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Biological databases are stores of biological information.[1] The journal Nucleic Acids Research regularly publishes special issues on biological databases and has a list of such databases. The 2018 issue has a list of about 180 such databases and updates to previously described databases.[2] Omics Discovery Index can be used to browse and search several biological databases. Furthermore, the NIAID Data Ecosystem Discovery Portal developed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) enables searching across databases.

Meta databases

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Meta databases are databases of databases that collect data about data to generate new data. They are capable of merging information from different sources and making it available in a new and more convenient form, or with an emphasis on a particular disease or organism. Originally, metadata was only a common term referring simply to data about data such as tags, keywords, and markup headers.

Model organism databases

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Model organism databases provide in-depth biological data for intensively studied organisms.

Nucleic acid databases

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DNA databases

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For DNA barcoding databases with a taxonomic focus, see #Taxonomic databases.

The primary databases make up the International Nucleotide Sequence Database (INSD). The include:

DDBJ (Japan), GenBank (USA) and European Nucleotide Archive (Europe) are repositories for nucleotide sequence data from all organisms. All three accept nucleotide sequence submissions, and then exchange new and updated data on a daily basis to achieve optimal synchronisation between them. These three databases are primary databases, as they house original sequence data. They collaborate with Sequence Read Archive (SRA), which archives raw reads from high-throughput sequencing instruments.

Secondary databases are:[clarification needed]

  • 23andMe's database
  • HapMap
  • OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man): inherited diseases
  • RefSeq
  • 1000 Genomes Project: launched in January 2008. The genomes of more than a thousand anonymous participants from a number of different ethnic groups were analyzed and made publicly available.
  • EggNOG Database: a hierarchical, functionally and phylogenetically annotated orthology resource based on 5090 organisms and 2502 viruses. It provides multiple sequence alignments and maximum-likelihood trees, as well as broad functional annotation.[6][7]

Other databases

Gene expression databases

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Generic gene expression databases

Microarray gene expression databases

Genome databases

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These databases collect genome sequences, annotate and analyze them, and provide public access. Some add curation of experimental literature to improve computed annotations. These databases may hold many species genomes, or a single model organism genome.

Phenotype databases

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RNA databases

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For rRNA databases with a taxonomic focus, see #Taxonomic databases.

Amino acid / protein databases

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(See also: List of proteins in the human body)

Several publicly available data repositories and resources have been developed to support and manage protein related information, biological knowledge discovery and data-driven hypothesis generation.[15] The databases in the table below are selected from the databases listed in the Nucleic Acids Research (NAR) databases issues and database collection and the databases cross-referenced in the UniProtKB. Most of these databases are cross-referenced with UniProt / UniProtKB so that identifiers can be mapped to each other.[15]

Proteins in human:

There are about ~20,000 protein coding genes in the standard human genome. (Roughly ~1200 already have Wikipedia articles - the Gene Wiki - about them) if we are Including splice variants, there could be as many as 500,000 unique human proteins[16]

