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**''P. sibirica''
**''P. sibirica''
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}

==Cultivation and uses==
[[File:Grafting of Plum (cultivar Regina Claudia yellow).JPG|thumb|left|Cultivar Regina Claudia yellow]]
{{nutritionalvalue
|name = Plums (without pit) ''Prunus'' spp.
|kJ = 192
|protein = 0.70 g
|fat = 0.28 g
|carbs = 11.4 g
|fibre = 1.4 g
|sugars = 9.9 g
|phosphorus_mg = 16
|potassium_mg = 157
|vitA_iu = 345
|vitC_mg = 9.5
|note = 1 fruit (2-1/8" dia) 66 g<br>1 cup, sliced 165 g
|source_usda = 1
|right=1}}
{{nutritionalvalue
|name = Plums, dried (prunes), uncooked
|kJ = 1006
|protein = 2.18 g
|fat = 0.38 g
|carbs = 63.88 g
|fibre = 7.1 g
|sugars = 38.13 g
|phosphorus_mg = 69
|potassium_mg = 732
|vitA_iu = 781
|vitC_mg = 0.6
|note = 1 prune, pitted 9.5 g<br>1 cup, pitted 174 g
|source_usda = 1
|right=1}}
Plum fruit tastes sweet and/or tart; the skin may be particularly tart. It is juicy and can be eaten fresh or used in [[jam]]-making or other recipes. Plum juice can be fermented into [[plum wine]]; when distilled, this produces a [[brandy]] known in Eastern Europe as ''[[Slivovitz]]'', ''[[Rakia]]'', ''[[Ţuică]]'' or ''[[Pálinka]]''. In central England, a cider-like alcoholic beverage known as [[plum jerkum]] is made from plums.

Dried plums (or prunes) are also sweet and juicy and contain several [[antioxidant]]s. Plums and prunes are known for their [[laxative]] effect. This effect has been attributed to various compounds present in the fruits, such as [[dietary fiber]], [[sorbitol]],<ref>[http://www.salon.com/health/col/roac/1999/11/05/prunes/index.html M. Roach, The power of prunes (1999)]</ref> and [[isatin]].<ref>[http://www.foodtv.ca/content/recipes/ContentDetail.aspx?ContentId=2661&Category=Recipes FoodTV article on plums]</ref> Prunes and prune juice are often used to help regulate the functioning of the [[digestive system]]. Dried prune marketers in the USA have, in recent years, begun marketing their product as "dried plums". This is due to "prune" having negative connotations connected with elderly people suffering from [[constipation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.failuremag.com/arch_business_dried_plums.html|author=Jason Zasky |title=Turning Over a New Leaf Change from 'Prune' to 'Dried Plum' Proving Fruitful|accessdate=2008-01-26 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071014213752/http://failuremag.com/arch_business_dried_plums.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-14}}</ref>

Dried, salted plums are used as a snack, sometimes known as ''[[saladitos|saladito]]'' or ''salao''. Various flavors of dried plum are available at Chinese grocers and specialty stores worldwide. They tend to be much drier than the standard prune. Cream, ginsing, spicy, and salty are among the common varieties. [[Licorice]] is generally used to intensify the flavor of these plums and is used to make salty plum drinks and toppings for [[slush (beverage)|shaved ice]] or ''[[baobing]]''.

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header = Different cultivars of plums
| width = 140
| image1 = Slivka.JPG
| caption1 = Damson plums
| image4 = Prunus domestica 'Reine Victoria'.jpg
| caption4 = Victoria plums
| image2 = Greengages.jpg
| caption2 = Greengage plums
| image3 = Mirabellen.jpg
| caption3 = Mirabelle plums
}}
Pickled plums are another type of preserve available in Asia and international specialty stores. The Japanese variety, called ''[[umeboshi]]'', is often used for rice balls, called ''onigiri'' or ''omusubi''. The ''[[ume]]'', from which ''umeboshi'' are made, is more closely related, however, to the [[apricot]] than to the plum.

As with many other members of the rose family, plum seeds contain [[Glycosides#Cyanogenic_glycosides|cyanogenic glycosides]], including [[amygdalin]].<ref>[http://museum.gov.ns.ca/poison/?section=species&id=109 Poisons of the Rose family]</ref> These substances are capable of decomposing into a sugar molecule and [[cyanide|hydrogen cyanide]] gas. While plum seeds are not the most toxic within the rose family (the [[Almond#Sweet_and_bitter_almonds|bitter almond is the most toxic]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}), large doses of these chemicals from any source are hazardous to human health.

Prune kernel oil is made from the fleshy inner part of the pit of the plum.

Plums come in a wide variety of colors and sizes. Some are much firmer-fleshed than others, and some have yellow, white, green or red flesh, with equally varying skin color.

