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Justice Party (South Korea)

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Not to be confused with Democratic Justice Party.

Justice Party
정의당
LeaderKwon Young-guk
Secretary-GeneralNa Soon-ja
Chair of the Policy Planning CommitteeKim Yong-shin
Founded21 October 2012 (2012-10-21)
Merger of
  • Alliance of Labor Politics
  • Labor Party (factions)
  • People's Congress (factions)
Split fromUnified Progressive Party
(old-NPP and PP factions)[1][2]
Headquarters7, Gukhoe-daero 70-, Yeongdeungpo District, Seoul
Youth wingYouth Justice Party
Membership (2020)53,080[3]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left to left-wing
Regional affiliationNetwork of Social Democracy in Asia[6]
International affiliationProgressive Alliance (observer)[7][8]
Colours
  •   Yellow
    Historical:
      Green[b]
SloganLabour's Hope, Citizen's Dream
(노동의 희망, 시민의 꿈)
National Assembly
0 / 300
Metropolitan mayor and Gubernatorial
0 / 17
Municipal Mayors
0 / 226
Provincial and Metropolitan Councillors
2 / 872
Municipal Councillors
7 / 2,988
Party flag
Website
www.justice21.org Edit this at Wikidata
Justice Party
Hangul
정의당
Hanja
Revised RomanizationJeonguidang
McCune–ReischauerChŏngŭidang
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Headquarters and Seoul bureau of Justice Party (pictured in 2018)
Roh Hoe-chan (left) and Kang Gi-gap (right) at Sim Sang-jung's campaign rally on 7 May during the presidential election in 2017

The Justice Party (Korean: 정의당; JP) is a centre-left[16] to left-wing[17][18][19] political party in South Korea. It has been described as liberal[25] and progressive.[26][27][28] It was founded on 21 October 2012 when the former New Progressive Party faction, former People's Participation Party faction, and moderates in the Unified Progressive Party split from the Unified Progressive Party. The Justice Party now takes a more moderate stance than the United Progressive Party or the Democratic Labor Party in the past.[29] The Justice Party temporarily changed its name to, "Green-Justice Party" (녹색정의당) on 30 January 2024 in an electoral pact with the Green Party Korea for the 2024 South Korean legislative election. On 27 April 2024, the party reverted back to its original name.[30]

History

[edit]
First logo of the Justice Party, used from 2013 to 2014

The Progressive Justice Party changed its name to the Justice Party at the second party congress on 16 July 2013.[31] At the fourth party congress on 22 November 2015, the party officially merged with the extra-parliamentary groups: Preparatory Committee for the People's Party (2015), Labor Politics Coalition (노동정치연대), Members of Labor Party, after motions to merge the party with the Justice Party failed.

After the merger, Na Gyung-che, Ex-leader of the Labor Party, and Kim Se-kyun, leader of Preparatory Committee for the People's Party, were elevated to co-leadership roles, while Sim Sang-jung remained as a standing party leader.[32] Kim Se-kyun stepped down from the co-leadership role in September 2016.

In the legislative election held in April 2016, the party increased its seat total by one with the election of Roh Hoe-chan to the Seongsan constituency in the city of Changwon. The party polled 7.2% in the party list ballot, returning a total of six legislators to the National Assembly.

In the 2017 election, Sim Sang-jung ran as the party's nominee after winning the party primary. Sim was endorsed by Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU) and ran a campaign focused on labor[33] and social issues. Sim received media attention for being the only candidate arguing in favor of marriage equality during the debate.[34] Sim won 6.2% of the vote, making her the most successful left-wing presidential candidate since the democratization of the country in 1987.

In July 2017, with Sim's two-year leadership term coming to an end, the party elected sitting National Assembly member Lee Jeong-mi as the new leader over Park Won-suk by 56 to 44.[35]

On 31 March 2018, the party confirmed its decision to form a parliamentary group with Party for Democracy and Peace, under the name of Members group of Peace and Justice. The parliamentary group will be officially registered on 2 April.[36] The incumbent floor leader of the party, Roh Hoe-chan was chosen to head the parliamentary group in the National Assembly. Roh Hoe-chan's abrupt passing on 23 July 2018 resulted in the automatic dissolution of the parliamentary group. Roh's death was widely mourned, attracting thousands of mourners and tributes across the South Korean political spectrum.[37] The party retained Roh's Changwon seat, beating Liberty Korea challenger in the by-election held on 13 April 2019.

In July 2019, the party elected Sim Sang-jung as the new leader. It is her second non-consecutive term as the party's leader.[38]

Ahead of the Republic of Korea's 2022 South Korean presidential election, Rep. Sim Sang-jung was elected as a candidate and ran, and came in 3rd with 2.37% of the vote. After losing the 2022 South Korean local elections, the number of seats was significantly reduced, winning fewer seats than the Progressive Party.

A vote was cast in favor of the motion for the arrest of Representative Lee Jae-myung held at the National Assembly. Moderate groups within the party, represented by "New Progress" and others, criticized the party's vote for the arrest motion, saying it viewed the prosecution's repression as too weak.[39]

In January 2024, the Justice Party formed an electoral coalition with the Green Party Korea for the 2024 South Korean legislative election.[30] The coalition ran under the name "Green Justice Party" for the election,[30] but did not win any seats.

