Post-war immigration to Australia: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:KalninsFamily&Calwell1949.jpg|thumb|Mrs Arthur Calwell with the Kalnins family - the 50,000th New Australian- August 1949]] |
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[[Image:Dutch Migrant 1954 MariaScholte=50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg|thumb|In 1954 the 50,000th [[Dutch Australian|Dutch migrant]] arrived; Maria Scholte is to the right of the picture]] |
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On they immediate aftermath of [[World War II]], [[Ben Chifley]], [[Prime Minister of Australia]] from 1945 to 1949, established the [[Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia)|Federal Department of Immigration]] and thereby launched a large scale [[Immigration to Australia|immigration]] program. Chifley commissioned a report on the subject which found that Australia was in urgent need of a larger population for the purposes of defence and development and it recommended a 1% annual increase in population through increased immigration.<ref name = CAPrice>{{Cite journal|last=Price |first=CA |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=September 1998 |title=POST-WAR IMMIGRATION: 1945-1998 |journal=Journal of the Australian Population Association |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=17 pp |id= |url= |accessdate= 2008-07-23 |quote= }}</ref> |
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The first [[Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (Australia)|Minister for Immigration]], [[Arthur Calwell]], commenced promoting mass immigration with the slogan "populate or perish".<ref name = ImmiTimeline>{{Cite web|url = http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/timeline1.pdf| format = pdf of 7 pages|title = Immigration to Australia During the 20th Century – Historical Impacts on Immigration Intake, Population Size and Population Composition – A Timeline |publisher = Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia) | year = 2001| accessdate = 2008-07-18}}</ref> 182,159 people were sponsored by the [[International Refugee Organisation]] (IRO) from the end of [[World War II]] up to the end of 1954 to resettle in Australia from Europe—more than the number of [[Convicts in Australia|convicts transported to Australia]] in the first 80 years after European settlement.<ref name = 5thFleet>{{Cite web|url = http://www.fifthfleet.net/index.html?0.8405937949414688|title = What is the Fifth Fleet?|last = Tündern-Smith|first = Ann|publisher = Fifth Fleet Press| date = 2008-05-23|accessdate= 2008-07-21}}</ref> |
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Arthur Calwell coined the term "New Australians" in an effort to supplant such terms as [[Alternative words for British|pommy]] (Englishman) and wog. |
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The 1% target remained a part of government policy until the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam]] government of 1972 to 1975, when immigration numbers were substantially cut back, only to be progressively restored during the course of the [[Malcom Fraser|Fraser]] government (1975 to 1982).<ref name = CAPrice/> |
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Some 6.5 million people have migrated to Australia from other countries since 1945.<ref name = FactsImmi>{{Cite web|url = http://www.diac.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/02key.htm| title = Fact Sheet 2 - Key Facts in Immigration|publisher = Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia) | year = 2008| accessdate = 2008-07-21}}</ref> This total comprises 3.35 million males and 3.15 million females. This represents a significant proportion of the overall population increase experienced by Australia in that time, having gone from 7 million in 1945 to the present 22 million+.<ref name="FactsImmi"/> |
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== White Australia policy == |
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[[File:Australia – Land of Tomorrow poster.jpg|thumb|right|Australian Government poster displayed between 1949 and 1951 in reception rooms and dining halls at various migrant reception centers in Australia. (Image courtesy of the [[National Archives of Australia|NAA]]).]] |
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In keeping with policies of the previous governments, both Chifley and Calwell announced a preference for promoting immigration to Australia of mainly [[Great Britain|British]] settlers, and initially they set the ambitious target of nine British out of ten immigrants.<ref name = CAPrice/> It soon became apparent that this would be impossible to achieve given that Britain's shipping capacity was quite diminished from pre war levels. As a consequence, Calwell had to look further afield to maintain overall immigration numbers, and this meant relying on the IRO refugees from Eastern Europe, particularly since the [[United States of America|USA]] was willing to provide the necessary shipping.<ref name = CAPrice/> The Eastern Europeans were refugees from the [[Red Army]] and thus mostly anti-[[Communist]] and so politically acceptable; a majority of them were, like Chifley and Calwell, [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].<ref name = Franklin>{{Cite web|url = http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/calwellACHSconf09.pdf|title = Calwell, Catholicism and the origins of multicultural Australia |author=Franklin, J |publisher = Proc. of the Australian Catholic Historical Society Conference | year = 2009| accessdate = 2012-05-10}}</ref> In the context of the then still extant [[White Australia Policy]], this decision was acceptable to Calwell and future Prime Ministers. |