Different types of Protein databases

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See also: Protein structure database
DB name DB website Provider Data sources Revenue/Sponsors sources Integrates Desc. Size DB type Actively maintained
InterPro http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/ ELIXIR infrastructure European Bioinformatics Institute EMBL, The Welcome trust, BBSRC CATH-Gene3D, CDD, HAMAP, MobiDB, PANTHER, Pfam, SMART, SUPERFAMILY, SFLD, TIGRFAMs, classifies proteins into families and predicts the presence of domains and sites Protein sequence databases Yes
NextProt https://www.nextprot.org/ CALIPHO (is a group at the SIB) Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics https://www.sib.swiss/about/funding-sources UniProt, Cellosaurus, Gnomad, IntAct, SRAA Atlas, Uniprot - GOA, BGEE, COSMIC, MassIVE, Peptide atlas a human protein-centric knowledge resource Protein sequence databases Yes
Wiki-pi http://severus.dbmi.pitt.edu/wiki-pi/ Madhavi K. Ganapathiraju At present Wiki-Pi contains 48,419 unique interactions among 10,492 proteins. However it is not clear if this is unique proteins[13] Protein interaction Database ??
Human Protein Reference Database Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB), Bangalore, India One source claims 15000 [17] proteins. But it is unclear how many of these are unique
Pfam Sanger Institute protein families database of alignments and HMMs Protein sequence databases
Human Proteinpedia Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB), Bangalore and Johns Hopkins University, The human Proteinpedia is based on HPRD (Human protein reference database)which is a repository hosting over 30,000 human proteins. However it is unclear how many of these are unique proteins
Human Protein Atlas The Swedish Government It contains roughly 10 million IHC images of a bit less than 25,000 antibodies. But once again it is unclear how many of these are unique
PRINTS Manchester University a compendium of protein fingerprints Protein sequence databases
PROSITE database of protein families and domains Protein sequence databases
Protein Information Resource Georgetown University Medical Center [GUMC] Protein sequence databases
SUPERFAMILY library of HMMs representing superfamilies and database of (superfamily and family) annotations for all completely sequenced organisms Protein sequence databases
Swiss-Prot Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics protein knowledgebase Protein sequence databases
Protein Data Bank Protein DataBank in Europe (PDBe),[18] ProteinDatabank in Japan (PDBj),[19] Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB)[20] (PDB) Protein structure databases
Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) Protein structure databases
CATH database Protein structure databases
ModBase Sali Lab, UCSF database of comparative protein structure models Protein model databases
SIMAP database of protein similarities computed using FASTA Protein model databases
Swiss-model server and repository for protein structure models Protein model databases
AAindex database of amino acid indices, amino acid mutation matrices, and pair-wise contact potentials Protein model databases
BioGRID Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute general repository for interaction datasets Protein-protein and other molecular interactions
RNA-binding protein database Protein-protein and other molecular interactions
Database of Interacting Proteins Univ. of California Protein-protein and other molecular interactions
IntAct[21] EMBL-EBI open-source database for molecular interactions Protein-protein and other molecular interactions
String an open source molecular interaction database to study interactions between proteins Protein-protein and other molecular interactions
Human Protein Atlas Human Protein Atlas aims at mapping all the human proteins in cells, tissues and organs Protein expression databases
ProteinModelPortal Protein Model Portal of the PSI-Nature Structural Biology Knowledgebase ?? ?? 3D structure protein databases
SWISS-MODEL Repository Database of annotated 3D protein structure models University of Basel The Swiss government 3D structure protein databases
DisProt Database of Protein Disorder ELIXIR infrastructure Indiana University School of Medicine, Temple University, University of Padua funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Swiss Prot/Uni Prot, CATH, Pfam, Europe PMC, BITEM, ECO, Geneontology database of experimental evidences of disorder in proteins 3D structure protein databases, Protein sequence databases
MobiDB Database of intrinsically disordered and mobile proteins John Moult, Christine Orengo, Predrag Radivojac University of Padua Italian Government database of intrinsic protein disorder annotation 3D structure protein databases, Protein sequence databases
ModBase Database of Comparative Protein Structure Models Ursula Pieper, Ben Webb, Narayanan Eswar, Andrej Sali Roberto Sanchez UCSF, Sali Lab 3D structure protein databases
PDBsum Pictorial database of 3D structures in the Protein Data Bank European Bioinformatics Institute 2013 Wellcome Trust 3D structure protein databases
CCDS The Consensus CDS protein set database NCBI ?? Sequence databases
UniProtKB Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) ?? ?? Sequence databases
Swiss Prot/Uni Prot https://www.sib.swiss/swiss-prot and https://www.uniprot.org/ SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) Swiss-Prot has collected over 81 000 variants in roughly 13,000 human protein sequence records from peer-reviewed literature. It is unclear how many unique proteins types are present in the database.

Signal transduction pathway databases

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Metabolic pathway and protein function databases

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Taxonomic databases

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Main article: List of biodiversity databases

Numerous databases collect information about species and other taxonomic categories. The Catalogue of Life is a special case as it is a meta-database of about 150 specialized "global species databases" (GSDs) that have collected the names and other information on (almost) all described and thus "known" species.

  • BacDive: bacterial metadatabase that provides strain-linked information about bacterial and archaeal biodiversity, including taxonomy information
  • Catalogue of Life: a meta-database of all species on earth
  • EzTaxon-e: database for the identification of prokaryotes based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences
  • NCBI Taxonomy: a taxonomic database operated by NCBI and concentrating on all taxa for which DNA sequences are available (those sequences are stored by GenBank, another database operated by NCBI).