Political position

[edit]

The Justice Party's political position is mainly referred to as centre-left.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] However, in South Korea's conservative political structure,[40] it is also called left-wing.[41][42][43] In the South Korean political landscape, where the liberal Democratic Party (DPK) and the conservative People Power Party compete, JP is perceived as very radical. Candidates from both parties evaluated Justice Party candidate Sim Sang-jung as a radical,[44] though some experts in South Korea have also evaluated the Justice Party as closer to the moderate[45] than centre-left like social democratic parties in Europe. Also, some researchers have evaluated the JP as being centrist in German political standards.[46] Recently, certain members of the party affiliated with the centrist faction "The Third Power" (세 번째 권력) have gone as far to announce that the party should discard its progressive identity, stressing the need to redefine the party's ideology and represent the voice of people that support non-leftist ideologies.[47]

The Justice Party officially advocates social democracy (사회민주주의) and liberalism (자유주의). The party symbol is derived from the first letter L of "Labor" (노동) and "Liberty" (자유).[48] JP rejects social conservatism and takes a socially progressive stance on LGBT rights issues.[49][21] JP has a prominent cultural liberal tendency, and is also considered a "social-liberal" party compared to the DPK, which is relatively "conservative-liberal" compared to the JP.[50] Major JP politicians, including Jang Hye-young, criticize the DPK,[51] but have a fairly favorable view of the U.S. Democratic Party style of modern liberalism and Joe Biden.[52]

JP values fiscal responsibility and advocates tax increases for the creation of a welfare state. JP also opposes basic income. However, they are active in the area of labor rights, where left-liberal populists in the DPK are generally less interested.[53][54]

The Justice Party, like historical social-democratic to progressive parties or the liberal Uri Party in the past, advocates the abolition of the National Security Law.[55]

Ideology

[edit]

Economy

[edit]

The party calls for structural change of the Korean economy through change to the current chaebol-dominated economic system, democratic control of capitalistic excess through the implementation of economic democracy, and public ownership of basic utilities.[56] The party is pursuing an alternative form of economic system in which basic standards of living are provided for everyone, equally. Where public ownership or the market economy are inefficient, the party advocates a social economy, including cooperatives, and further increasing the power levels of the social economy to that traditionally held by the market.[56] The party also calls for the protection and increase of labor rights, and they promote unionization in the workplace, in order to equalize the power balance between capitalists and workers.[56] The party advocates for the creation of a welfare state, drastically increasing funding in the public sector, providing universal welfare services such as childcare, education, employment, housing, healthcare, and post-retirement life. The party will fund these programs through increased taxation based on redistributive fiscal policy.[56]

Environment

[edit]

The party calls for an end to unrestricted development, pursuing sustainable development and climate justice.[57] It is also in favor of animal welfare. It argues in favor of developing renewable energy, with an aim of doing away with oil and coal altogether. The party is against nuclear energy as an alternative, and advocates closing down old nuclear power plants and ceasing further construction of the plants.[56]

Social issues

[edit]

The party is the most socially progressive mainstream party in Korea calling for the eradication of all forms of discrimination, advocating increased participation of the minorities in the political sphere. It further advocates pursuing gender equality in the workplace and preserving women's right to choose to have an abortion. The party stands strongly against any form of oppression based on one's sexuality or gender identity. It calls for legislation cracking down on hate crimes to protect the human rights of minorities. It also acknowledges diverse family structures without any discrimination.[56] The party also fields LGBT candidates in elections and its members have been the only politicians to be completely open in their support of LGBT rights such as same-sex marriage.[citation needed]

JP most actively supports multiculturalism and anti-racism among major political parties in South Korea. JP criticizes China and Japan's hegemonic moves, but opposes hate speech against Chinese people and Japanese people. The progressive Sim Sang-jung stated, "I will not use anti-American, anti-Chinese and anti-Japanese sentiment in politics" in the 2022 South Korean presidential election.[58]

Foreign relations

[edit]

In the midst of the conflict between the United States and China for regional hegemony and Japanese attempts at rearmament, the party believes peace in the Korean peninsula is a paramount issue. The party rejects any form of hegemony from both sides and refuses to take a side on the issue.[citation needed]

However, JP is much more critical of China than the United States. Representatively, there is an online dialogue with Ryu Ho-jeong and Joshua Wong in 2019, and in the same year, JP officially supported the Hong Kong democracy movement in 2019 at the party level. At the time, the main opposition LKP and the ruling DPK did not reveal the party's position in Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement, fearing excessive friction with China.[59][60]

On the other hand, unlike JP's strong criticism of China, the level of criticism of the United States is weak and rather friendly. According to 2023 statistics, Justice Party supporters are more friendly to strengthening their alliance with the United States than Democratic Party of Korea supporters.[61]

The reason why JP officially supports neutrality in the U.S.-China conflict is more related to anti-Japanese sentiment within the South Korean liberal camp than to sentiment toward the United States. JP opposes the "U.S.-led United States, Japan, and South Korea Triangle Alliance" (한미일 삼각 동맹). JP is also absolutely opposed to the entry of Japan's Self-Defense Forces into the Korean peninsula when a war breaks out on the Korean Peninsula.[62]

