly refractory carbon, i.e. carbon that has near infinite stability. This implies that biochar can have a very high permanence in terms of carbon dioxide storage.[25]Although the permanence of biochar is very high, the biggest setback to this process is making sure the pyrolysis has been achieved efficiently.

Applications

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There are several applications that are considered to store CO2 for long periods of time:

  • Soil application: Once mixed into soil, biochar, which is less susceptible to remineralization into CO2 and CH4 than non-pyrogenic biomass,[26] fragments into micro- and nano-particles which can be transported to deeper soil horizons, groundwater, or other compartments that further protect it from degradation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that pyrogenic carbon is stable over centennial timescales.[15][27] The impact on soil fertility is context dependent, but largely positive.[15] It is estimated that biochar soil application could sequester 2.5 gigatons (Gt) of CO2 annually.[16]
  • Additive for construction material
    • Cement Particleboards: Adding biochar into cement mixtures is still a work in progress and will take time to figure out exact calculations. In general, when mixed with cement, biochar does not impact the usefulness of cement mixtures.[28] Biochar is a porous material and many benefits come when mixed with cement. It is lightweight, provides good insulation and contains humidity regulation properties.[28]
  • Additive in asphalts
    • While still being studied and placed through various tests to determine more about it’s properties so far the results for mixing biochar material in asphalt have been promising. Asphalt is known to degrade in the elements rather quickly and has low durability due to the wear and tear done upon it. Biochar additives have proven to not only boost asphalt's overall durability but also its heat resistance. One proposed idea is using agricultural byproducts such as crop straw as a biochar additive to asphalt, therefore increasing the economic value of not only the crop but also the durability of the affected asphalt.[29]
  • Additive in plastics, paper and textiles
    • The addition of biochar to plastic creates a composite, consisting of a matrix and filler phase. Plastic would be the main material in the composite and biochar would be added as a reinforcement for better thermal stability and resistance to moisture.[30] When added to recycled plastics, biochar increases the density and harness.[31] The co-pyrolysis of plastics and biochar also decreases the costs and increases the efficiency of production.[32]

Biochar-based carbon credits

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Biochar Carbon Removal is increasingly seen as a promising negative emissions technology suitable for offsetting and carbon markets. Biochar Carbon credits are considered to be the best type of Carbon credit as they increase economic viability of the companies claiming them, and biochar stays in soil for hundreds if not thousands of years, ensuring that carbon is locked away from the atmosphere.[33]

Market size

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Trade in biochar carbon removal credits is still limited to a small number of suppliers and credit off-takers. In 2022, out of 592,969 carbon dioxide removal credits purchased on the voluntary carbon market, 40% were based on biochar carbon removal projects.[34]

Standards

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For the purpose of generating carbon credits, there are several internationally recognised voluntary biochar standards and methodologies. These include the following (non-exhaustive list):[35][36]

  • VERRA VM0044
  • Puro.Earth Biochar Methodology (Finland)
  • CSI Global Artisinal C-Sink
  • Nori (USA)
  • MoorFutures(Germany)
  • max.moor (Switzerland)
  • Compensate (Finland)

