Pine: Difference between revisions
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Me gusta muy muy muy galletas. |
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:''This article is about the tree. For other uses of the term "pine," see [[Pine (disambiguation)]]. |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = Pine |
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| image = Pinus pinaster.jpg |
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| image_width = 250px |
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| image_caption = Maritime Pine (''Pinus pinaster'') |
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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| divisio = [[Pinophyta]] |
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| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]] |
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| ordo = [[Pinales]] |
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| familia = [[Pinaceae]] |
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| genus = '''''Pinus''''' |
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera |
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| subdivision = |
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* Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Strobus]]'' |
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* Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Ducampopinus]]'' |
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* Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Pinus]]'' |
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See '''[[Pinus classification]]''' for complete taxonomy to species level. See '''[[list of pines by region]]''' for list of species by geographical distribution. |
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}} |
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'''Pines''' are [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] [[tree]]s in the [[genus]] '''''Pinus''''' ({{pron-en|ˈpaɪnəs}}),<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Pinaceae]]. They make up the [[monotypic]] [[subfamily]] '''Pinoideae'''. There are about 115 [[species]] of pine, although different authorities accept between 105 and 125 species. |
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==Distribution== |
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[[Image:PineBeirut.jpg|thumb|left|Pine forests overlooking [[Beirut]], Lebanon]] |
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[[Image:umbrella.pine.in.rome.arp.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stone Pine]] ''Pinus pinea'' in a [[Rome]] ([[Italy]]) street]] |
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Pines are native to most of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. In [[Eurasia]], they range from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Scotland]] east to the [[Russia|Russian Far East]], and in the [[Philippines]], north to just over 70°N in [[Norway]] ([[Scots Pine]]) and eastern [[Siberia]] ([[Siberian Dwarf Pine]]), and south to northernmost [[Africa]], the [[Himalaya]] and [[Southeast Asia]], with one species ([[Sumatran Pine]]) just crossing the [[Equator]] in [[Sumatra]] to 2°S. In [[North America]], they range from 66°N in [[Canada]] ([[Jack Pine]]) south to 12°N in [[Nicaragua]] ([[Caribbean Pine]]). The highest diversity in the genus occurs in [[Mexico]] and [[California]]. |
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Pines have been introduced in subtropical and temperate portions of the [[Southern Hemisphere]], including [[Chile]], [[Brazil]], [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], [[Argentina]] and [[New Zealand]], where they are grown widely as a source of timber, and some species are becoming [[invasive species|invasive]]. |
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==Morphology== |
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The [[bark]] of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaking bark. The branches are produced in regular "pseudo whorls", actually a very tight [[spiral]] but appearing like a ring of branches arising from the same point. Many pines are ''uninodal'', producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from [[bud]]s at the tip of the year's new [[plant stem|shoot]], but others are ''multinodal'', producing two or more whorls of branches per year. The spiral growth of branches, needles and cone scales are arranged in [[Fibonacci number]] ratios. The new spring shoots are sometimes called "candles"; they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then later turn green and spread outward. These "candles" offer [[forester]]s a means to evaluate [[fertility]] of the soil and vigour of the trees. |
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===Foliage=== |
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Pines have four types of [[leaf|leaves]]: |
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* ''Seed leaves'' ([[cotyledon]]s) on seedlings, borne in a whorl of 4-24. |
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* ''Juvenile leaves'', which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, 2-6 cm long, single, green or often blue-green, and arranged spirally on the shoot. These are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer. |
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* ''Scale leaves'', similar to bud scales, small, brown and non-photosynthetic, and arranged spirally like the juvenile leaves. |
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* ''Needles'', the adult leaves, which are green ([[photosynthetic]]), bundled in clusters (''fascicles'') of (1-) 2-5 (-6) needles together, each fascicle produced from a small [[bud]] on a dwarf shoot in the axil of a scale leaf. These bud scales often remain on the fascicle as a basal sheath. The needles persist for 1.5-40 years, depending on species. If a shoot is damaged (e.g. eaten by an animal), the needle fascicles just below the damage will generate a bud which can then replace the lost leaves.<br clear=all> |
