Polypodium

For the animal genus, see Polypodium (animal).

Polypodium
Common polypody, Polypodium vulgare
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Polypodiales
Suborder:	Polypodiineae
Family:	Polypodiaceae
Subfamily:	Polypodioideae
Genus:	Polypodium L.
Species
See text.
Synonyms
Ctenopteris Newman 1851 Micropteris J.Sm. 1875

Polypodium is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Polypodioideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is widely distributed throughout the world, with the highest species diversity in the tropics. The name is derived from Ancient Greek poly ("many") + podion ("little foot"), on account of the foot-like appearance of the rhizome and its branches. They are commonly called polypodies or rockcap ferns, but for many species unique vernacular names exist.

They are terrestrial or epiphytic ferns, with a creeping, densely hairy or scaly rhizome bearing fronds at intervals along its length. The species differ in size and general appearance and in the character of the fronds, which are evergreen, persisting for 1–2 years, pinnate or pinnatifid (rarely simple entire), and from 10 to 80 cm or more long. The sori or groups of spore-cases (sporangia) are borne on the back of the frond; they are globose and naked, not covered with a membrane (indusium).

Polypodies have some use in herbalism, but are today most important in horticulture where several species, hybrids, and their cultivars like Polypodium 'Green Wave' are commonly used as ornamental plants for shady locations. Polypodium have a bitter-sweet taste and are among the rather few ferns that are used in cooking; in this case as a spice e.g. for nougat.

Species

Several of the species form hybrids with other species in the genus; these may often be distinguished by being sterile, with very small "blind" sori. As of February 2020, Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World accepted the following species and hybrids:

Image	Scientific name	Distribution
	Polypodium abitaguae Hook.	Ecuador
	Polypodium aequale Maxon	Mexico (Guerrero, Chiapas)
	Polypodium alavae A.R.Sm.	Mexico to Honduras
	Polypodium amorphum Suksd. – irregular polypody	SW. British Columbia to N. Oregon.
	Polypodium appalachianum Haufler & Windham – Appalachian polypody or Appalachian rockcap fern	E. Canada to E. U.S.A
	Polypodium arcanum Maxon	Mexico
	Polypodium × aztecum Windham & Yatsk. (P. calirhiza × P. hesperium)	Arizona
	Polypodium californicum Kaulf. – California polypody	California to N. Mexico, Guadalupe, Revillagigedos Islands.
	Polypodium calirhiza S.A.Whitmore & A.R.Sm.	Oregon to Mexico.
	Polypodium cambricum L. – southern polypody, limestone polypody, or Welsh polypody	NW. Europe to Medit. and Caucasus
	Polypodium castaneum Maxon ex Tejero	Guatemala
	Polypodium chiapense A.M.Evans & A.R.Sm.	Mexico (S. Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas)
	Polypodium chionolepis Sodiro	Ecuador
	Polypodium chirripoense Lellinger	Costa Rica
	Polypodium christensenii Maxon	Mexico (Chiapas) to Guatemala
	Polypodium colpodes Kunze	Mexico to Venezuela
	Polypodium conterminans Liebm.	Mexico to Honduras
	Polypodium diplotrichum Mickel & Beitel	Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas)
	Polypodium eatonii Baker	Central & S. Mexico
	Polypodium echinolepis Fée	Mexico to Colombia
	Polypodium × encumeadense (Neuroth, Jäger & Bennert) F.J.Rumsey, Carine & Robba (P. macaronesicum × P. vulgare.)	Madeira
	Polypodium ensiforme Thunb.	Cape Provinces
	Polypodium eperopeutes Mickel & Beitel	Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas)
	Polypodium exsul Mett. ex Kuhn	SE. Brazil.
	Polypodium fauriei Christ	Korea (Jeju-do), SW. Sakhalin, S. Kuril Islands to Japan.
	Polypodium fissidens Maxon	Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas) to Honduras
	Polypodium flagellare Christ	Costa Rica to Panama, Guianas to Brazil (Pará)
	Polypodium × font-queri Rothm. (P. cambricum × P. vulgare)	Europe
	Polypodium fraternum Schltdl. & Cham.	Mexico to Colombia.
	Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C.Eaton licorice fern, many-footed fern, and sweet root	Kamchatka, Aleutian Islands to NW. U.S.A
	Polypodium haitiense Urb.	W. Canada to N. Mexico
	Polypodium hesperium Maxon – western polypody	W. Canada to N. Mexico
	Polypodium hispidulum Bartlett	Mexico (Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas) to Nicaragua
	Polypodium × incognitum Cusick (P. appalachianum × P. virginianum)	E. Canada to NE. U.S.A
	Polypodium interjectum Shivas	Madeira, Europe to Iran
	Polypodium kamelinii Shmakov	S. Russian Far East
	Polypodium kunzeanum C.Chr.	Costa Rica to W. Brazil and Peru.
	Polypodium longipetiolatum Brade	Brazil (Minas Gerais to Paraná).
	Polypodium macaronesicum Bobrov	Macaronesia, Spain (Cádiz).
	Polypodium × mantoniae Rothm. (P. interjectum × P. vulgare)	Europe to Türkiye
	Polypodium martensii Mett.	Mexico
	Polypodium mollendense Maxon	Peru
	Polypodium moricandii Mett.	Brazil (Bahia)
	Polypodium moritzianum Link	NW. & N. Venezuela.
	Polypodium otites L.	Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica.
	Polypodium oxylepis C.Chr.	SE. Brazil
	Polypodium pellucidum Kaulf.	Hawaiian Islands.
	Polypodium pinnatissimum R.C.Moran	Costa Rica to Panama.
	Polypodium plectolepidioides Rosenst.	Costa Rica
	Polypodium plesiosorum Kunze	Mexico to NW. Colombia
	Polypodium pleurosorum Kunze ex Mett.	Mexico to Central America.
	Polypodium praetermissum Mickel & Tejero	N. & W. Mexico.
	Polypodium puberulum Schltdl. & Cham.	Mexico to Honduras
	Polypodium quitense Baker	Ecuador
	Polypodium rhodopleuron Kunze	Mexico to Central America
	Polypodium ryanii Kaulf.	Montserrat.
	Polypodium saximontanum Windham	W. Central U.S.A.
	Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev. – leathery polypody, Scouler's polypody, coast polypody, and leather-leaf fern	British Columbia to California.
	Polypodium × shivasiae Rothm. (P. cambricum × P. interjectum. )	Europe to NW. Türkiye.
	Polypodium sibiricum Sipliv.	Siberia to N. & Central Japan and N. China, Subarctic America to W. & Central Canada
	Polypodium subpetiolatum Hook.	Mexico to Central America, Cuba.
	Polypodium trinidadense Jenman	Trinidad.
	Polypodium ursipes Moritz ex C.Chr.	Central America, Venezuela (Aragua, Monagas).
	Polypodium × vianei Shmakov (P. sibiricum × P. vulgare.)	SW. Siberia
	Polypodium virginianum L. – rock polypody, rock cap fern, or common polypody	Subarctic America to U.S.A
	Polypodium vulgare L. – common polypody	Madeira, Morocco, Temp. Eurasia, S. Africa, Kerguelen Islands.

A number of species formerly included in the genus have recently been transferred to other genera, including Campyloneurum, Cyathea, Microgramma, Nephrolepis, Pecluma, Phlebodium, Pleopeltis and Serpocaulon. Species placed elsewhere include:

• Polypodium argyrolepis = Serpocaulon lasiopus
• Polypodium mindense = Serpocaulon eleutherophlebium
• Polypodium mixtum = Pleopeltis murora
• Polypodium piligerum = Moranopteris achilleifolia
• Polypodium punctatum Thunb. ex Murray = Hypolepis punctata
• Polypodium quitense = Pecluma dulcis
• Polypodium rimbachii = Serpocaulon sessilifolium
• Polypodium scutulatum = Serpocaulon fraxinifolium

References

• Haufler, Christopher H.; Windham, Michael D.; Lang, Frank A. & Whitmore, S.A. (1993): 2. Polypodium Linnaeus. In: Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol. 2 (Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms): 315–323. ISBN 0195082427
• Hyde, H.A.; Wade, A.E. & Harrison, S.G. (1978): Welsh Ferns. National Museum of Wales.
• Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) (2007): Digital Flora Europaea: Polypodium species list. Retrieved 2007-NOV-26.
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2007a): Germplasm Resources Information Network - Polypodium. Retrieved 2007-NOV-26.

External links

• Media related to Polypodium at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Polypodium at Wikispecies
• "Polypodium" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.