Jang Hye-young, the party's main politician, is actively expressing her pro-American diplomatic and cultural views.[52][63] She also participated in a project funded by the National Democratic Institute in the United States.[64]

JP criticizes the ultra-nationalist project led by the Japanese conservative government, but, unlike DPK, opposes excessive use of anti-Japanese sentiment in economics and diplomacy.[65] JP opposed DPK's anti-Japan diplomacy and PPP's anti-communist (anti-Nouth Korea) diplomacy.[66] However, JP is more sensitive to racism against Japanese people living in South Korea than DPK because it values political correctness, while diplomatically, it is more hawkish about Japan than DPK, which is also related to political correctness. For example, JP claims the 2015 Japan-South Korea Comfort Women Agreement as invalid, and JP criticized Moon Jae-in for saying the agreement was not invalid.[67]

The Justice Party does not oppose Russian sanctions regarding the Russian invasion of Ukraine, but is opposed to supplying lethal aid to Ukraine.[68][69]

North Korea

[edit]

The Justice Party insists that diplomacy with North Korea should be approached with the values of universal human rights rather than an unconditional appeasement approach.[citation needed]

On 28 September 2020, Justice Party leader Sim Sang-jung expressed a critical view of the Democratic Party's conciliatory policy toward North Korea based on Korean nationalism, saying, "Some of the ruling party prioritize inter-Korean relations over the lives of our people, and this must be corrected." This critical view of North Korea, in particular, has deepened since 2020 due to conflicts with the ruling Democratic Party.[70][71]

United States

[edit]

On 5 June 2023, members of the Green Party of the United States, including 2020 presidential candidate Howie Hawkins, visited the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea to meet with Justice Party members of parliament Bae Jin-gyo and Sim Sang-jung. At the meeting, the Green Party of the United States and the Justice Party committed to an international effort to oppose the discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant by the Government of Japan. International Co-Chair of the Green Party US, Austin Bashore, also criticized the government of Seoul for banning the 2023 Korea Queer Culture Festival and asked the Korean government to respect the rights of racial minorities and immigrants to Korea.[72]

Factions

[edit]

According to the Hankyoreh, there are four major divisions within the Justice Party. Opinion groups are broadly divided into four groups. 'Incheon Union', 'Together Seoul', 'New Progress', 'Transformation'.[73]

Non-DPK/social-democratic "liberals" such as Sim Sang-jung, Jang Hye-young and Ryu Ho-jeong form the mainstream of the party, and their individual opinion group character is not clear.[74] These are alternative liberals, but they are quite critical of the liberal Democratic Party of Korea (DPK). In the past, Roh Hoe-chan was also a liberal belonging to the mainstream of the Justice Party before he died of suicide in 2018.[75]

The mainstream of the party has socio-cultural liberal/progressive tendencies, suggesting a differentiated identity from the DPK, but at the same time support moderate economic policies. Some labor activists in the party criticize the party's mainstream for "labor centrality missing" (노동중심성 실종). In response, the mainstream of the party expresses the view that the socio-cultural liberal/progressive values are not contrary to labor politics.[76]

Transformation

[edit]

"Transformation" (전환) is a left-wing political group within the Justice Party. The group was formed in 2021, and it is the largest leftist organization in the party. Transformation was created through the integration of the party's former leftist groups, 'Network for Equal Society', 'Labour Political Solidarity', 'Democratic Socialists' and 'Momentum'. It supports progressivism and democratic socialism. Members include Yang Gyeong-gyu [ko], former first vice-representative of the Democratic Labor Party, and Kim Yun-gi, former vice-representative of the Justice Party.[77]

Inaugural Remarks at the "Transformation" Launch Ceremony on August 21, 2022[citation needed]

"The second act of progressive politics must start based on a clear ideology and route," he said. "We cannot compromise with the vested interests of the 6th Republic - the capitalist order," he said. "Democratic Socialism" to achieve socialist ideals democratically and "Ecological Socialism" to realize climate justice to burn capitalism instead of coal will move forward to establish a new society."

— Inaugural Statement of Transition[78]

Transformation is emphasizing solidarity with other left-wing parties such as the Progressive Party and the Green Party, saying that "Homework is solidarity with the progressive left" about the general election.[citation needed]

Participatory

[edit]

The "Participatory" group (참여계) is a pro-DPK "liberals" of the Justice Party. It is called the Participation Party because it is a faction in which members of the former Participation Party party become the mainstream. As a set of moderate members of the party, it shows a pro-Roh Moo-hyun tendency.[79]

Most of these participants belong to an opinion group called "New Progress" (새로운 진보). This faction evaluated that the decline in the Justice Party's support was due to the ambivalence criticizing both the Democratic Party and the People Power Party, and he pointed out that the Justice Party represented too much of feminist interests instead of those of"'workers and citizens". They also called for the resignation of proportional representation members and the retirement of Sim Sang-jung from politics. They also demanded the abolition of youth and female quotas to fully reflect the will of party members.[80]

After the local elections, New Progress said in a statement on 7 June 2022.[81]

This is because he was disappointed with the Justice Party first before being disappointed with the Democratic Party. The current address of the Justice Party is the perception that it is not a 'party for workers and citizens' but a 'party with unlikable intellectual feminism'.