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However, the British component still remained the largest component of the intake until 1953.<ref name = CAPrice/> Between 1953 and late 1956, those from [[Southern Europe]] outnumbered the British, and this caused some alarm in the Australian government, causing it to place restrictions on Southern Europeans sponsoring newcomers and to commence the "Bring out a Briton" campaign. With the increase in financial assistance to British settlers provided during the 1960s, the British component was able to return to the top position in the overall number of new settlers. |
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== Later policy == |
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In 1972 Whitlam announced a completely non-discriminatory policy, which effectively put an end to the "White Australia Policy". This announcement occurred in the context of a reduced overall intake. During the Fraser government, with the increasing intake of [[Vietnam]]ese refugees in the aftermath of the [[Vietnam War]], Australia experienced the largest intake of Asian immigrants since the arrival of the [[China|Chinese]] gold miners during the gold rush of the 1850s and 1860s. In 1983, the level of British immigration was below the level of Asian immigration for the first time in Australian history.<ref name = CAPrice/> |
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== International agreements == |
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Financial assistance was an important element of the post war immigration program and as such there were a number of agreements in place between the Australian government and various governments and international organisations.<ref name = ImmiFactSht4>{{Cite web|url = http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/04fifty.htm|title = Fact Sheet 4 - More than 60 Years of Post-war Migration |publisher = Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia) | year = 2007| accessdate = 2008-07-18}}</ref> |
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* United Kingdom - free or assisted passages.<ref name = ImmiFactSht4/> Immigrants under this scheme became known as [[Ten Pound Poms]]. |
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* assisted passages for ex-servicemen of the [[British Empire]] and the [[United States]].<ref name = ImmiFactSht4/> This scheme later covered ex-servicemen or resistance fighters from [[The Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[France]], [[Belgium]] and [[Denmark]].<ref name = ImmiFactSht4/> |
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* an agreement with the [[International Refugee Organization]] (IRO) to settle at least 12,000 displaced people a year from camps in Europe.<ref name = ImmiFactSht4/> |
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** Australia accepted a disproportionate share of the refugees sponsored by the IRO in the late 1940s and early 1950s<ref name = Neumann2003>{{Cite journal|last=Neumann |first= Klaus| year=2003 |month= |title= Providing a ‘home for the oppressed’? Historical perspectives on Australian responses to refugees|journal= Australian Journal of Human Rights|volume= 9 |issue= 2|publisher = Australian Human Rights Centre: Faculty of Law at the University of New South Wales |pages= |issn= 1323-238X |url= http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJHR/2003/14.html|accessdate=2008-07-19 }}</ref> |
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* formal migration agreements, often involving the grant of assisted passage, with the [[United Kingdom]], [[Malta]], [[The Netherlands]], [[Italy]], [[West Germany]], [[Turkey]] and [[Yugoslavia]].<ref name = ImmiFactSht4/> |
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* there were also informal migration agreements with a number of other countries including [[Austria]], [[Greece]], [[Spain]], and [[Belgium]].<ref name = ImmiFactSht4/> |
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== Timeline == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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!Period !!Events |
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| 1947 || Australia's first migrant reception centre opened at [[Bonegilla, Victoria]] - the first assistant migrants were received there in 1951.<ref name = Bonegillaheritage>{{Cite web|url = http://www.aussieheritage.com.au/listings/vic/Bonegilla/BonegillaMigrantCentre-CampBlock19/14944|title = Bonegilla Migrant Centre - Camp Block 19|year= 2007|accessdate = 2008-07-20|work = Australian Heritage list|publisher = Aussie Heritage}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| 1948 || Australia signed [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Peace treaties]] with [[Treaty of peace with Italy (1947)|Italy]], Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary and accepted immigrants from these countries.<ref name = ImmiTimeline/> |
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|- |
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| 1949 || In 1949 assisted arrivals reached more than 118,800, four times the 1948 figure<ref name = ImmiTimeline/> |
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In August Australia welcomed its 50,000th "New Australian" — or rather, the 50,000th displaced person sponsored by the IRO and to be resettled in Australia. The child was from [[Riga]], [[Latvia]].<ref name = Neumann2003/><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/PhotoSearchItemDetail.asp?M=0&B=8318052&SE=1|title = Photograph of Mr Arthur Calwell with the Kalnins family - the 50,000th New Australian - CU914/1 (1949)|publisher = National Archives of Australia|accessdate = 2008-07-20}}</ref> |