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==Classification== |
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Pines are divided into three subgenera, based on cone, seed and leaf characters: |
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* Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Strobus]]'' (white or soft pines). Cone scale without a sealing band. Umbo terminal. Seedwings adnate. One fibrovascular bundle per leaf. |
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* Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Ducampopinus]]'' (pinyon, lacebark and bristlecone pines). Cone scale without a sealing band. Umbo dorsal. Seedwings articulate. One fibrovascular bundle per leaf. |
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* Subgenus ''[[Pinus classification|Pinus]]'' (yellow or hard pines). Cone scale with a sealing band. Umbo dorsal. Seedwings articulate. Two fibrovascular bundles per leaf. |
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==Ecology== |
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[[Image:Dead pines.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mountain pine beetle]]s killed these [[Lodgepole Pine]]s in [[Prince George, British Columbia]].]] |
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Pines grow well in acid [[soil]]s, some also on [[Calcareous|calcareous]] soils; most require good soil drainage, preferring sandy soils, but a few, e.g. [[Lodgepole Pine]], will tolerate poorly drained wet soils. A few are able to sprout after forest fires, e.g. [[Canary Island Pine]]. Some species of pines, e.g. [[Bishop Pine]], need fire to regenerate and their populations slowly decline under fire suppression regimes. Several species are adapted to extreme conditions imposed by elevation and latitude; see e.g. [[Siberian Dwarf Pine]], [[Mountain Pine]], [[Whitebark Pine]] and the [[bristlecone pine]]s. The [[pinyon pine]]s and a number of others, notably [[Turkish Pine]], are particularly well adapted to growth in hot, dry [[desert|semi-desert]] climates. |
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The [[seed]]s are commonly eaten by [[bird]]s and [[squirrel]]s. Some birds, notably the [[Spotted Nutcracker]], [[Clark's Nutcracker]] and [[Pinyon Jay]], are of importance in distributing pine seeds to new areas. Pine needles are sometimes eaten by some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species (see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on pines]]), the [[Symphyta]]n species [[Pine sawfly]], and [[goat]]s.{{-}} |
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==Uses== |
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[[Image:Young pine trees.jpg|thumb|Commercial planting of young Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)]] |
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Pines are among the most commercially important of tree species, valued for their [[timber]] and [[wood pulp]] throughout the world. In temperate and tropical regions, they are fast-growing [[softwood]]s that will grow in relatively dense stands, their acidic decaying needles inhibiting the sprouting of competing hardwoods. Commercial pines are grown in [[plantation]]s for timber that is denser, more resinous, and therefore more durable than [[spruce]] (''Picea''). Pine wood is widely used in high-value carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, paneling, floors and roofing. |
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The [[resin]] of some species is an important source of [[turpentine]]. See also [[pitch (resin)|pitch]]. |
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Many pine species make attractive ornamental plantings for [[park]]s and larger [[garden]]s, with a variety of dwarf [[cultivar]]s being suitable for smaller spaces. Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for [[Christmas tree]]s. Pine cones, the largest and most durable of all [[conifer cone]]s are craft favorites. Pines boughs, always appreciated, especially in wintertime for their pleasant smell and greenery, are popularly cut for decorations. |
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Because this [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] species has no insect or decay resistance qualities after logging, it is generally recommended for construction purposes as indoor use only (ex. indoor drywall framing). This wood left outside can not be expected to last more than 12-18 months depending on the type of climate it is exposed to. It is commonly referred to as several different names which include North American timber, SPF (spruce, pine, fir) and whitewood. |
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Pine needles serve as food for various [[Lepidoptera]]. See [[List of Lepidoptera which feed on Pines]]. |
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===Food uses=== |
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[[Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0217-003, Finsterwalde, Zapfenernte.jpg|thumb|Pine cones]] |
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{{main|Pine nut}} |
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Some species have large [[seed]]s, called [[pine nut]]s, that are harvested and sold for cooking and baking. |
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The soft, moist, white inner bark ([[vascular cambium|cambium]]) found clinging to the woody outer [[bark]] is edible and very high in vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[vitamin C|C]]. It can be eaten raw in slices as a snack or dried and ground up into a powder for use as a thickener in stews, soups, and other foods, such as [[Cuisine of Finland|pine bread]]. A tea made by steeping young, green pine needles in boiling water (known as "tallstrunt" in Sweden) is high in vitamins A and C. |
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==Etymology== |