Plum [[cultivar]]s in use today include:
* [[Damson]] (purple or black skin, green flesh, clingstone, astringent)
* [[Greengage]] (firm, green flesh and skin even when ripe)
* [[Mirabelle Plum|Mirabelle]] (dark yellow, predominantly grown in northeast [[France]])
* [[Satsuma plum]] (firm red flesh with a red skin)
* [[Victoria (plum)|Victoria]] (yellow flesh with a red or mottled skin)
* [[Yellowgage (plum)|Yellowgage]] or golden plum (similar to greengage, but yellow)

When it flowers in the early spring, a plum tree will be covered in [[blossom]]s, and in a good year approximately 50% of the flowers will be pollinated and become plums. Flowering starts after 80 [[growing degree day]]s.

If the weather is too dry, the plums will not develop past a certain stage, but will fall from the tree while still tiny, green buds, and if it is unseasonably wet or if the plums are not harvested as soon as they are ripe, the fruit may develop a fungal condition called [[brown rot]]. Brown rot is not toxic, and very small affected areas can be cut out of the fruit, but unless the rot is caught immediately, the fruit will no longer be edible. Plum is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]], including [[November moth]], [[willow beauty]] and [[short-cloaked moth]].

The Serbian plum (Serbian: шљива /'' šljiva'') is the third most produced in the world. In the Balkans, plum is converted into an alcoholic drink named ''[[slivovitz]]'' (plum brandy) (Serbian: шљивовица / ''šljivovica'').<ref>{{cite journal|title=Aroma Constituents of Plum Brandy|author=Crowell and Guymon|journal=American Journal of Enology|year= 1973|volume= 24|number=4|pages=159-165}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The neutral volatile components of Czechoslovak plum brandy|author=Jan Velíšek, František Pudil, Jiří Davídek and Vladislav Kubelka|journal=ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR LEBENSMITTELUNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG A|volume= 174|number= 6|year=1982|pages= 463-466|doi= 10.1007/BF01042726}}</ref>

A large number of plums, of the Damson variety, are also grown in Hungary, where they are called ''szilva'' and are used to make ''[[lekvar]]'' (a plum paste jam), ''[[palinka]]'' (a ''slivovitz''-type liquor), plum dumplings, and other foods. The region of [[Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County|Szabolcs-Szatmár]], in the northeastern part of the country near the borders with Ukraine and Romania, is a major producer of plums.

The [[plum blossom]] or ''meihua'' ({{zh|c=梅花|p=méihuā}}), along with the [[peony]], are considered traditional floral emblems of Chin.

The plum is commonly used in China, Yunnan area, to produce a local plum wine with a smooth, sweet, fruity taste and approximately 12% alcohol by volume.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 12:01, 9 October 2012

For other uses, see Plum (disambiguation).

Plum
A plum whole and split
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Rosaceae
Subfamily:
Maloideae or Spiraeoideae [1]
Genus:
Prunus
Subgenus:
Prunus
Species

See text.

A plum or gage is a stone fruit tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. The subgenus is distinguished from other subgenera (peaches, cherries, bird cherries, etc.) in the shoots having a terminal bud and solitary side buds (not clustered), the flowers in groups of one to five together on short stems, and the fruit having a groove running down one side and a smooth stone (or pit).

Mature plum fruit may have a dusty-white coating that gives them a glaucous appearance. This is an epicuticular wax coating and is known as "wax bloom". Dried plum fruits are called dried plums or prunes, although prunes are a distinct type of plum, and may have antedated the fruits now commonly known as plums.[citation needed]

Description

Plums are a diverse group of species. The commercially important plum trees are medium sized, usually pruned to 5-6 meters height. The tree is of medium hardiness.[2] Without pruning, the trees can reach 12 meters in height and spread across 10 meters. They blossom in different months in different parts of the world; for example, in about January in Taiwan and about April in the United States.[3]

Fruits are usually of medium size, between 1 to 3 inches in diameter, globose to oval. The flesh is firm, juicy and mealy. The fruit's peel is smooth, with a natural waxy surface that adheres to the flesh. The fruit has a single large seed.