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Work began on the [[Snowy Mountains Scheme]] - a substantial employer of migrants: 100,000 people were employed from at least 30 different nationalities. Seventy percent of all the workers were migrants.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/snowyscheme/|title = The Snowy Mountains Scheme|work = Culture and recreation portal|publisher = [[Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia)]]|year = 2008| accessdate = 2008-07-20}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| 1950 || Net Overseas Migration was 153,685, the third highest figure of the twentieth century.<ref name = ImmiTimeline/><ref>1950 = Third highest figure per Department of Immigration timeline: In 1919 Net Overseas Migration was 166,303 when troops returned from World War One and in 1988 it was 172,794.</ref> |
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|- |
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| 1951 || The first assisted migrants received at the [[Bonegilla Migrant Reception and Training Centre]].<ref name = Bonegillaheritage/> By 1951, the government had established three migrant reception centres for non-English speaking displaced persons from Europe, and twenty holding centres, principally to house non-working dependants, when the pressure of arrival numbers on the reception centres was too great to keep families together.<ref name = Bonegillaheritage/> |
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|- |
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| 1952 || The IRO was abolished and from then most refugees who resettled in Australia during the 1950s were brought here under the auspices of the [[International Organization for Migration|Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration]] (ICEM).<ref name = Neumann2003/> |
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|- |
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| 1954 || The 50,000th [[Dutch Australian|Dutch migrant]] arrived.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/PhotoSearchItemDetail.asp?M=0&B=7529336&SE=1|title = Photograph of MMigrant Arrivals in Australia - 50,000th Dutch migrant, arrives in Australia aboard the SIBAJAK. Miss Scholte presents Australia's Minister for Immigration, Mr. H. E. Holt, with inscribed Delft plates, which she brought as goodwill gifts from Netherlands Government (1954)|publisher = National Archives of Australia|accessdate = 2008-07-20}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| 1955 || Australia’s millionth post-war immigrant arrived.<ref name = ImmiTimeline/> She was a 21 year old from England and newly married.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/horizons/marketing_migrants/|title = Marketing Migrants|publisher = National Museum of Australia|work = Horizons (exhibition): The peopling of Australia since 1788|accessdate = 2008-07-21}}</ref><ref name = Time1955>{{Cite news|url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866633-1,00.html|title = Their Country's Good|publisher = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date = 21 November 1955 |accessdate = 2008-07-21|quote = Only in the decade since World War II has Australia, by means of a vast and wisely planned immigration scheme, banished the last vestiges of the emigration stigma. Last week the drums were beating as, with much eclat, bright and chirpy Barbara Porritt stepped ashore at Melbourne. She was Australia's millionth immigrant since 1945.}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| 1971 || Migrant camp at [[Bonegilla, Victoria]] closed - some 300,000 migrants had spent time there.<ref name = Bonegillaheritage/> |
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|} |
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== Settler arrivals by top 10 countries of birth == |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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!Birthplace !!No. of arrivals <br> July 1949 - June 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/federation.pdf | title = Immigration: Federation to Century's End 1901–2000|format = pdf (64 pages) | page = page 25|publisher = Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs| date = October 2001| accessdate = 2008-07-21}}</ref> !! July 1949 - June 1959<ref>Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs: ''Settler arrivals by birthplace data not available prior to 1959. For the period July 1949 to June 1959, Permanent and Long Term Arrivals by Country of Last Residence have been included as a proxy for this data. When interpreting this data for some countries, it should be noted that in the period immediately after World War II, there were large numbers of displaced persons whose country of last residence was not necessarily the same as their birthplace.''</ref> !! July 1959 - June 1970<ref>Note this period covers 11 years rather than a decade.</ref> !!July 1970 - June 1980 |
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| 1 United Kingdom & Ireland || 1,787,449(31.6%) || 419,946 (33.5%) || 654,640 (45.3%) || 342,373 (35.8%) |
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| 2 Italy || 390,810 (6.9%) || 201,428 (16.1%) || 150,669 (10.4%) || 28,800 (3.0%) |
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| 3 New Zealand || 371,683 (6.6%) || 29,649 (2.4%) || 30,341 (2.1%) || 58,163 (6.1%) |
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| 4 Germany || 255,930 (4.5%) || 162,756 (13.0%) || 50,452 (3.5%) || <small>not in top 10</small> |
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| 5 Greece || 220,603 (3.9%) || 55,326 (4.4%) || 124,324 (8.6%) || 30,907 (3.2%) |
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|- |
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| 6 Yugoslavia <br><small>(Yugoslavia recorded until 1994 –95 inclusive)</small> || 206,554 (3.7%) || <small>not in top 10</small> || 94,555 (6.5%) || 61,283 (6.4%) |
