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Maximus Planudes

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Maximus Planudes
Byzantine Empire Ambassador to the Republic of Venice
In office
1295–1296
Personal details
Born1260
Nicomedia, Bithynia
(modern-day İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey)
Died1305
Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
(modern-day Istanbul, Turkey)
CitizenshipByzantine Empire
OccupationMonk, scholar, anthologist, translator, mathematician, grammarian and theologian
ProfessionAmbassador

Maximus Planudes (Ancient Greek: Μάξιμος Πλανούδης, Máximos Planoúdēs; c. 1260 – c. 1305[1][a]) was a Byzantine Greek monk, scholar, anthologist, translator, mathematician, grammarian and theologian at Constantinople. Through his translations from Latin into Greek and from Greek into Latin, he brought the Greek East and the Latin West into closer contact with one another. He is now best known as a compiler of the Greek Anthology.[3]

Biography

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Maximus Planudes lived during the reigns of the Byzantine emperors Michael VIII and Andronikos II. He was born at Nicomedia in Bithynia in 1260, but the greater part of his life was spent in Constantinople, where as a monk he devoted himself to study and teaching. On entering the monastery he changed his original name Manuel to Maximus.

Planudes possessed a knowledge of Latin remarkable at a time when Rome and Italy were regarded with some hostility by the Greeks of the Byzantine Empire. To this accomplishment he probably owed his selection as one of the ambassadors sent by emperor Andronikos II in 1295–96 to remonstrate with the Venetians for their attack upon the Genoese settlement in Galata near Constantinople. A more important result was that Planudes, especially by his translations, paved the way for the revival of the study of Greek language and literature in western Europe.

The early-14th century map of the British Isles from the Codex Vatopedinus 655,[4] sometimes associated with Planudes.

He was the author of numerous works, including: a Greek grammar in the form of question and answer, like the Erotemata of Manuel Moschopulus, with an appendix on the so-called "Political verse"; a treatise on syntax; a biography of Aesop and a prose version of the fables; scholia on certain Greek authors; two hexameter poems, one a eulogy of Claudius Ptolemaeus— whose Geography was rediscovered by Planudes,[5] who translated it into Latin— the other an account of the sudden change of an ox into a mouse; a treatise on the method of calculating in use amongst the Indians;[6] and scholia to the first two books of the Arithmetic of Diophantus.

His numerous translations from the Latin included Cicero's Somnium Scipionis with the commentary of Macrobius; Ovid's Heroides and Metamorphoses; Boethius' De consolatione philosophiae; and Augustine's De trinitate. Traditionally, a translation of Julius Caesar's De Bello Gallico has been attributed to Planudes, but this is a much repeated mistake.[7][8] These translations were not only useful to Greek speakers but were also widely used in western Europe as textbooks for the study of Greek.

It is, however, for his edition of the Greek Anthology that he is best known. This edition, the Anthology of Planudes or Planudean Anthology, is shorter than the Heidelberg text (the Palatine Anthology), and largely overlaps it, but contains 380 epigrams not present in it, normally published with the others, either as a sixteenth book or as an appendix.[2]

J. W. Mackail in his book Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology, has this to add of him:[9]

Among his works were translations into Greek of Augustine's City of God and Caesar's Gallic War [sic]. The restored Greek Empire of the Palaeologi was then fast dropping to pieces. The Genoese colony of Pera usurped the trade of Constantinople and acted as an independent state; and it brings us very near the modern world to remember that Planudes was the contemporary of Petrarch.

He is recorded as one of the first people to use the word "million".[10]

Geography (Ptolemy)

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According to Berggren & Jones (2000)[11] and Mittenhuber (2010)[12] many of the extant manuscripts of Ptolemy's Geography can be connected with the activities of Planudes. Within the stemma, manuscript groups UKFN and RVWC both descend from a recension by Planudes; only manuscript X (Vat.gr.191) is independent.

Regarding Planudes' work in rediscovering the Geography, an hexameter poem survives titled: "ου σοφωτάτου κυρου Μαξίμου μονάχου του Πλανούδου στίχοι ηρωικοί εις τήν Γεωγραφίαν Πτολεμαίου χρόνοις πολ λοίς άφανισιΜσαν, είτα δέ παρ' αύτοΰ πόνοις πολλοίς εύρεύεΐσαν."[13] which can be translated as "Heroic verses by the most wise monk Maximos Planudes on the Geography of Ptolemy, which had vanished for many years and then had been discovered by him through many toils."[14] The summary of the poem by Berggen & Jones (2010) is as follows:

"What a great wonder, the way that Ptolemy has brought the whole world into view, just like someone making a map showing just a little city. I never saw anything so skillful, colorful, and elegant as this lovely geographia. This work lay hidden for countless years and found no one to bring it to light. But the emperor Andronikos exhorted the bishop of Alexandria, who took great troubles that a certain free-spirited friend of the Byzantines should restore a likeness of the picture worthy of a king."

Notes

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  1. ^ Older sources give 1330; the transliteration varies; the Oxford Classical Dictionary (2009) uses Planudes.[2]

References

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  1. ^ Fisher 1991.
  2. ^ a b Douglas & Cameron 2009.
  3. ^ "Maximus Planudes (Byzantine scholar and theologian)". Britannica Encyclopedia. 21 July 1998. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
  4. ^ British Library. Add. MS 19391, f 19v-20.
  5. ^ Dean, Riaz (2022). The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle. Delhi: Penguin Viking. p. 146. ISBN 978-0670093625.
  6. ^ Kai Brodersen, Christiane Brodersen: Planudes, Rechenbuch, griechisch und deutsch. Berlin 2020 (= Sammlung Tusculum). ISBN 978-3-11-071192-9, superseding the incomplete edition of C. J. Gerhardt, Halle, 1865.
  7. ^ Daly, L.W. (1946). "The Greek Version of Caesar's Gallic War". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 77: 78–82.
  8. ^ Heller, H. (1857). "De graeco metaphraste commentariorum Caesaris". Philologus. 12: 107–149.
  9. ^ Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology by J. W. Mackail
  10. ^ Smith, David Eugene (1953) [first published 1925]. History of Mathematics. Vol. II. Courier Dover Publications. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-486-20430-7.
  11. ^ Ptolemy; Berggren, J. Lennart; Jones, Alexander (2002-01-15). Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09259-1.
  12. ^ Mittenhuber, Florian (2010), Jones, Alexander (ed.), "The Tradition of Texts and Maps in Ptolemy's Geography", Ptolemy in Perspective: Use and Criticism of his Work from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century, Archimedes, vol. 23, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 95–119, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_4, ISBN 978-90-481-2788-7, retrieved 2024-07-25
  13. ^ Stückelberger, Alfred (1996). "Planudes und die "Geographia" des Ptolemaios". Museum Helveticum. 53 (2): 197–205. ISSN 0027-4054. JSTOR 24818270.
  14. ^ Ptolemy; Berggren, J. Lennart; Jones, Alexander (2002-01-15). Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. Princeton University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-691-09259-1.

Sources

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  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Planudes, Maximus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Editions include: Fabricius, Bibliotheca graeca, ed. Harles, xi. 682; theological writings in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, cxlvii; correspondence, ed. M Treu (1890), with a valuable commentary
  • Douglas, A. & Cameron, E. (2009). "Anthology". In S. Hornblower & A. Spawforth (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. (Also Oxford Reference Online.)
  • Fisher, E. A. (1991). "Planoudes, Maximos". In A. P. Kazhdan (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University press. (Also Oxford Reference Online.)
  • K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897)
  • J. E. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship (1906), vol. i
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