— Statement from the new progressive Facebook[82]

The New Progress faction voted in favor of the motion to arrest Lee Jae-myung in 2023, saying that the party seems to be taking a position closer to the People Power Party rather than the Democratic Party of Korea, and criticized it. Although belonging to this faction, there are many people who have left the Justice Party due to dissatisfaction with the Justice Party's line.[citation needed]

"New Progress" said the following in a statement related to the chaepo (arrest) motion.[citation needed]

"In this position of the Justice Party leadership (voting in favor of the motion for arrest according to the party's theory of abolishing the privilege of non-arrest), there is no awareness of the problem of the Prosecution Republic's arbitrary abuse of the right to investigate and prosecute, and there is no consideration for the people's concerns about it. It would be the Justice Party's position to go out and be investigated if you are confident and innocent. However, the response to the Yoon Seok-yeol government's investigation into political elimination, which is moving toward a prosecution republic, cannot be 'live kindly'.

— A statement issued on February 13 related to Saejinbo's 'capture motion'[83]

On 6 June 2023, 60 members of New Progressive left the Party with the intention of forming their own political party. In the defections included spokeswoman Whi Seon-hee, former spokesperson Jeong Ho-jin, Gangwon-do chairperson Song Chi-young, former Party Vice-Chair Jeong hye-hyeon, former Gangwon-do party chairperson Lim Seong-dae, and Chungbuk-do chairperson Lee Hyeon-rim. Former Justice Party leader Cheon Ho-seon, who left the party in late 2022, also announced their intention to join the new Party.[84]

 • Incheon Union/Together Seoul

The "Incheon Union" (인천연합) is mentioned as the largest faction within the party. Former party leader Lee Jeong-mi and National Assembly member Bae Jin-gyo [ko] are representative figures. These are culturally liberal/progressives and their economical policies are non-radical social democracy, but they diplomatically support anti-imperialism and nationalism.[85]

The 'Together Seoul' is a faction that has separated from the Incheon Union due to the differences of political position. Together Seoul group considered more radical on the cultural and diplomatic policies than the Incheon Union.

Leadership

[edit]

Leaders

[edit]
  1. Roh Hoe-chan, Jo Jun-ho (co-serving; 21 October 2012 – 21 July 2013)
  2. Cheon Ho-sun (21 July 2013 – 18 July 2015)
  3. Sim Sang-jung (18 July 2015 – 11 July 2017)
    • Kim Se-kyun (co-serving; 22 November 2015 – 30 September 2016)
    • Na Gyung-che (co-serving; 22 November 2015 – 11 July 2017)
  4. Lee Jeong-mi (11 July 2017 – 13 July 2019)
  5. Sim Sang-jung (13 July 2019 – 12 October 2020)
  6. Kim Jong Chul (12 October 2020 – 25 January 2021)[86]
  7. Kim Yun-ki (25 January 2021 – 29 January 2021) (Interim)[87]
  8. Kang Eun-mi (29 January 2021 – 23 March 2021) (Interim)[88]
  9. Yeo Yeong-gug (23 March 2021 – 2 June 2022)
  10. Lee Eun-ju (2 June 2022 – 28 October 2022) (Interim)
  11. Lee Jeong-mi (28 October 2022 – 6 November 2023)
  12. Kim Jun-woo (15 November 2023 – 30 January 2024) (Interim)
  13. Kim Jun-woo, Kim Chan-hwi (co-serving; 30 January 2024 – 27 May 2024)
  14. Kwon Young-guk (28 May 2024 – present)

Floor leaders

[edit]
  1. Kang Dong-won (21 October 2012 – 2 May 2013)
  2. Sim Sang-jung (13 July 2013 – 9 June 2015)
  3. Jeong Jin-hoo (9 June 2015 – 29 May 2016)
  4. Roh Hoe-chan (30 May 2016 – 23 July 2018)
  5. Yoon So-ha (23 July 2018 – 29 May 2020)[89]
  6. Bae Jin-gyo (30 May 2020 – 1 September 2020)
  7. Kang Eun-mi (9 September 2020 – 3 May 2021)
  8. Bae Jin-gyo (4 May 2021 – 4 May 2022)
  9. Lee Eun-ju (4 May 2022 – 9 May 2023)
  10. Bae Jin-gyo (9 May 2023 – 14 February 2024)
  11. Sim Sang-jung (20 February 2024 – 11 April 2024)
  12. Jang Hye-young (11 April 2024 – 29 May 2024)

Election results

[edit]

President

[edit]
Election Candidate Votes % Result
2017 Sim Sang-jung 2,017,458 6.17 Not elected
2022 803,358 2.38

Legislature

[edit]
Election Leader Constituency Party list Seats Position Status
Votes % Votes %
2016 Sim Sang-jung 395,357 1.65 1,719,891 7.24
6 / 300
 4th Opposition
2020 492,100 1.71 2,697,956 9.67
6 / 300
 3rd
2024 Kim Jun-woo

Kim Chan-hwi

107,029 0.37 609,313 2.15
0 / 300
 Extra-parliamentary

Local

[edit]
Election Leader Metropolitan mayor/Governor Provincial legislature Municipal mayor Municipal legislature
2014 Cheon Ho-sun
0 / 17
0 / 789
0 / 226
11 / 2,898
2018 Lee Jeong-mi
0 / 17
11 / 824
0 / 226
26 / 2,927
2022 Yeo Yeong-gug
0 / 17
2 / 824
0 / 226
7 / 2,927

