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Poland–Turkey relations

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Polish-Turkish relations
Map indicating locations of Poland and Turkey

Poland
Turkey
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Poland, AnkaraEmbassy of Turkey, Warsaw

Polish–Turkish relations are the foreign relations between Poland and Turkey. Both countries are full members of NATO, OECD, OSCE, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Council of Europe and the World Trade Organisation. Poland is a member of the European Union, Turkey is not a member.

History of the diplomatic relations between the two nations dates back to the 15th century when the Kingdom of Poland and the Ottoman Empire officially established them. Both considered great powers in the late medieval and early modern periods, the two nations have experienced periods of intense geopolitical rivalry with several wars, as well as long periods of peace with fruitful cooperation, intense trade and some cultural exchange. Poland and Turkey share many similarities in their cultural history and cuisine and generally relations between the two nations are good.

History

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Early history

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Polish Ambassador Jan Gniński at the court of Sultan Mehmed IV in 1679

Polish-Turkish relations have been historically close yet complex. Historically, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had a direct border with the Ottoman Empire, both states had a tumultuous history being in open and consistent warfare between one another for centuries, particularly in the southeastern borderlands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth around Moldavia, modern-day Ukraine, Romania and Crimea. Troops from the Kingdom of Poland were part of a large European coalition that tried to repel the Ottoman invasion of Europe at the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. Warfare between both states began in 1443 with the Crusade of Varna. Further wars were fought in 1485–1503, 1620-1621, 1633–1634, 1672–1676, and 1683–1699, and the Poles and Turks also clashed in the Moldavian Magnate Wars. During the wars, sections of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth fell under the direct administration of the Ottoman Empire under the Podolia Eyalet or Silistra Eyalet for some time. The victory of Polish-led forces at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 marked the end of Ottoman advances into Europe.[1][2]

Diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were established in the 15th century.[3] In 1414, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Çelebi received the first Polish diplomatic delegation at his court in Bursa, at the time the capital of the Ottoman Empire.[4] In 1489, the Ottoman Sultan allowed Polish merchants to conduct trade in the entire Ottoman Empire.[5]

18th and 19th centuries

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Procession of Piotr Potocki, the last envoy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Istanbul in 1790. The Commonwealth ceased to exist with the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. Ottoman Turkey never recognised the Partitions and continued to reserve a seat for the "Envoy of Lehistan" at diplomatic audiences until the reestablishment of the Polish nation after World War I.

Turkish support for the Polish Bar Confederation against Russia sparked the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. Following the Partitions of Poland, the Ottoman Empire was the only major country that did not recognise the final partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[3] An anecdote exists recounting the exchange between the chef de protocol and his aide of the Ottoman Empire which is widely recounted today in Poland. According to the tale, whenever the diplomatic corps was received by the Ottoman sultan, on the sight of the empty chair of the Polish deputy, the Ottoman chef de protocol would ostentatiously ask: “Where is the deputy from Lehistan?”. On each occasion he would receive the same reply from his aide: ‘Your Excellency, the deputy of Lehistan could not make it because of vital impediments’ to the annoyance of the diplomats from the partitioning states. The first written record of this story comes from the Polish ambassador to Turkey in the years 1936 – 45, Michał Sokolnicki (1880 – 1967). He heard it from a Turkish officer and statesman, Ali Fuat Cebesoy (1880 – 1968), who was acquainted with the Istanbul Polish community. Cebesoy claimed that this symbolic exchange continued until the end of the sultanate and he witnessed it in person as a young officer during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876 – 1909) [6]

In the 19th century, many Polish veterans of the November Uprising, January Uprising, and Crimean War arrived in Turkey. Polish officers, such as Michał Czajkowski, served in the Ottoman Army. Polish General Marian Langiewicz spent the last years of his life in Turkey, fought in the Ottoman Army, and died in Istanbul, where he is buried at the Haydarpaşa Cemetery. Polish national poet Adam Mickiewicz spent the last months of his life in Istanbul and died there.[7] The house where he lived was later transformed into the Adam Mickiewicz Museum. In 1877, the Polish Legion in Turkey was formed and it fought alongside Turks in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.