Image databases

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Images play a critical role in biomedicine, ranging from images of anthropological specimens to zoology. However, there are relatively few databases dedicated to image collection, although some projects such as iNaturalist collect photos as a main part of their data. A special case of "images" are 3-dimensional images such as protein structures or 3D-reconstructions of anatomical structures. Image databases include, among others:[22]

Radiologic databases

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Additional databases

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Exosomal databases

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  • ExoCarta
  • Extracellular RNA Atlas: a repository of small RNA-seq and qPCR-derived exRNA profiles from human and mouse biofluids

Mathematical model databases

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Databases on antimicrobial resistance rates and antibiotic consumption

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Databases on antimicrobial resistance mechanisms

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Wiki-style databases

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Specialized databases

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References

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  2. ^ "Volume 46 Issue D1 | Nucleic Acids Research | Oxford Academic". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
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  8. ^ ArrayExpress
  9. ^ GEO
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  14. ^ "IRESbase".
  15. ^ a b Chen C, Huang H, Wu CH (2017). "Protein Bioinformatics Databases and Resources". In Wu CH, Arighi CN, Ross KE (eds.). Protein Bioinformatics. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1558. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 3–39. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6783-4_1. ISBN 978-1-4939-6781-0. PMC 5506686. PMID 28150231.
  16. ^ Karnkowska, Anna; Treitli, Sebastian C.; Brzoň, Ondřej; Novák, Lukáš; Vacek, Vojtěch; Soukal, Petr; Barlow, Lael D.; Herman, Emily K.; Pipaliya, Shweta V.; Pánek, Tomáš; Žihala, David; Petrželková, Romana; Butenko, Anzhelika; Eme, Laura; Stairs, Courtney W.; Roger, Andrew J.; Eliáš, Marek; Dacks, Joel B.; Hampl, Vladimír (2019). "The Oxymonad Genome Displays Canonical Eukaryotic Complexity in the Absence of a Mitochondrion". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (10): 2292–2312. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz147. PMC 6759080. PMID 31387118.
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  19. ^ Kinjo AR, Bekker GJ, Suzuki H, Tsuchiya Y, Kawabata T, Ikegawa Y, Nakamura H (January 2017). "Protein Data Bank Japan (PDBj): updated user interfaces, resource description framework, analysis tools for large structures". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D282–D288. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw962. PMC 5210648. PMID 27789697.
  20. ^ Rose PW, Prlić A, Altunkaya A, Bi C, Bradley AR, Christie CH, et al. (January 2017). "The RCSB protein data bank: integrative view of protein, gene and 3D structural information". Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D271–D281. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1000. PMC 5210513. PMID 27794042.
  21. ^ Hermjakob H, Montecchi-Palazzi L, Lewington C, Mudali S, Kerrien S, Orchard S, et al. (January 2004). "IntAct: an open source molecular interaction database". Nucleic Acids Research. 32 (Database issue): D452-5. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh052. PMC 308786. PMID 14681455.
  22. ^ a b Ellenberg J, Swedlow JR, Barlow M, Cook CE, Sarkans U, Patwardhan A, et al. (November 2018). "A call for public archives for biological image data". Nature Methods. 15 (11): 849–854. doi:10.1038/s41592-018-0195-8. PMC 6884425. PMID 30377375.
  23. ^ Tendler BC, Hanayik T, Ansorge O, Bangerter-Christensen S, Berns GS, Bertelsen MF, et al. (March 2022). "The Digital Brain Bank, an open access platform for post-mortem imaging datasets". eLife. 11: e73153. doi:10.7554/eLife.73153. PMC 9042233. PMID 35297760.
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  27. ^ Hounkpe BW, Chenou F, de Lima F, De Paula EV (January 2021). "HRT Atlas v1.0 database: redefining human and mouse housekeeping genes and candidate reference transcripts by mining massive RNA-seq datasets". Nucleic Acids Research. 49 (D1): D947–D955. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa609. PMC 7778946. PMID 32663312.
  28. ^ (IHEC) data portal
  29. ^ CEEHRC
  30. ^ Blueprint
  31. ^ EGA
  32. ^ DEEP
  33. ^ CREST
  34. ^ "Sharing epigenomes globally". Nature Methods. 15 (3): 151. 2018. doi:10.1038/nmeth.4630. ISSN 1548-7105.
  35. ^ Valverde H, Cantón FR, Aledo JC (November 2019). "MetOSite: an integrated resource for the study of methionine residues sulfoxidation". Bioinformatics. 35 (22): 4849–4850. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz462. PMC 6853639. PMID 31197322.
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