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ JP officially claims to be a social democratic party, although its political position in South Korean politics is complicated. Some politicians argued that JP is "fiscally conservative" (재정 보수주의) and anti-populist in a relative sense compared to social-liberal populists, such as Lee Jae-myung.[4] JP is considered a more progressive party (진보정당) than the historical line of South Korean liberal parties because it takes a much more leftist stance on subjects such as labor rights, minority rights, and political reform.[5]
  2. ^ as Green Justice Party

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 결국 두 쪽으로 갈라서는 진보당… 新당권파 "신당 창당할 것". The Chosun Ilbo. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  2. ^ 통합진보당 탈당 러시 시작, 노회찬 심상정 유시민 내일 탈당. 레디앙 (Redian). 12 September 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  3. ^ 자료공간 | 선거/법규/정당 | 자료공간 | 중앙선거관리위원회. www.nec.go.kr. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  4. ^ 주호영 "野, 무책임한 선심성 정책 남발…정의당도 포퓰리즘 비판". 22 September 2022.
  5. ^ '노란봉투법'에 진보정당 명운 건 정의당…"'옐로 윈터' 만들겠다". 15 September 2022.
  6. ^ "About".
  7. ^ "List of Participants - Denpasar Seminar, 19-20 September 2016 - Progressive Alliance". 22 September 2016.
  8. ^ "List of Participants - Conference in Ulaanbaatar, 25–26 May 2017 - Progressive Alliance". 18 May 2017.
  9. ^ a b "Minor opposition party picks Rep. Shim Sang-jung as new chief". Yonhap News Agency. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2020. Shim's victory comes as the center-left progressive party, with just five lawmakers
  10. ^ a b "KOREA'S 'INCEL PRESIDENT' IS FAR FROM ALONE". MEL Magazine. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2022. There's also the fact that Sim Sang-jung of the center-left Justice Party,
  11. ^ a b Petricic, Saša (24 September 2017). "The 'frightened dog' and the 'rocket man': Trump-Kim war of words causes rising tensions". CBC News. CBC. Retrieved 27 January 2018. "These are extreme comments that make the situation worse," says Kim Jong Dae, who belongs to the centre-left Justice Party, and is a member of South Korea's National Assembly and its national defence committee.
  12. ^ a b Sanghun Lee (9 July 2020). "The substance of a Korean Green New Deal is still being defined". Eco Business. During South Korea's parliamentary election in mid-April, which was the world's first national election amid the pandemic, the ruling centrist Democratic Party of Korea (DPK), the centre-right Party for People's Livelihoods (PPL), the centre-left Justice Party (JP) and the left Green Party Korea (GPK) all made pledges around a "Green New Deal"
  13. ^ a b "The political framework of South korea". Import–Export Solutions. Nordea. 2019. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020.
  14. ^ a b Lansford, Tom (25 April 2017). Political Handbook of the World 2016-2017. CQ Press. p. 827. ISBN 9781506327150.
  15. ^ a b "South Korea: Economic and Political Overview". Nordea Trade. Nordea. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  16. ^ [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
  17. ^ Julia Hollingsworth; Gawon Bae; Jake Kwon (7 August 2020). "A South Korean lawmaker has come under fire for her outfit. Her offense? She wore a dress". CNN. Ryu is a member of the left-wing minority Justice Party, which said that she had been attacked by vitriolic, sexist comments.
  18. ^ Hyung-A Kim (22 December 2022). "S Korea presidential poll: Choosing the lesser of two evils". Aljazeera. Third-party candidates to the presidency, such as Sim Sang-jeung of the left-wing Justice Party and Ahn Cheol-soo of the centrist People's Party, do not have nearly enough support to clinch the top role.
  19. ^ Editorial Board, ANU (7 March 2022). "South Korea's populist turn". East Asia Forum. With Sim Sang-jung of the small opposition leftist Justice Party unable to gain traction, the four-way contest has now been stripped down to two.
  20. ^ Salmon, Andrew; Shin, Mitch (29 July 2020). "Why South Koreans kill themselves". Asia Times. Retrieved 10 March 2022. And politician Roh Hoe-chan, 61, the founder of the liberal Justice Party and known as "Mr Clean" killed himself while facing investigations into an illegal fund-raising scandal in 2018.
  21. ^ a b "This South Korean Pastor 'Blessed' a Queer Festival. He's Now Being Investigated". Vice. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2021. The minor liberal Justice Party is now on its seventh attempt to pass the bill in the National Assembly. Previous attempts failed as conservative Christian groups have been lobbying against it since 2007. Lee believes that the bill's passing is long overdue.