The village of Polonezköy (Adampol), which lies on the Anatolian side of Istanbul, was first settled in 1842 by Polish veterans of the November Uprising. Further Polish settlers arrived in the 19th and 20th centuries. As of 2009, there is still a Polish minority in the village.[3]

20th century

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The alliance between Poland and Turkey remained strong into the 20th century. Poland was the first country in Europe to recognize the Turkish Republic declared by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1923.[8]

During the German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, Turkish authorities agreed to transport evacuated Polish gold through Turkish territory to Polish-allied France[9] and the Polish embassy in Ankara remained operational throughout the war.[8]

In the times of the Cold War, Poland and Turkey were part of two enemy military alliances — the Warsaw Pact and NATO respectively. However, after the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe, the relations between the two countries were restored in the early 1990s. Poland's accession to NATO in 1999 further bolstered the close relationship.[8] Poland's bid to become a NATO member state was supported by Turkey.[10]

Recent relations

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Turkish mosaic depicting Warsaw and Istanbul can be found at the Politechnika metro station. It was installed in 2015, to commemorate 600 years of Poland–Turkey relations.

Although Turkey and Poland enjoy good relations, the relationship between the two countries has occasionally been tense in recent times.[citation needed] Poland was one of the main countries that condemned the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and affirmed its stance for a united Cyprus. Moreover, in 2005, Poland officially recognized the Armenian genocide, which resulted in strong protests from Turkey and a cancellation of a meeting between a Turkish parliamentary delegation with Polish MPs.[11][12][13]

In 2007, the Polish-Turkish Chamber of Commerce (Polish: Polsko-Turecka Izba Gospodarcza, Turkish: Polonya-Türkiye Ticaret Odasi) was established. Its aim is to support the companies from both countries in mutual collaboration and trade and to strengthen the economic relations between Poland and Turkey. The main headquarters are located in Warsaw while in Turkey the organizations has offices in Ankara and Istanbul.[14][15]

Poland has expressed views that Russia is a threat to its national sovereignty and has accused Russia of meddling in foreign affairs in the Middle East and the former states of the Soviet Union. Thus, Poland has condemned Turkey's attempt of trying to get closer to Russia, such as buying the S-400 missile system as well as Turkey's deteriorating democracy. Nevertheless, Poland has supported Turkey's attempts to join the European Union.[8]

In 2009, the Mutual Declaration On Economic Collaboration was signed by Poland and Turkey. Since the signing of the agreement regualar meetings between Turkish and Polish entrepreneus have been taking place in an effort to support the economic ties between the two nations.[16]

April 18, 2010, the day of the state funeral of Lech and Maria Kaczyński, was declared a day of national mourning in Turkey to commemorate the 96 victims of the Smolensk air disaster, including Polish President Lech Kaczyński and his wife Maria Kaczyńska.[17]

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during his visit to Poland in 2009 with Bogdan Borusewicz.
President of Turkey Abdullah Gul and President of Poland Bronisław Komorowski in 2011.

Since 2012, Poland, Turkey, and Romania have maintained regular contact within the Trilog format for close cooperation as the three largest countries on the eastern flank of NATO.[18] Since 2021, a Polish military contingent has been stationed in Turkey as part of a NATO operation to help secure Turkey's borders.[19]

Notable Turks with partial Polish ancestry include the poet and playwright Nâzım Hikmet, Ahmet Rüstem Bey, Fatoş Sezer, Hurrem Sultan, and the soprano opera singer Leyla Gencer.[20]

In 2013, Poland and Turkey celebrated 600 years of diplomatic relations.[21] In October 2017, Polish President Andrzej Duda met with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and supported Turkey's accession to the European Union.[22] Poland and Turkey co-hosted the 2019 Women's European Volleyball Championship.[23]

In April 2021, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu described his country's relations with Poland as a "strategic partnership", noting warm historic ties and military cooperation.[24]