Several biochar production and carbon credit standards define criteria for permissible biomass feedstocks for biochar carbon removal. For example, the European Biochar Certificate (EBC) features a positive list of permissible biomasses for the production of biochar. This list includes agricultural residues, cultivated biomass, residues from forestry operations and sawmills, residues from landscaping activities, recycled feedstock, kitchen waste, food processing residues, textiles, anaerobic digestion, sludges from wastewater treatment, and animal by-products.[37] In order for a credit to be certified suppliers must be carbon net-negative which indicates that they sequester more carbon then they use in the creation and distribution of biochar.[38]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Constanze Werner et al. (2018): Biogeochemical potential of biomass pyrolysis systems for limiting global warming to 1.5 °C. Environmental Research Letters, 13(4), 044036. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabb0e
  2. ^ N McGlashan; M Workman; B Caldecott; N Shah (October 2012). "Negative Emissions Technologies" (PDF). Grantham Institute for Climate Change. Imperial College London. p. 15. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  3. ^ Medium.com (2023-03-31). "How biochar emerged as an unexpected champion in the fight against the climate crisis". CEEZER. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  4. ^ M.A, Aparna (2023-05-16). "Biochar: The Miracle Material For a Sustainable World". Earth.Org. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  5. ^ Wang, Liuwei; Deng, Jiayu; Yang, Xiaodong; Hou, Renjie; Hou, Deyi (2023-01-16). "Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality". Carbon Research. 2 (1): 2. Bibcode:2023CarRe...2....2W. doi:10.1007/s44246-023-00035-7. ISSN 2731-6696.
  6. ^ Moya, Berta (2023-11-23). "Biochar is carbon removal's jack of all trades. Here's why". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2024-10-21.
  7. ^ "Forest, Land and Agriculture (FLAG) Guidence". Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi). Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  8. ^ Luckhurst, Karen (2022-10-05). "Biochar: the 'black gold' for soils that is getting big bets on offset markets". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  9. ^ a b Schmidt, Hans-Peter; Anca-Couce, Andrés; Hagemann, Nikolas; Werner, Constanze; Gerten, Dieter; Lucht, Wolfgang; Kammann, Claudia (April 2019). "Pyrogenic carbon capture and storage". GCB Bioenergy. 11 (4): 573–591. Bibcode:2019GCBBi..11..573S. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12553.
  10. ^ a b Werner, C; Schmidt, H-P; Gerten, D; Lucht, W; Kammann, C (2018-04-01). "Biogeochemical potential of biomass pyrolysis systems for limiting global warming to 1.5 °C". Environmental Research Letters. 13 (4): 044036. Bibcode:2018ERL....13d4036W. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabb0e. ISSN 1748-9326.
  11. ^ "European Biochar Industry Consortium on LinkedIn". www.linkedin.com. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  12. ^ Early, Catherine (15 November 2023). "Analysis: why biomass removals credits like biochar are luring investors". Retrieved 2024-11-08.
  13. ^ Schmidt, Hans-Peter; Kammann, Claudia; Hagemann, Nikolas; Leifeld, Jens; Bucheli, Thomas D.; Sánchez Monedero, Miguel Angel; Cayuela, Maria Luz (November 2021). "Biochar in agriculture – A systematic review of 26 global meta-analyses". GCB Bioenergy. 13 (11): 1708–1730. Bibcode:2021GCBBi..13.1708S. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12889. hdl:10261/263150. ISSN 1757-1693.
  14. ^ Gabhane, Jagdish W.; Bhange, Vivek P.; Patil, Pravin D.; Bankar, Sneha T.; Kumar, Sachin (2020-06-30). "Recent trends in biochar production methods and its application as a soil health conditioner: a review". SN Applied Sciences. 2 (7): 1307. doi:10.1007/s42452-020-3121-5. ISSN 2523-3971.
  15. ^ a b c Criscuoli, Irene; Alberti, Giorgio; Baronti, Silvia; Favilli, Filippo; Martinez, Cristina; Calzolari, Costanza; Pusceddu, Emanuela; Rumpel, Cornelia; Viola, Roberto (2014-03-10). "Carbon Sequestration and Fertility after Centennial Time Scale Incorporation of Charcoal into Soil". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e91114. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...991114C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091114. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3948733. PMID 24614647.
  16. ^ a b Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono; Othman, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan; Liang, Xue; Goh, Hui Hwang; Gikas, Petros; Chong, Kok-Keong; Chew, Kit Wayne (April 2023). "Challenges and opportunities for biochar to promote circular economy and carbon neutrality". Journal of Environmental Management. 332: 117429. Bibcode:2023JEnvM.33217429K. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117429. PMID 36773474.