  22. ^ He-rim, Jo (8 December 2021). "[Election 2022] Lee narrows gap with Yoon in poll". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 10 March 2022. In the same survey, Ahn Cheol-soo, the presidential candidate from the minor opposition People's Party and Sim Sang-jung from the liberal Justice Party followed in the list with 3.8 percent and 3.2 percent support, respectively.
  23. ^ "Ahn is by far the richest presidential candidate". The Korea Times. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022. Sim Sang-jeung of the minor liberal Justice Party reported the smallest amount at 1.41 billion won.
  24. ^ Ramon Pacheco Pardo, ed. (2022). Shrimp to Whale: South Korea from the Forgotten War to K-Pop. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197674543. In addition, the minor liberal Justice Party proposed an antidiscrimination bill in July.
  25. ^ [20][21][22][23][24]
  26. ^ "Hanwha Total's chemical leak affects 650 people in South Korea". The Straits Times. 21 May 2019. Minor progressive Justice Party leader Lee Jeong-mi said the company's decision to assign workers unfamiliar with the task to replace those who are on strike was the root cause of the leaks.
  27. ^ Dong-hwan, Ko (27 January 2022). "[INTERVIEW] 'I will end the era of super-presidents:' Sim Sang-jung". The Korea Times. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  28. ^ "Lee, Sim express disapproval of 2015 comfort women deal: group". The Korea Herald. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022. Lee of the liberal Democratic Party and Sim of the progressive Justice Party stated their positions in response to questions sent last month by the group, which includes the Korean Council for Justice and Remembrance for the Issues of Military Sexual Slavery by Japan.
  29. ^ "불평등에 맞서지 않았던 정의당, 의석 늘리려는 욕심쟁이 당으로 비쳐". 27 August 2022.
  30. ^ a b c 김, 윤나영 (14 January 2024). 정의당, '녹색정의당' 당명 개정 추진···총선 독자노선. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  31. ^ 제2차 당대회(혁신당대회) 회의자료 및 결과. Justice Party (in Korean).
  32. ^ 진보 4개 정당·단체 통합 '정의당' 출범. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 22 November 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  33. ^ 심상정, '개혁ㆍ노동 대통령' 강조. Naver (in Korean). 해럴드경제. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  34. ^ 심상정이 꼽은 기억에 남는 순간 'TV토론 성소수자 1분 찬스 발언'. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  35. ^ 이정미 정의당 당대표 당선... '포스트 노-심 시대' 시작. Naver (in Korean). OhmyNews. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  36. ^ 정의당, 오늘 사상 첫 국회교섭단체 된다…전국위 최종 승인. News1 (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  37. ^ "회찬이형! 잘 가시오!" 노회찬 가는 길 끝까지 함께한 2천여 시민들 (in Korean). OhmyNews. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  38. ^ 돌아온 심상정 대표 "한국당 퇴출시킨다". OhMyNews (in Korean). 13 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  39. ^ 정의당의 자리, 내년 총선에도 있을까. 4 March 2023.
  40. ^ "[알고보니] 한국은 어쩌다 '갈등공화국'이 되었나 (인터뷰)". 20 March 2022.
  41. ^ Jun-tae, Ko (10 March 2022). "Justice Party candidate accepts outcome, vows to work for change". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 10 March 2022. Rep. Sim Sang-jung, the presidential candidate for the minor left-wing Justice Party, said she and her party accepted the outcome of the 20th presidential election as her share of the vote stood at 2.24 percent with 59 percent of votes counted.
  42. ^ "'Sexism exists': S.Korea feminist presidential candidate's lonely crusade". France 24. AFP. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  43. ^ "Political community shocked by Seoul mayor's death". The Korea Times. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2022. Releasing a brief statement, the minor left-wing Justice Party also expressed "bewilderment" as well as condolences over Park's death.
  44. ^ 심상정에 "시진핑 미소법", "좌파적" 아슬아슬한 이재명 발언. 24 February 2022.
  45. ^ Seokwon, Jeong; Lee, Hyeon-Woo (2020). "Changes in the Justice Party: Focus on Transition from Mass Party to Parliamentary Party". Journal of Future Politics. 10 (1): 123–154. doi:10.20973/jofp.2020.10.1.123.
  46. ^ 조성 (20 July 2018). 독일 정치 우리의 대 (in Korean). e지식의 날개. ISBN 9788920032370 – via Google Books.
  47. ^ ""'진보' 타이틀도 버릴 수 있다" 조성주가 이준석을 부른 이유". 2 May 2023.
  48. ^ 정의당.
  49. ^ "Moon to send orchids of congratulations to main opposition presidential candidate". The Korea Herald. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021. On Tuesday, Moon will send orchids of congratulations to Sim Sang-jeung, the candidate of the minor progressive Justice Party, Park said..