In August 2021, Poland sent firefighters to help extinguish the 2021 Turkey wildfires.[25]

In October 2021, the head of the Ministry of National Defence Mariusz Błaszczak hosted Hulusi Akar, Turkey's Minister of Defence, in Warsaw. Topics discussed during the talks included bilateral military relations and cooperation within NATO as well as technical modernization and military cooperation including the purchase of drones from Turkey.[26]

In November 2021, Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki accused Turkey of assisting Belarus and Russia during the 2021–2022 Belarus–European Union border crisis.[27] Turkey subsequently temporarily blocked flights to Belarus to ease the crisis[28] and expressed support for the Polish authorities.[29]

In April 2022, Turkey granted visa-free travel to Polish nationals.[30]

In February 2023, Poland sent 178 rescuers and medics to Turkey to help the relief operation after the 2023 earthquake,[31][32][33] as well as material aid, including medical equipment, medicines, power generators, field beds, etc.[34] Various Polish charitable organizations, including the Polish Red Cross, Caritas Polska and Polish Humanitarian Action, organized fundraising and material aid for the earthquake victims.[35]

Comparison

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Official Name Republic of Poland Republic of Turkey
Common Name Poland Poland Turkey Turkey
Coat of Arms/National Emblem Poland Emblem of Turkey
Population 38,383,000 85,279,553
Area 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi) 783,356 km2 (302,455 sq mi)
Population Density 123/km2 (318/sq mi) 111/km2 (287.5/sq mi)
Capital Warsaw Ankara
Largest City Warsaw – 1,863,056 (3,100,844 Metro)[36][37] Istanbul – 15,907,951[38]
Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic Unitary presidential constitutional republic
Legislature Parliament of Poland Grand National Assembly
Official language Polish (de facto and de jure) Turkish (de facto and de jure)
Current Leader President Andrzej Duda (2015–present)
Prime Minister Donald Tusk (2023–present) 		President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2014–present)
Vice President Cevdet Yılmaz (2023–present)
Main religions 92.9% Christianity, 3.1% non-religious, 1.3% other, 2.7% unstated 92% Islam, 6% non-religious, 2% other
Ethnic groups 98% Polish, 2% other or unstated [39][40] 70-75% Turks, 19% Kurds, 6-11% other
GDP (PPP) $1,705 trillion, $45,343 per capita $3,572 trillion, $41,412 per capita
GDP (nominal) $748,887 billion, $19,912 per capita $1,029 trillion $11,931 per capita
Military Polish Armed Forces Turkish Armed Forces
Military expenditures $30.70 billion[41] $25.2 billion[42]

Resident diplomatic missions

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Embassy of Turkey in Warsaw
  • Poland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Warsaw.

