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Paulownia tomentosa

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Princess tree
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Paulowniaceae
Genus: Paulownia
Species:
P. tomentosa
Binomial name
Paulownia tomentosa

Paulownia tomentosa, common names princess tree,[1] empress tree, or foxglove-tree,[2] is a deciduous hardwood tree in the family Paulowniaceae, native to central and eastern China and the Korean Peninsula.[3][4] It is an extremely fast-growing tree with seeds that disperse readily[5] and is considered an invasive exotic species in North America[6] that has undergone naturalisation in large areas of the Eastern US,[7] even though it might be able to successfully get established through seeds only under ideal conditions.[8] P. tomentosa has also been introduced to Western and Central Europe, and is establishing itself as a naturalised species there as well.[9][10]

Etymology

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Flowering tree

The generic name Paulownia honours Anna Pavlovna of Russia, who was Queen Consort of the Netherlands from 1840 to 1849.[11] The specific epithet tomentosa is a Latin word meaning 'covered in hairs'.[12]

Description

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Flowers and young leaves

This tree grows 10–25 m (33–82 ft) tall, with large heart-shaped to five-lobed leaves 15–40 cm (6–16 in) across, arranged in opposite pairs on the stem. On young growth, the leaves may be in whorls of three and be much bigger than the leaves on more mature growth.[13] The leaves can be mistaken for those of the catalpa.

The very fragrant flowers, large and violet-blue in colour[14] are produced before the leaves in early spring, on panicles 10–30 centimetres (4–12 in) long, with a tubular purple corolla 4–6 centimetres (1+1⁄2–2+1⁄4 in) long resembling a foxglove flower. The fruit is a dry egg-shaped capsule 3–4 centimetres (1+1⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) long, containing numerous tiny seeds. The seeds are winged and disperse by wind and water. Pollarded trees do not produce flowers, as these form only on mature wood.

Paulownia tomentosa requires full sun for proper growth.[15][16] It is tolerant of pollution and can tolerate many soil types. It can also grow from small cracks in pavements and walls. Paulownia can survive wildfires because the roots can regenerate new, very fast-growing stems.

P. tomentosa is drought-resistant and thrives in barren soil, particularly suitable for cold and arid regions. Its main trunk is short, and its growth rate is relatively slow after it reaches maturity.[17]

Range

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Native range

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P. tomentosa is native to much of central and eastern China[3][4] and to the Korean peninsula;[4] the Flora of China considers the latter as non-native.[3] In China, it occurs in the following provinces: Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.[3][4]

Introduced range

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Europe

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In August 2021 the EPPO added P. tomentosa to its Alert List, not due to any particular known problem within Europe, but as a step to begin assessing whether it should be regarded as a problematic invader.[4]

Africa

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North America

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United States
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Oceania

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Asian introduced range

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Uses

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Paulownia tomentosa is cultivated as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[18][19]

Because of its tolerance and flexibility, Paulownia functions ecologically as a pioneer plant. Its nitrogen-rich leaves provide good fodder and its roots prevent soil erosion. Eventually, Paulownia is succeeded by taller trees that shade it and in whose shade it cannot thrive.[15][16]

The characteristic large size of the young growth is exploited by gardeners: by pollarding the tree and ensuring there is vigorous new growth every year, massive leaves are produced (up to 60 centimetres (24 in) across). These are popular in the modern style of gardening which uses large-foliaged and "architectural" plants.