  50. ^ '더불어민주당 2중대'로서 정의당 [The Justice Party, which became the "second party of the Democratic Party of Korea".]. 매일노동뉴스. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021. ... 정의당은 사회적 자유주의(social liberal) 정당으로 보인다. 그런 점에서 극우 정당인 국민의힘과의 사이에는 장강이, 보수적 자유주의 정당인 더불어민주당과의 사이에는 샛강보다 훨씬 크지만 장강보다는 훨씬 작은 강이 흐른다. ... [... The Justice Party appears to be a social-liberal party. In this regard, the long River flows between the far-right People Power Party and the conservative-liberal Democratic Party, which is much larger than the short river, but much smaller than the long river flows. ...]
  51. ^ 장혜영 "민주당, 진보로 평가하지 않아" [Jang Hye-young said, "I can't evaluate the Democratic Party (of Korea) as progressive".]. The Dong-A Ilbo. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  52. ^ a b "미국이 돌아왔다!" 장혜영의 이 발언 매우 아쉽다 ["The U.S. is back!" Jang Hye-young's remarks are very unfortunate.]. OhmyNews. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021. 장혜영 의원이 모두발언에서 한 미국 외교정책에 대한 지지의사 표명은 현실 국제관계에 대한 무지와 낭만주의가 아닌지 우려스럽다. 지금까지 미국이 인권의 이름으로 국제개입을 했을 때 인권이 성장하긴 커녕 그 나라의 인권이 역으로 후퇴한 경우가 많았기 때문이다. [Rep. Jang Hye-young's expression of support for US foreign policy is concerned about whether it is ignorance and romanticism about real international relations. This is because, until now, when the United States has intervened internationally in the name of human rights, there have been many cases where human rights in that country have retreated in reverse, rather than improving human rights.]
  53. ^ "[인터뷰]정의당 이정미 "기본소득으론 국민 삶 문제 해결 안돼"" [[Interview] Justice Party's Lee Jungmi said, "Basic income won't solve the problem of people's lives.]. Newsis. 2 October 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021. 이 전 대표는 전날 서울 영등포구의 캠프 사무실에서 진행된 뉴시스와의 인터뷰에서 "이 지사가 진보적 이미지를 갖게 된 결정적 계기는 '이재명표 기본소득'이었지만 저는 기본소득에 반대하는 사람"이라며 이같이 밝혔다. [In an interview with Newsis at the camp office in Yeongdeungpo District, Seoul the previous day, former CEO Lee Jeong-mi said, "The decisive reason why Governor Lee had a progressive image was 'Lee Jae-myung's Basic Income', but I am against basic income."]
  54. ^ "부가세 누진적 인상, 사회복지세 신설" 정의당의 보편증세 주장 ["Progressive increase in VAT, establishment of social welfare tax." Justice Party's claim for universal tax increase.]. The Hankyoreh. 6 July 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021. 갈수록 늘어가는 복지 재원을 마련하기 위한 '증세'는 과연 가능할까? 내년 대통령 선거를 앞두고 거대 양당의 주요 대선 주자들은 겉으로는 '양극화 해소'를 외치면서도 증세에는 소극적 태도로 일관하고 있다. 이런 가운데 소비세와 소득세를 중심으로 한 보편증세안이 정의당 토론회에서 나왔다. [Is it possible to 'increase' to raise increasing welfare finance? Ahead of next year's presidential election, major presidential candidates from both parties are openly calling for "resolving polarization," but are consistently passive in increasing. Meanwhile, a universal tax increase plan centered on consumption and income taxes came out at the Justice Party debate.]
  55. ^ 정의당, 국가보안법 폐지안 발의…"여야 합의로 빛나는 성과 이뤄야". 20 May 2021.
  56. ^ a b c d e f 정의당 강령 [Justice Party platform]. Justice Party (in Korean). 23 June 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  57. ^ "'Sexism exists': S.Korea feminist presidential candidate's lonely crusade". France 24. AFP. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  58. ^ 심상정 "반미·반중·반일 감정, 정치에 이용 않겠다". March 2022.
  59. ^ 류호정-조슈아 웡 대담…"홍콩 시위 한국 민주화 운동서 영감". 10 June 2020.
  60. ^ 정의당 국회 첫 홍콩시위 지지 "中, 홍콩 자치 존중하길". 19 November 2019.
  61. ^ '진보=반미, 보수=친미' 이분법 깨졌다. 한국일보. 2 January 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023. 한국 정치지형에서 가장 진보적으로 평가받는 정의당 지지층의 경우 동맹 강화에 대한 선호가 52.4%로 민주당 지지층보다 오히려 높았다.
  62. ^ 김종대 "日 전력 제공국? 남북 평화체제에도 변수 올 듯". 11 July 2019.
  63. ^ 미국 연방대법원에서 온 반가운 소식 (정의당 브리핑)
  64. ^ "EAI 동아시아연구원".
  65. ^ 심상정 "문재인 정부 오락가락 외교로 한일관계 신뢰 깨져···반일감정 이용하지 않을 것". 13 February 2022.
  66. ^ 정의당 대표연설 "친일파 대 주사파? 여야의 나쁜 정치". 27 October 2022.
  67. ^ 심상정 "'사과 받겠다'던 문 대통령, 슬며시 위안부 합의 인정" 비판. The Hankyoreh. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  68. ^ "尹 '우크라 무기 지원' 시사 파장…美 환영했지만 러시아는 반발". 대한경제. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  69. ^ 김종대 "러시아, 北에 무기·기술 지원 가능성". 쿠키뉴스. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  70. ^ "국민 생명이 먼저" 정의당, 북에도 할 말 하겠다는 '신노선'. The Hankyoreh. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  71. ^ 정의당도 요구한 對北 규탄결의안, 민주당 "北 이미 사과했다" 버티기. The Chosun Ilbo. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  72. ^ 정의당-미국 녹색당 간담회 개최…혁신 재창당은 9월 최종결정. Seoul Shinmun. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  73. ^ 사라진 건 '정책'이 아니라 정치와 토론 [It is not 'policy' that has disappeared, but politics and debate]. 한겨례. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2023. ... 정의당에는 '의견그룹'이라고 불리는 정파들이 존재한다. 현재 당에서 목소리를 높이는 의견그룹은 크게 넷으로 나뉜다. '인천연합'과 '함께서울', '새로운진보', '전환'.. ... [..CIn the Justice Party, there are factions called "opinion groups." Currently, the opinion groups that raise their voices in the party are largely divided into four groups. 'Incheon Union', 'Together Seoul', 'New Progress', 'Transformation'.....]