  17. ^ "EBC and WBC guidelines & documents". www.european-biochar.org. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  18. ^ "Biochar Standards". International Biochar Initiative. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  19. ^ "cdr.fyi". www.cdr.fyi. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  20. ^ Lefebvre, David; Fawzy, Samer; Aquije, Camila A.; Osman, Ahmed I.; Draper, Kathleen T.; Trabold, Thomas A. (2023-10-11). "Biomass residue to carbon dioxide removal: quantifying the global impact of biochar". Biochar. 5 (1): 65. Bibcode:2023Bioch...5...65L. doi:10.1007/s42773-023-00258-2. ISSN 2524-7867.
  21. ^ Roe, Stephanie; Streck, Charlotte; Obersteiner, Michael; Frank, Stefan; Griscom, Bronson; Drouet, Laurent; Fricko, Oliver; Gusti, Mykola; Harris, Nancy; Hasegawa, Tomoko; Hausfather, Zeke; Havlík, Petr; House, Jo; Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Popp, Alexander (November 2019). "Contribution of the land sector to a 1.5 °C world". Nature Climate Change. 9 (11): 817–828. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..817R. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0591-9. hdl:2164/14119. ISSN 1758-6798.
  22. ^ Sanei, Hamed; Rudra, Arka; Przyswitt, Zia Møller Moltesen; Kousted, Sofie; Sindlev, Marco Benkhettab; Zheng, Xiaowei; Nielsen, Søren Bom; Petersen, Henrik Ingermann (2024-01-05). "Assessing biochar's permanence: An inertinite benchmark". International Journal of Coal Geology. 281: 104409. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2023.104409. ISSN 0166-5162.
  23. ^ Sanei, Hamed; Rudra, Arka; Przyswitt, Zia Møller Moltesen; Kousted, Sofie; Sindlev, Marco Benkhettab; Zheng, Xiaowei; Nielsen, Søren Bom; Petersen, Henrik Ingermann (2023-12-09). "Assessing biochar's permanence: An inertinite benchmark". International Journal of Coal Geology. 281: 104409. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2023.104409. ISSN 0166-5162.
  24. ^ Sanei, Hamed; Petersen, Henrik Ingermann (2023-02-22). Carbon permanence of biochar; a lesson learned from the geologically preserved charcoal in carbonaceous rocks (Report). Copernicus Meetings.
  25. ^ Petersen, H. I.; Lassen, L.; Rudra, A.; Nguyen, L. X.; Do, P. T. M.; Sanei, H. (2023-04-04). "Carbon stability and morphotype composition of biochars from feedstocks in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam". International Journal of Coal Geology. 271: 104233. Bibcode:2023IJCG..27104233P. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2023.104233. ISSN 0166-5162.
  26. ^ Zimmerman, Andrew; Gao, Bin (2013-02-21), "The Stability of Biochar in the Environment", Biochar and Soil Biota, CRC Press, pp. 1–40, doi:10.1201/b14585-2 (inactive 2024-11-11), ISBN 9781466576483{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  27. ^ Schmidt, Hans-Peter; Anca-Couce, Andrés; Hagemann, Nikolas; Werner, Constanze; Gerten, Dieter; Lucht, Wolfgang; Kammann, Claudia (2018). "Pyrogenic carbon capture and storage". GCB Bioenergy. 11 (4): 573–591. Bibcode:2019GCBBi..11..573S. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12553. ISSN 1757-1707.
  28. ^ a b "Web of Science". www.webofscience.com. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
  29. ^ Gan, Xinli; Zhang, Wenli (February 25, 2016). "Application of biochar from crop straw in asphalt modification". PLOS ONE. 16 (2): e0247390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247390. PMC 7906466. PMID 33630886.
  30. ^ Adeniyi, Adewale George; Iwuozor, Kingsley O; Emenike, Ebuka Chizitere; Amoloye, Mubarak A; Aransiola, Emmanuel S; Motolani, Fawaz O; Kayode, Sodiq H (2023-03-01). "Prospects and problems in the development of biochar-filled plastic composites: a review". Functional Composites and Structures. 5 (1): 012002. Bibcode:2023FCS.....5a2002A. doi:10.1088/2631-6331/acb19b. ISSN 2631-6331.
  31. ^ Kane, Seth; Van Roijen, Elisabeth; Ryan, Cecily; Miller, Sabbie (2022-07-01). "Reducing the environmental impacts of plastics while increasing strength: Biochar fillers in biodegradable, recycled, and fossil-fuel derived plastics". Composites Part C: Open Access. 8: 100253. doi:10.1016/j.jcomc.2022.100253. ISSN 2666-6820.
  32. ^ Al-Rumaihi, Aisha; Alherbawi, Mohammad; Mckay, Gordon; Mackey, Hamish; Parthasarathy, Prakash; Al-Ansari, Tareq (2023-07-05). "Assessing plastic and biomass-based biochar's potential for carbon sequestration: an energy-water-environment approach". Frontiers in Sustainability. 4. doi:10.3389/frsus.2023.1200094. ISSN 2673-4524.
  33. ^ "Biochar carbon credits - Removing carbon from the atmosphere | GECA". GECA Environnement. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  34. ^ CDR.fyi (2023-01-04). "CDR.fyi 2022 Year in Review". CDR-fyi. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  35. ^ "How biochar emerged as an unexpected champion in the fight against the climate crisis". www.ceezer.earth. Retrieved 2023-09-26.
  36. ^ Salma, Alaa; Fryda, Lydia; Djelal, Hayet (February 2024). "Biochar: A Key Player in Carbon Credits and Climate Mitigation". Resources. 13 (2): 31. doi:10.3390/resources13020031. ISSN 2079-9276.
  37. ^ EBC (2023) Positive list of permissible biomasses for the production of biochar. production of biochar. https://www.european-biochar.org/media/doc/2/positive-list_en_v10_3.pdf.
  38. ^ "Understanding Biochar Carbon Credits". Wakefield BioChar. Retrieved 2024-11-12.
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