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Pilling–Bedworth ratio

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In corrosion of metals, the Pilling–Bedworth ratio (P–B ratio) is the ratio of the volume of the elementary cell of a metal oxide to the volume of the elementary cell of the corresponding metal (from which the oxide is created).

On the basis of the P–B ratio, it can be judged whether the metal is likely to passivate in dry air by creation of a protective oxide layer.

Definition

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The P–B ratio is defined as[1]

where

  • is the atomic or molecular mass,
  • is the number of atoms of metal per molecule of the oxide,
  • is the density,
  • is the molar volume.

History

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N.B. Pilling and R.E. Bedworth[2] suggested in 1923 that metals can be classed into two categories: those that form protective oxides, and those that cannot. They ascribed the protectiveness of the oxide to the volume the oxide takes in comparison to the volume of the metal used to produce this oxide in a corrosion process in dry air. The oxide layer would be unprotective if the ratio is less than unity because the film that forms on the metal surface is porous and/or cracked. Conversely, the metals with the ratio higher than 1 tend to be protective because they form an effective barrier that prevents the gas from further oxidizing the metal.[3]

Application

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Scheme of the oxide structure and the Pilling–Bedworth ratio.

On the basis of measurements, the following connection can be shown:

  • RPB < 1: the oxide coating layer is too thin, likely broken and provides no protective effect (for example magnesium)
  • RPB > 2: the oxide coating chips off and provides no protective effect (example iron)
  • 1 < RPB < 2: the oxide coating is passivating and provides a protecting effect against further surface oxidation (examples aluminium, titanium, chromium-containing steels).

However, the exceptions to the above P–B ratio rules are numerous. Many of the exceptions can be attributed to the mechanism of the oxide growth: the underlying assumption in the P–B ratio is that oxygen needs to diffuse through the oxide layer to the metal surface; in reality, it is often the metal ion that diffuses to the air-oxide interface. [citation needed]

The P–B ratio is important when modelling the oxidation of nuclear fuel cladding tubes, which are typically made of Zirconium alloys, as it defines how much of the cladding that is consumed and weakened due to oxidation. The P–B ratio of Zirconium alloys can vary between 1.48 and 1.56,[4] meaning that the oxide is more voluminous than the consumed metal.

Values

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Metal Metal oxide Formula RPB
Potassium Potassium oxide K2O 0.474[5]
Sodium Sodium oxide Na2O 0.541[5]
Lithium Lithium oxide Li2O 0.567[5]
Strontium Strontium oxide SrO 0.611[5]
Calcium Calcium oxide CaO 0.64[3]
Barium Barium oxide BaO 0.67[5]
Magnesium Magnesium oxide MgO 0.81
Aluminium Aluminium oxide Al2O3 1.28
Lead Lead(II) oxide PbO 1.28[3]
Platinum Platinum(II) oxide PtO 1.56[3]
Zirconium Zirconium(IV) oxide ZrO2 1.56
Zinc Zinc oxide ZnO 1.58
Hafnium Hafnium(IV) oxide HfO2 1.62[3]
Nickel Nickel(II) oxide NiO 1.65
Iron Iron(II) oxide FeO 1.7
Titanium Titanium(IV) oxide TiO2 1.73
Iron Iron(II,III) oxide Fe3O4 1.90
Chromium Chromium(III) oxide Cr2O3 2.07
Iron Iron(III) oxide Fe2O3 2.14
Silicon Silicon dioxide SiO2 2.15
Tantalum Tantalum(V) oxide Ta2O5 2.47[3]
Niobium Niobium pentoxide Nb2O5 2.69[5]
Vanadium Vanadium(V) oxide V2O5 3.25[3]
Tungsten Tungsten(VI) oxide WO3 3.3[6]

References

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  1. ^ Xu, C.; Gao, W. (2000). "Pilling–Bedworth ratio for oxidation of alloys". Mat. Res. Innovat. 3 (4): 231–235. Bibcode:2000MatRI...3..231X. doi:10.1007/s100190050008. S2CID 135657853.
  2. ^ N.B. Pilling, R. E. Bedworth, "The Oxidation of Metals at High Temperatures". J. Inst. Met 29 (1923), pp. 529–591.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "ASM Handbook Vol.13 Corrosion", ASM International, 1987
  4. ^ Annand, Kirsty; Nord, Magnus; MacLaren, Ian; Gass, Mhairi (November 2017). "The corrosion of Zr(Fe, Cr)2 and Zr2Fe secondary phase particles in Zircaloy-4 under 350 °C pressurised water conditions" (PDF). Corrosion Science. 128: 213–223. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2017.09.014. ISSN 0010-938X.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Pilling–Bedworth ratios (PBRs) for metals and their oxides".
  6. ^ Bagnall, C.; Capo, J.; Moorhead, W. J. (December 2018). "Oxidation Behavior of Tungsten Carbide-6% Cobalt Cemented Carbide". Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis. 7 (6): 661–679. doi:10.1007/s13632-018-0493-7.