  74. ^ "Political community shocked by Seoul mayor's death". The Japan Times. 13 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ... getting 37% support and Lee gaining 36%, while Ahn received the back of 13% of those surveyed and liberal candidate Sim Sang-jung 3%.
  75. ^ "Iconic liberal lawmaker found dead amid bribery allegations". The Korea Herald. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  76. ^ 심상정 "진보정당 1세대 실험 끝나…세대교체해야". 12 July 2022.
  77. ^ 정의당 당직선거 시작…이정미·조성주 등 당권도전 [The Justice Party party election begins... Lee Jung-mi, Cho Seong-ju, etc]. Pressian. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2023. 김윤기 후보는 당내 좌파( left wing ) 그룹인 '전환'(옛 전진) 계파를 대표하는 정치인 중 하나로, 이번 선거에서도 이들의 지원을 받을 것으로 보인다. 전환은 지난 8월 김 후보와 양경규·신천섭·엄정애 등 4인을 공동대표로 선출하고 '민주적 사회주의'(democratic socialism) 등을 기치로 내세우며 새로이 출범한 의견그룹이다. [Candidate Yoon-gi Kim is one of the politicians representing the 'transformation' (formerly "Progressive") faction, a leftist group within the party, and is expected to receive support from them in this election as well. Conversion is an opinion group that was newly launched with the banner of 'democratic socialism' by electing candidate Kim and four co-representatives, including Yang Gyeong-gyu, Shin Chun-seop, and Um Jung-ae, in August.]
  78. ^ 정의당 좌파그룹이자 사회운동단체 표방한 '전환' 출범 [It is a leftist group of the Justice Party. Inauguration of 'Transformation' as a social movement organization]. 레디앙.
  79. ^ 진보 4자 통합 공식선언 "총선 두자릿수 의석 목표" [Official Declaration of Progressive Four-Party Integration "Aim for double-digit seats in general elections"]. 한겨례. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2023. ...이념적으로는 '친노무현 세력'에 뿌리를 둔 자유주의 성향의 참여계와 민족주의 색채가 강한 인천연합계, 유럽 좌파정당에 가까운 진보신당계가 한지붕 아래 동거하는 형국이다. ... [...Ideologically, the participatory faction with liberal tendencies rooted in the 'pro-Roh Moo-hyun faction', the Incheon Alliance with strong nationalism, and the New Progressive Party faction close to the leftist party in Europe are living together under one roof....]
  80. ^ 너는 페미니즘이냐 노동이냐고 묻는 말들에 대하여 [Regarding the words that ask whether you are feminism or labor]. 한겨례. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023. ...정의당 내 의견그룹인 '새로운진보'는 "'노동자와 시민을 위한 정당'이 아니라 '비호감 지적질 페미 정당'이라는 인식이 정의당의 현주소". ... [...New Progressive', an opinion group within the Justice Party, said, "The current state of the Justice Party is the perception that it is not a 'party for workers and citizens' but a 'party with unlikable intellectual feminism'.".]
  81. ^ 정의당, 다시 일어서야 한다 [세상읽기] [The Justice Party must stand up again [Reading the world]]. 한겨례. 10 July 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2023. ...지방선거에서 패배한 뒤 '새로운 진보'라는 당내 정파는 정의당이 "노동자와 시민"의 이해가 아닌 "페미"의 이해를 대변했기 때문에 위기에 빠졌다고 진단했다. . ... [.. After the defeat in the local elections, the party faction called "New Progressives" diagnosed that the Justice Party was in crisis because it represented the interests of "feminists" rather than those of "workers and citizens.".]
  82. ^ [정의당의 강력한 혁신을 위한 7대 요구] [[7 Demands for Powerful Innovation of the Justice Party]]. 새로운진보.
  83. ^ 정의당의 자리, 내년 총선에도 있을까 [Will the Justice Party have a seat in the general election next year?]. Kyunghyang Shinmun. 4 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  84. ^ 정의당 전·현직 당직자 60여명 탈당, 새 진보정당 만든다. 6 July 2023.
  85. ^ 정의당 당대표, 김종철·배진교 결선투표로 [Justice Party leader, Kim Jong Chul and Bae Jin-gyo in the final vote]. 한겨례. 27 September 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2023. ... 2위를 차지한 배진교 후보는 당내 최대 계파인 민족해방(NL) 계열인 '인천연합'이 주요 기반이다. 이정미 전 대표가 인천연합 출신이다.. ... [..Candidate Jin-gyo Bae, who took second place, is based on the Incheon Alliance, which is affiliated with the National Liberation (NL), the largest faction in the party. Former CEO Lee Jeong-mi is from the Incheon Union....]
  86. ^ Resigned due to sexually assaulting Jang Hye-yeong, a Justice Party member of Parliament. http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/980497.html
  87. ^ Resigned
  88. ^ As Leader of Emergency Response Committee, As Leader of Emergency Response Conference Until 30 January.
  89. ^ As Interim Floor Leader Until 21 August.
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