Proto-Abkhaz–Abaza language
Appearance
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Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza | |
---|---|
Proto-Abazgi | |
Reconstruction of | Abazgi languages |
Reconstructed ancestor |
Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza (or Proto-Abazgi) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Abkhaz and Abaza languages.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]The consonant system is reconstructed[citation needed] with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricates, and a two-way contrast in fricatives.
Below is the table of Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza Alphabet:
Proto | Abkhaz | Cyrillic | Abaza | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bzyb | Abzhui | Tapant | ||
*p | pʰ | Ԥ ԥ | p | |
*b | b | Б б | b | |
*pʼ | pʼ | П п | pʼ | |
*f | f | Ф ф | f | |
*w | w | У у | w | |
*m | m | М м | m | |
*t | t | Ҭ ҭ | t | |
*d | d | Д д | d | |
*tʼ | tʼ | Т т | tʼ | |
*r | r | Р р | r | |
*l | l | Л л | l | |
*n | n | Н н | n | |
*tʷ | tʷ | Ҭә ҭә | tʃʷ | |
*dʷ | dʷ | Дә дә | dʒʷ | |
*ts | tsʰ | Ц ц | ts | |
*dz | dz | Ӡ ӡ | dz | |
*tsʼ | tsʼ | Ҵ ҵ | tsʼ | |
*s | s | С с | s | |
*z | z | З з | z | |
*tś | tś | ts(~s) | Ц ц | ts(~s) |
*dź | dź | dz(~z) | Ӡ ӡ | dz(~z) |
*tśˀ | tśˀ | tsˀ | Ҵ ҵ | tsˀ |
*ś | ś | s | С с | s |
*ź | ź | z | З з | z |
*tśʰʷ | tśs˞ʰ | ʈʂʰ | tʃʰʷ | |
*dzʷ | dz˞ | ɖʐ | ʒʷ | |
*tsʷˀ | ts˞ˀ | ʈʂˀ | tʃʷˀ | |
*sʷ | s˞ | ʂ | ʃʷ | |
*zʷ | z˞ | ʐ | ʒʷ | |
*tʃ | tʃ | tʃ | ||
*dʒ | dʒ | dʒ | ||
*tʃˀ | tʃˀ | tʃˀ | ||
*ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | ||
*ʒ | ʒ | ʒ | ||
*tɕ | tɕ | tɕ | ||
*dʑ | dʑ | dʑ | ||
*tɕˀ | tɕˀ | tɕˀ | ||
*ɕ | ɕ | ɕ | ||
*ʑ | ʑ | ʑ | ||
*j | j | j | ||
*fʰVtsʰV | fʰ | tsʰ | ||
*dzVvV | v | dz | ||
*tsˀVfˀV | pˀ | fˀ | tsˀ | |
*ʃʷ | ʂ | ʃʷ | ||
*ʒʷ | ʐ | ʒʷ | ||
*k | k | k | ||
*ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | ||
*kˀ | kˀ | kˀ | ||
*χ | χ | χ | ||
*ʁ | ʁ | ʁ | ||
*kʲ | kʲ | kʲ | ||
*ɡʲ | ɡʲ | ɡʲ | ||
*kʲˀ | kʲˀ | kʲˀ | ||
*χʲ | χʲ | χʲ | ||
*ʁʲ | ʁʲ | ʁʲ | ||
*kʷ | kʷ | kʷ | ||
*ɡʷ | ɡʷ | ɡʷ | ||
*kʷˀ | kʷˀ | kʷˀ | ||
*χʷ | χʷ | χʷ | ||
*ʁʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ | ||
*qʰ | χˤ | χ | qʰ | |
*qˀ | qˀ | qˀ | ||
*qʲˀ | qʲˀ | qʲˀ | ||
*qʷ | χˤʷ | qʷ | ||
*qʷˀ | qʷˀ | qʷˀ | ||
*qˀ | qˀ | qˀ | ||
*ħ | ħ | ħ | ||
*ʕ | ɑɑ | ʕ | ||
*ħʷ | ħʷ | ħʷ | ||
*ʕʷ | ɥ | ʕʷ |
- In some Abaza dialects the velar consonants turned to uvular consonants.
The most noticeable changes are:
- The velar consonants become uvular consonants in Abkhaz languages.
Grammar
[edit]English | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz (Bzyb) | Abkhaz | Abaza |
---|---|---|---|---|
quail | ač́a | – | áč́a | ač́a |
word | azʷa | áža | áž̌a | ažʷa |
enemy | aɣa | – | a-ʁá | aʁa |
snake | matǝ | – | matǝ | á-mat |
cheese | ašʷǝ | áš̌ | áš̌ | ašʷǝ |
English | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz (Bzyb) | Abkhaz (Abzhui) | Abaza (Tapant) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | za-kʼə | a-kʼə | – | za-kʼə |
2 | ʕʷ-ba | ɥ-ba | – | ʕʷ-ba |
3 | χ-ba | χ-ba | – | χ-ba |
4 | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | – | pɕ-ba |
5 | χʷ-ba | xʷ-ba | χʷ-ba | χʷ-ba |
6 | – | f-ba | – | t͡s-ba |
7 | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | – | bəʑ-ba |
8 | aʕ-ba | aa-ba | – | aʕ-ba |
9 | *ʑʷ-ba | ʑʷ-ba | – | ʒʷ-ba |
10 | *ʑʷa-ba | ʑʷa-ba | – | ʒʷa-ba |
11 | – | ʑʷaj-za | – | ʒʷəj-z |
12 | – | ʑʷaj-ɥa | – | ʒʷə-ʕʷ |
13 | – | ʑʷa-xa | – | ʒʷa-χ |
14 | – | ʑʷaj-pɕ | – | ʒʷəj-pɕ |
15 | – | ʑʷa-xʷ | – | ʒʷə-χʷ |
16 | – | ʑʷa-f | – | ʒʷaj-t͡s |
17 | *ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ | ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ | – | ʒʷaj-bəʑ̩ |
18 | *ʑʷ-ʕ | ʑʷ-aa | – | ʒʷa-ʕ |
19 | *ʒʷaj-ʑʷ | ʒʷaj-ʑʷ | – | ʒʷaj-ʒʷ |
20 | *ʕʷa-ʑʷa | ɥa-ʑʷa | – | ʕʷa-ʒʷa |
100 | – | ɕʷ-kʼə | – | ʃʷ-kʼə |
1000 | z-kʲə | z-kʲə | – | z-kʲə |
See also
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Northwest Caucasian reconstructions
References
[edit]- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.