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| 7 Vietnam || 170,990 (3.0%) || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || 30,633 (3.2%) |
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| 8 Netherlands || 161,298 (2.9%) || 100,970 (8.1%) || 36,533 (2.5%) || <small>not in top 10</small> |
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| 9 Hong Kong || 108,181 (1.9%) || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> |
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| 10 Philippines || 103,310 (1.8%) || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> |
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| Malta || <small>not in top 10</small> || 38,113 (3.0%) || 28,916 (2.0%) || <small>not in top 10</small> |
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|- |
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| Austria || <small>not in top 10</small> || 33,730 (2.7%) || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> |
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|- |
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| USA || <small>not in top 10</small> || 16,982 (1.4%) || 20,467 (1.4%) || 27,769 (2.9%) |
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|- |
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| Egypt || <small>not in top 10</small> || 13,430 (1.1%) || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> |
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|- |
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| Spain || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || 17,611 (1.2%) || <small>not in top 10</small> |
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|- |
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| Lebanon || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || 32,207 (3.4%) |
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|- |
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| Turkey || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || 18,444 (1.9%) |
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|- |
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| India || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || <small>not in top 10</small> || 17,910 (1.9%) |
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|- |
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| ''Top Ten Total'' || ''3,770,348'' (66.8%) || ''1,072,330'' (85.6%) || ''1,208,508'' (83.6%) || ''648,489'' (67.8%) |
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| Other || 1,870,290 (33.2%) || 180,753 (14.4%) || 236,848 (16.4%) || 308,280 (32.2%) |
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|- |
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| '''Total Settler Arrivals''' || '''5,640,638''' (100.0%) || '''1,253,083''' || '''1,445,356''' || '''956,769''' |
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|} |
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== Migrant reception and training centres == |
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[[File:Bonegilla camp 1954.jpg|thumb|[[Bonegilla Migrant Reception and Training Centre]], 1954]] |
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On arrival in Australia, many migrants went to migrant reception and training centres where they learned some English while they looked for a job. The Department of Immigration was responsible for the camps and kept records on camp administration and residents.<ref name="accom">[http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/migration/migrant-accommodation.aspx Migrant accommodation]</ref> The migrant reception and training centres were also known as Commonwealth Immigration Camps, migrant hostels, immigration dependants' holding centres, migrant accommodation, or migrant workers' hostels.<ref name="sharpes">{{cite web | url=http://sharpesonline.com/migrant_hostels_in_ausralia.htm | title=Migrant Hostels in Australia | accessdate=December 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name="NAA">{{cite web | url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs170.aspx | title=Migrant hostels in New South Wales, 1946–78 – Fact sheet 170 | accessdate=2013-05-28}}</ref> |
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Australia's first migrant reception centre opened at [[Bonegilla, Victoria]] near [[Wodonga, Victoria|Wodonga]] in December 1947. When the camp closed in 1971, some 300,000 migrants had spent time there.<ref name = Bonegillaheritage/> |
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By 1951, the government had established three migrant reception centres for non-English speaking displaced persons from Europe, and twenty holding centres, principally to house non-working dependants, when the pressure of arrival numbers on the reception centres was too great to keep families together.<ref name = Bonegillaheritage/> The purpose of reception and training centres was to: |
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<blockquote>provide for general medical examination and x-ray of migrants, issue of necessary clothing, payment of social service benefits, interview to determine employment potential, instruction in English and the Australian way of life generally.<ref name = Bonegillaheritage/></blockquote> |
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The centres were located throughout Australia: (dates are those of post office opening and closing <ref name = "a">{{Cite web | last = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=VIC&country= | accessdate = 2008-04-11 }}</ref>) |
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=== Queensland === |
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* [[Stuart, Queensland|Stuart]]<ref name="accom" /> |