Species

Prunus cultivar (mature fruits with natural wax bloom)
Plum flowers

Plum has many species, and taxonomist differ on the count. Depending on taxonomist, between 19 to 40 species of plum exist. From this diversity only two species, the hexaploid European plum (Prunus domestica) and the diploid Japanese plum (Prunus salicina and hybrids), are of worldwide commercial significance. The origin of these commercially important species is uncertain but may have involved P. cerasifera and possibly P. spinosa as ancestors. Other species of plum variously originated in Europe, Asia and America.[4]

The subgenus Prunus is divided into three sections:

  • Sect. Prunus (Old World plums)- leaves in bud rolled inwards; flowers 1-3 together; fruit smooth, often wax-bloomed
  • Sect. Prunocerasus (New World plums) - leaves in bud folded inwards; flowers 3-5 together; fruit smooth, often wax-bloomed
  • Sect. Armeniaca (apricots) - leaves in bud rolled inwards; flowers very short-stalked; fruit velvety; treated as a distinct subgenus by some authors

History

A plum tree

Plums may have been one of the first fruits domesticated by humans.[6] Three of the most abundant cultivars are not found in the wild, only around human settlements: Prunus domestica has been traced to East European and Caucasian mountains, while Prunus salicina and Prunus simonii originated in Asia. Plum remains have been found in Neolithic age archaeological sites along with olives, grapes and figs.[7][8]

Etymology and names

The fruit Prunus armeniaca gained its name from the beliefs of Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian and scientist of the first century, who maintained the apricot was a kind of a plum, and had originally come from Armenia.[9] Armenian sources support their claims by referring to a 6,000-year-old apricot pit found in an archaeological site near Yerevan.[9] Other historians point to Mesopotamia as a clue to the Latin name. Apricots were cultivated in Mesopotamia, and it was known as armanu in the Akkadian language, but this did not refer to Armenia as that is not the name by which that geographic region was known in the Akkadian language. It is likely that Pliny's explanation is a folk etymology based on the similarity between the Mesopotamian name for the fruit and the Latin name for Armenia.[citation needed]

In certain parts of the world, some fruits are called plums and are quite different from fruits known as plums in Europe or the Americas. For example, marian plums are popular in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, otherwise also known as gandaria, plum mango, ma-praang, ma-yong, ramania, kundang, rembunia or setar.[10] Another example is the Japanese plum, popular as pipa or Chinese plums in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and as Japanese medlar, loquat, nispero, bibassier and wollmispel elsewhere.[11][12] In South Asia and Southeast Asia, Jambul - a fruit from tropical tree in Myrtaceae family, is similarly sometimes referred to 'damson plums', and it is different than damson plums found in Europe and Americas.[13] Jambul is also called as Java plum, Malabar plum, jaman, jamun, jamblang, jiwat, salam, duhat, koeli, jambuláo or koriang.

Production

Plums are produced around the world, and China is the world's largest producer. The table below shows the ten largest producers of plums and sloe in 2010; the second to tenth rankings change almost every year due in part to the alternate bearing nature of plum trees.

In the United States, the Japanese variety of plums are predominant. California was the dominant producer in 2010; other producers are Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Michigan. Mild winters, minimal rainfall during the growing season and low humidity favor more productive crops in California.[14]

Top ten plum and sloe producers in 2010
Country Production
(metric tons)		 Yield
(MT/hectare)
 China 5,664,826 3.37
 Romania 624,884 9.02
 USA 492,964 13.49
 Serbia 426,846 3.28
 Chile 298,000 15.98
 France 280,415 14.93
 Iran 269,139 25.19
 Turkey 240,806 14.49
 Italy 207,497 14.59
 India 200,000 8.0
World Total 10,987,488 4.51
Source: Food & Agriculture Organization[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Potter, D.; Eriksson, T.; Evans, R.C.; Oh, S.H.; Smedmark, J.E.E.; Morgan, D.R.; Kerr, M.; Robertson, K.R.; Arsenault, M.P.; Dickinson, T.A.; Campbell, C.S. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1–2): 5–43.
  2. ^ "Plum, prune, European type". Purdue University. 1999.
  3. ^ Prunus domestica L.
  4. ^ Bruce L. Topp, Dougal M. Russell, Michael Neumüller, Marco A. Dalbó and Weisheng Liu (2012). Plum (Handbook of Plant Breeding). Vol. 8. pp. 571–621. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9_15. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |part= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Flora of China - Prunus simonii Carrière
  6. ^ Jules Janick, ed. (1998). Horticultural Reviews (Volume 23). Wiley. ISBN 978-0471254454.
  7. ^ Jules Janick (2005). "The origins of fruits, fruit growing and fruit breeding" (PDF). Purdue University.
  8. ^ Spangenberg; et al. (January 2006). "Chemical analyses of organic residues in archaeological pottery from Arbon Bleiche". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.013. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  9. ^ a b Armenian Food: Fact, Fiction & Folklore By Irina Petrosian, David Underwood
  10. ^ "Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand (see Part 1, section 3)". FAO, United Nations. 2001.
  11. ^ "Japanese Plum - Loquat". University of Florida, Nassau County Extension, Horticulture. 2006.
  12. ^ J. Morton (1987). "Loquat". University of Purdue.
  13. ^ "Jambolan". Purdue University. 2006.
  14. ^ "Plums, fresh market". AgMRC, partially funded by USDA Rural Department. 2012.
  15. ^ "Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers - Countries By Commodity". Fao.org. 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
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