Honorary consulates

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Poland also has an honorary consulates in Antalya, Bursa, Gaziantep and İzmir. Turkey also has an honorary consulates in Kraków, Łódź, Poznań and Wrocław.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Siege of Vienna". Britannica. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  2. ^ Leitsch, Walter (July 1983). "1683: The Siege of Vienna". History Today. 33 (7). Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b c "Edukacja Międzykulturowa: Turcy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2010. (48.9 KB)
  4. ^ Ryszard Czarnecki (14 October 2021). "Polish-Turkish friendship gives hope for world diplomacy". dailysabah.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  5. ^ Stopka, Krzysztof (2000). Ormianie w Polsce dawnej i dzisiejszej (in Polish). Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. p. 119. ISBN 83-7188-325-0.
  6. ^ Osmanka (11 February 2014). "Polonia Ottomanica: Where is the Deputy of Lehistan?". Polonia Ottomanica. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  7. ^ "Poland-Turkey: A Love Story". culture.pl. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d Jacek Lepiarz (15 February 2023). "Poland-Turkey relations: Cordial and growing ever closer". dw.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  9. ^ Wróbel, Janusz (2002). "Wojenne losy polskiego złota". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 8-9 (19-20). IPN. p. 58. ISSN 1641-9561.
  10. ^ Sinem Cengiz (28 May 2021). "Defense is not the only driving force in Turkish-Polish relations". arabnews.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Poland Parliament Resolution". armenian-genocide.org. 19 April 2005. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  12. ^ Marcin Bartnicki (23 April 2017). "Ks. Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski: W czasie ludobójstwa Ormian Turcy mordowali nawet własnych żołnierzy". dorzeczy.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  13. ^ "Konflikt turecko-polski. Poszło o Ormian". gazeta.pl (in Polish). 27 April 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  14. ^ "Statut". ptcoc.eu (in Polish). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  15. ^ "Misja". ptcoc.eu (in Polish). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  16. ^ "Polsko-turecka deklaracja o współpracy gospodarczej" (PDF). mg.gov.pl (in Polish). 14 May 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  17. ^ "Turcja ogłasza żałobę narodową w dniu uroczystości pogrzebowych". RMF 24 (in Polish). 12 April 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  18. ^ "Czaputowicz: Polska, Rumunia i Turcja to trzy filary wschodniej flanki NATO". Polska Agencja Prasowa (in Polish). 28 April 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  19. ^ "PKW w Turcji (Tailored Assurance Measures Turkey, NATO)". Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). 28 April 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  20. ^ Afyoncu, Erhan (8 February 2019). "Origin of Hürrem Sultan still hotly debated in 21st century". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  21. ^ "600 years of diplomatic relations between Poland and Turkey - Vistula University". Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  22. ^ "Poland supports Turkey's EU bid, says President Duda". Politico. 17 October 2017.
  23. ^ "Turkey, Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic join forces to host 2019 women's EuroVolley". CEV. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  24. ^ "'Strengthening Turkey-Poland ties to guarantee peace in region'". Anadolu Agency. 10 April 2021.
  25. ^ "Strażacy zakończyli misję w Turcji, powrót - w niedzielę". PolskieRadio.pl (in Polish). 14 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  26. ^ "Polish-Turkish cooperation is important for security in the region". gov.pl. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  27. ^ "Poland accuses Turkey of 'synchronising' refugee crisis with Belarus and Russia". Middle East Eye. 10 November 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  28. ^ "Poland border: Turkey blocks Belarus flights to ease migrant crisis". BBC News. 12 November 2021.
  29. ^ "'Turkey supported allies, primarily Poland, in Belarus migrant crisis'". 21 December 2021.
  30. ^ "Turkey approves visa-free travel for Polish citizens". Daily Sabah. 19 April 2022.
  31. ^ "Polscy strażacy w Turcji. Będą pracować w Besni". Interia (in Polish). 7 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  32. ^ "Szef MON: Wojsko Polskie pomoże Turcji w walce ze skutkami trzęsienia ziemi". Polskie Radio Lublin (in Polish). 8 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  33. ^ "Ratownicy górniczy z Polski polecą z pomocą do Turcji". Radio 90 (in Polish). 8 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  34. ^ "Rzecznik MSZ: Polska wysyła pomoc rzeczową do dotkniętej trzęsieniem ziemi Turcji". Polskie Radio RDC (in Polish). 15 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  35. ^ "Pomoc dla ofiar trzęsienia ziemi w Turcji i Syrii. Lista zbiórek". PolskieRadio24.pl (in Polish). 8 February 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  36. ^ "GUS - Bank Danych Lokalnych". bdl.stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  37. ^ Eurostat. "Eurostat Warsaw metro population".
  38. ^ "Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2022". data.tuik.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  39. ^ Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 [National-ethnic, linguistic and religious structure of Poland. National Census of Population and Housing 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Central Statistical Office. 2015. ISBN 978-83-7027-597-6.
  40. ^ Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 [Population. Number and demographical-social structure. National Census of Population and Housing 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Central Statistical Office. 2013. ISBN 978-83-7027-521-1.
  41. ^ "Polska planuje gigantyczne wydatki na obronność w 2023 roku". defence24.pl (in Polish). 30 August 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  42. ^ Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (1 January 2023). "Global Firepower 2023". Global Firepower. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

Further reading

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