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* [[Wacol, Queensland|Wacol]]<ref name="accom" /> |
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* [[Yungaba Immigration Centre]] (known today as Yungaba House) |
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=== New South Wales === |
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* [[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]] (1948 to 1952)<ref>[http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/aplaceforeveryone/bathurst-migrant-camp/ Bathurst Migrant Camp at the http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au site]</ref> |
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* [[RAAF Bradfield Park|Bradfield Park]], now [[Lindfield, New South Wales|Lindfield]]<ref name="sharpes"/> |
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* [[Chullora, New South Wales|Chullora]], a suburb or Sydney (1 August 1949 to 31 October 1967) |
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* [[Greta, New South Wales|Greta]], near Newcastle (1 June 1949 to 15 January 1960) |
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* [[Uranquinty]] (1 December 1948 to 31 March 1959) |
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Other hostels in New South Wales included [[Adamstown, New South Wales|Adamstown]], [[Balgownie, New South Wales|Balgownie]], [[Bankstown]], [[Berkeley, New South Wales|Berkeley]], Bunnerong, Burwood, Cabramatta, [[Cronulla, New South Wales|Cronulla]], Dundas, [[East Hills Hostel|East Hills]], Ermington, Goulburn, Katoomba, Kingsgrove, Kyeemagh, Leeton, Lithgow, Mascot, Matraville, Mayfield, Meadowbank, Nelson Bay, North Head, Orange, Parkes, Port Stephens, Randwick, St Marys, Scheyville, [[RAAF Station Schofields|Schofields]], Unanderra, [[Villawood Immigration Detention Centre|Villawood]], Wallerawang and [[Wallgrove Army Base|Wallgrove]].<ref name="NAA" /> |
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=== Victoria === |
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* [[Bonegilla Migrant Reception and Training Centre|Bonegilla]] (December 1947 to 17 March 1971) |
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* [[Benalla, Victoria|Benalla]] (9 June 1949 to 30 May 1952) |
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* [[Mildura, Victoria|Mildura]] (1950 to 17 July 1953) |
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* [[Rushworth, Victoria|Rushworth]] (1 June 1949 to 15 June 1953) |
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* [[Sale West, Victoria|Sale West]] (1950 to 30 November 1953) |
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* [[Somers, Victoria|Somers]] (18 August 1949 to 14 February 1957) |
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* Fishermen's Bend, Victoria 1952. |
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=== South Australia === |
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{{Main|Migrant hostels of South Australia}} |
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* [[Elder Park]] |
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* [[Gepps Cross, South Australia|Gepps Cross]] |
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* [[Glenelg, South Australia|Glenelg]] |
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* [[Pennington, South Australia|Pennington]]/[[Woodville North, South Australia|Finsbury]] |
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* [[Rosewater, South Australia|Rosewater]] |
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* [[Smithfield, South Australia|Smithfield]] |
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* [[Willaston, South Australia|Willaston]] |
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* [[Woodside, South Australia|Woodside]]<ref>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/55698710@N05/sets/72157625547406436/ Hostel Stories, a site by the Migration Museum of South Australia]</ref> |
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=== Western Australia === |
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* [[Northam, Western Australia|Northam Holden]] (15 August 1949 to 30 June 1957) |
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* [[Mount Claremont, Western Australia|Graylands]]<ref name="accom" /> |
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* [[Cunderdin, Western Australia|Cunderdin]]<ref name="accom" /> |
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== Breakdown of arrivals by decade == |
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<gallery heights=200px widths=250px caption="Immigrants who arrived in Australia (by decade of arrival) as a percentage of the total population, subdivided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census"> |
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File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 1922 Total Year of arrival 1941 1950.svg |1941-1950 |
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File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 1923 Total Year of arrival 1951 1960.svg |1951-1960 |
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File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 1924 Total Year of arrival 1961 1970.svg |1961-1970 |
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File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 1925 Total Year of arrival 1971 1980.svg |1971-1980 |
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File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 1926 Total Year of arrival 1981 1990.svg |1981-1990 |
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File:Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 1927 Total Year of arrival 1991 2000.svg |1991-2000 |
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</gallery> |