The soft, lightweight seeds were commonly used as a packing material by Chinese porcelain exporters in the 19th century, before the development of polystyrene packaging. Packing cases would often leak or burst open in transit and scatter the seeds along rail tracks. The magnitude of the numbers of seeds used for packaging, together with seeds deliberately planted for ornament, has allowed the species to be viewed as an invasive species in areas where the climate is suitable for its growth, notably Japan and the eastern United States.[20]

In Japan, it is customary to plant seeds of the tree when a couple has a daughter; it is said that by the time the daughter is in her older teens or at the peak of adulthood when she is ready to marry, the tree by this time has also grown to maturity, which is then felled and made into a tansu dresser as a wedding gift.[citation needed] The timber is used in making instruments, as well.[citation needed][clarification needed]

P. tomentosa has been suggested as a plant to use in carbon capture projects. P. tomentosa has large leaves that readily absorb pollutants, and also has value in timber and aesthetics, adding to interest surrounding its use in carbon capture.[21]

Inaccurate citation practices have led to circulating claims that P. tomentosa performs C4 carbon fixation. However, this species does not fulfill the experimental criteria necessary to demonstrate C4 photosynthesis.[22]

Composition

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Some geranyl flavonoids can be found in P. tomentosa.[23] Verbascoside can also be produced in hairy roots cultures of P. tomentosa.[24]

Pictures

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  • Flowers
  • Trunk
  • Trunk bark
  • Fruit
  • Spent fruit
    Spent fruit
  • Leaf
  • Young tree
  • Flowers
  • Sapling
    New growth on second-year sapling
  • Flower buds
    Flower buds
  • Timber
    Timber

References

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  1. ^ NRCS. "Paulownia tomentosa". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ a b c d "Paulownia tomentosa (Thunberg) Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. 2: 278. 1841". Flora of China. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Paulownia tomentosa". EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  5. ^ "Princess Tree / Empress Tree". Texas Invasive Species Institute. 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  6. ^ National Invasive Species Information Center. "Princess Tree". Terrestrial Invasives. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024.
  7. ^ "Paulownia tomentosa Seeds". www.seedaholic.com. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  8. ^ "Empress Splendor trees and Invasiveness". worldtree. 23 March 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  9. ^ "Paulownia tomentosa | Manual of the Alien Plants of Belgium". alienplantsbelgium.be. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  10. ^ "Oxford University Plants 400: Paulownia tomentosa". herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  11. ^ Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of plant names. USA: Timber Press. pp. 312. ISBN 9781604691962.
  12. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.
  13. ^ "image comparing large and small trees". Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2006-05-03.
  14. ^ Fitter, Alastair; More (2012). Trees. [CollinsGem]. ISBN 978-0-00-718306-7.
  15. ^ a b Clatterbuck, Wayne K.; Hodges, Donald G. (2004), Tree Crops for Marginal Farmland: Paulownia, With a Financial Analysis (PB1465) (PDF), The University of Tennessee, p. 8
  16. ^ a b Bonner, F. T. (December 1990). "Royal Paulownia". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Agriculture Handbook 654: Silvics of North America. Vol. 2: Hardwoods. Washington, DC: Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  17. ^ 中国植物志 [Flora of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 67(2). 科学出版社. 1979. pp. 33–35.
  18. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Paulownia tomentosa". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  19. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 72. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  20. ^ Tom Remaley (2006-06-27). "Princess tree". Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group Least Wanted.
  21. ^ "Paulownia tomentosa: the miracle tree?". Thunder Said Energy. 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
  22. ^ Young, Sophie N. R.; Lundgren, Marjorie R. (2023). "C4 photosynthesis in Paulownia? A case of inaccurate citations". Plants, People, Planet. 5 (2): 292–303. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10343.
  23. ^ Šmejkal, Karel; Grycová, Lenka; Marek, Radek; Lemière, Filip; Jankovská, Dagmar; Forejtníková, Hana; Vančo, Ján; Suchý, Václav (2007). "C-geranyl compounds from Paulownia tomentosa fruits". Journal of Natural Products. 70 (8): 1244–1248. doi:10.1021/np070063w. PMID 17625893.
  24. ^ Wysokiińska, H.; Rózga, M. (1998). "Establishment of transformed root cultures of Paulownia tomentosa for verbascoside production". Journal of Plant Physiology. 152 (1): 78–83. doi:10.1016/S0176-1617(98)80105-3.
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