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The modern [[English language|English]] name ''pine'' derives from [[Latin]] ''Pinus'' by way of [[French language|French]] ''pin''; similar names are used in other [[Romance languages]]. In the past (pre-19th century) they were often known as ''fir'', from [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''fyrre'', by way of [[Middle English]] ''firre''. The Old Norse name is still used for pines in some modern north European languages, in [[Danish language|Danish]], ''fyr'', in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]], ''furu'', and ''Föhre'' in [[German language|German]], but in modern English, "fir" is now restricted to [[Fir]] (''Abies'') and ''[[Douglas-fir]] (''Pseudotsuga''). |
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==See also== |
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* [[Pine-cypress forest]] |
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* [[Pitch Pine]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==References== |
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{{Commons|Pinus}} |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* Farjon, A. 1984, 2nd edition 2005. ''Pines''. E. J. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-13916-8 |
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* Little, E. L., Jr., and Critchfield, W. B. 1969. ''Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (Pines)''. US Department of Agriculture Misc. Publ. 1144 (Superintendent of Documents Number: A 1.38:1144). |
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* Richardson, D. M. (ed.). 1998. ''Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 530 p. ISBN 0-521-55176-5 |
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* Mirov, N. T. 1967. ''The Genus Pinus''. Ronald Press, New York (out of print). |
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* [http://www.pinetum.org/Lovett/classification.htm Classification of pines] |
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* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - Pinus] |
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{{refend}} |
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{{Pinaceae}} |
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[[Category:Pinaceae]] |
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[[Category:Pinus]] |
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{{Link FA|pl}} |
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[[ar:صنوبر]] |
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[[az:Şam (ağac)]] |
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[[be:Хвоя]] |
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[[bg:Бор]] |
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[[ca:Pi (arbre)]] |
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[[ceb:Pino]] |
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[[cs:Borovice]] |
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[[da:Fyrreslægten]] |
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[[pdc:Beintbaam]] |
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[[de:Kiefern]] |
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[[et:Mänd (perekond)]] |
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[[el:Πεύκο]] |
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[[es:Pinus]] |
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[[eo:Pino]] |
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[[eu:Pinu]] |
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[[fr:Pin (plante)]] |
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[[gd:Giuthas]] |
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[[gl:Piñeiro]] |
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[[ko:소나무속]] |
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[[hi:चीड़]] |
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[[hsb:Chójna]] |
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[[id:Tusam]] |
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[[it:Pinus]] |
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[[he:אורן]] |
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[[ka:ფიჭვი]] |
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[[kv:Пожӧм]] |
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[[la:Pinus]] |
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[[lt:Pušis]] |
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[[hu:Répafenyő]] |
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[[nl:Pinus]] |
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[[ja:マツ]] |
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[[no:Furuslekten]] |
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[[nn:Furuslekta]] |
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[[pl:Sosna]] |
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[[pt:Pinheiro]] |
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[[ro:Pin (arbore)]] |
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[[qu:Pinu]] |
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[[ru:Сосна]] |
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[[sah:Бэс]] |
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[[stq:Fjuurenboom]] |
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[[simple:Pine]] |
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[[sk:Borovica]] |
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[[sl:Bor (drevo)]] |
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[[sr:Бор (биљка)]] |
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[[fi:Männyt]] |
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[[sv:Tallsläktet]] |
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[[tl:Pino]] |
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[[te:పైన్]] |
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[[tr:Çam]] |
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[[uk:Сосна]] |
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[[yi:סאסנע]] |
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[[zh:松屬]] |
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Revision as of 14:55, 28 August 2009
Me gusta muy muy muy galletas.