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Since 1950 Australia has experienced average arrivals of around one million per decade, with the totals in the earlier decades being slightly above the totals in the more recent decades. Current statistics suggest that one million will be reached again in the current decade.<ref name="FactsImmi"/> The breakdown by decade is as follows: |
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* 1.6 million between October 1945 and 30 June 1960; |
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* about 1.3 million in the 1960s; |
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* about 960.000 in the 1970s; |
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* about 1.1 million in the 1980s; and |
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* over 900,000 in the 1990s.<ref name="FactsImmi"/> |
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The highest number of arrivals in any one year since World War II was 185,099 in 1969-70 and the lowest was 52,752 in 1975-76.<ref name="FactsImmi"/> |
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== Demography as at 2006 for non-English speaking ethnic groups == |
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In the 2006 census, birthplace was enumerated as was date of arrival in Australia for those not born in Australia. For the major immigrant groups enlarged by the arrival of immigrants to Australia after World War II, they are still major demographic groups in Australia: |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|- |
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!Ethnic group |
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!Persons born overseas<ref name = "Census Ethic Media Package">{{Cite web|url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/5618AB4511347DC2CA257306000D44C2/$File/2914055002_2006%20(Reissue).xls |format = Excel download| title = 2914.0.55.002 2006 Census Ethnic Media Package| date = 2007-06-27|accessdate = 2008-07-14|publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work = Census Dictionary, 2006 (cat.no 2901.0)}}</ref> |
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!Arrived 1979 or earlier<ref name = "Census Ethic Media Package" /> |
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!Aged 60 years and over<ref name = "Census Ethic Media Package" /> |
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<small>This compares with 18% of Australian residents<br>who were aged 60 or over at the time of the census</small><ref>3,602,573 Australian residents were aged 60 or over as a proportion of 19,855,288 from : {{Cite web|url = http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=TLPD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Age%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex%20&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Age%20&%20Population%20Distribution&|title = Cat. No. 2068.0 - 2006 Census Tables: Age (Full Classification List) by sex - Count of persons (excludes overseas visitors) |work = 2006 Census of Population and Housing Australia (Australia)|publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics|date = 2007-06-27|accessdate = 2008-07-21}}</ref> |
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!Australian citizens<ref name = "Census Ethic Media Package" /> |
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|- |
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| [[Italian Australian]] || 199,124 || 176,536 or 89% || 63% || 157,209 or 79% |
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|- |
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| [[Greek Australian]] || 109,990 || 94,766 or 86% || 60% || 104,950 or 95% |
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|- |
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| [[German Australian]] || 106,524 || 74,128 or 79% || 46% || 75,623 or 71% |
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|- |
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| [[Dutch Australian]] || 78,924 || 62,495 or 79% || 52% || 59,502 or 75% |
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|- |
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| [[Croatian Australian]] || 50,996 || 35,598 or 70% || 43% || 48,271 or 95% |
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|} |
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Not all of those enumerated would have arrived as post-war migrants, specific statistics as at 2006 are not available. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Immigration history of Australia]] |
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* [[Demographics of Australia]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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* [http://www.chinesemuseum.com.au/about/ Chinese Museum] Chinese Immigration to Australia |
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* [http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/ NSW Migration Heritage Centre] |
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* [http://www.fifthfleet.net/pb/wp_6a2460ca/wp_6a2460ca.html fifthfleet.net] - list of ships which brought Displaced Persons to Australia between 1947 and 1951. Accessed 19 October 2010 |
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* [http://www.tenpoundpom.com/ Ten Pound Pom Social Museum] |
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{{Australia topics}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Post War Immigration To Australia}} |
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[[Category:Aftermath of war]] |
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[[Category:Immigration to Australia]] |
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