Philippines: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{main|History of the Philippines}} |
{{main|History of the Philippines}} |
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it is the [[homo erectus]] that firs lived in the [[''Philippines'']] |
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[[Archeology|Archeological]] and [[paleontology|paleontological]] discoveries show that ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' existed in [[Palawan]] circa 50,000 BC. The aboriginal people of the Philippines, the [[Negrito]]s, are an Australo-Melanesian people, which arrived in the Philippines at least 30,000 years ago. The [[Austronesians]], who originated from populations of [[Taiwanese aboriginals]] that migrated from mainland Asia approximately 6000 years ago, colonized the Philippine islands and eventually migrated to [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]] and, soon after, to the [[Polynesia|Polynesian islands]] and [[Madagascar]].{{cn|date=May 2008}} |
[[Archeology|Archeological]] and [[paleontology|paleontological]] discoveries show that ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' existed in [[Palawan]] circa 50,000 BC. The aboriginal people of the Philippines, the [[Negrito]]s, are an Australo-Melanesian people, which arrived in the Philippines at least 30,000 years ago. The [[Austronesians]], who originated from populations of [[Taiwanese aboriginals]] that migrated from mainland Asia approximately 6000 years ago, colonized the Philippine islands and eventually migrated to [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]] and, soon after, to the [[Polynesia|Polynesian islands]] and [[Madagascar]].{{cn|date=May 2008}} |
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Revision as of 01:23, 6 July 2008
Republic of the Philippines [Republika ng Pilipinas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | |
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Motto: [Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (English: "For God, For People, For Nature and For Country") | |
Anthem: [Lupang Hinirang] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "Chosen Land" | |
![]() | |
Capital | Manila |
Largest city | Quezon City |
Official languages | Filipino and English |
Recognised regional languages | Tagalog, Bikol, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Waray-Waray[1] |
Demonym(s) | Filipino, Pinoy, Pilipino |
Government | Unitary presidential constitutional republic |
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo | |
Noli De Castro | |
Independence | |
March 16 1521 | |
• Declared | June 12 1898 |
March 24 1934 | |
July 4 1946 | |
February 2 1987 | |
Area | |
• Total | 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi)[2] (72nd) |
• Water (%) | 0.61%[2] |
Population | |
• 2008 estimate | 90.5 million[3] (12th) |
• 2007 census | 88,574,614 [4] |
• Density | 295/km2 (764.0/sq mi) (32nd) |
GDP (PPP) | 2006 estimate |
• Total | $466.632 billion [5] (25th) |
• Per capita | $5,365.287[5] (99th) |
GDP (nominal) | 2006 estimate |
• Total | $117.562 billion[5] (47th) |
• Per capita | $1,351.718[5] (117th) |
Gini (2003) | 44.5[2] Error: Invalid Gini value |
HDI (2007/2008) | ![]() Error: Invalid HDI value (90th) |
Currency | Peso (Filipino: [piso] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ![]() |
Time zone | UTC+8 (PST) |
Calling code | 63 |
ISO 3166 code | PH |
Internet TLD | .ph |
The Philippines (Filipino: Pilipinas; Spanish: Filipinas), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines ([Republika ng Pilipinas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); RP), is an archipelagic country located in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. The Philippine archipelago comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean, bordering countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Palau, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Vietnam. The Philippines is the world's 12th most populous country with a population approaching 90 million people.[3][5] Its national economy is the 37th largest in the world with a 2006 gross domestic product (GDP) of over US$117.562 billion.[5] There are more than 11 million overseas Filipinos worldwide, the largest diaspora network in the world, about 11% of the total population of the Philippines.
The Philippines was settled mostly by Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples. The Philippines became a Spanish colony in the 16th century, and an American territory at the beginning of the 20th century. The Katipunan led the Philippine Revolution of 1896 that won independence from Spain. The U.S. occupation of the Philippines during the Spanish-American War led to the outbreak of the Philippine-American War. The Philippines gained its independence from the United States on July 4, 1946 after the Pacific War (the Second World War) via the Treaty of Manila. Martial law was declared in 1972 by Ferdinand Marcos. The assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. led to the People Power Revolution of 1986 that overthrew authoritarian rule. Political upheavals and corruption scandals alternated with the peaceful transition of power during the period that followed the restoration of democracy.[2]
Modern Philippines has many affinities with the Western world, derived mainly from the cultures of Spain, Latin America, and the United States. Roman Catholicism is the country's predominant religion, although pre-Hispanic indigenous religious practices still exist; there are also followers of Islam.[7] Spanish was an official language of the Philippines until 1973. Since then, the two official national languages are Filipino and English.[2]
Etymology
The name Philippines and its Spanish counterpart, [Filipinas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), are derived from the name of Phillip II, the King of Spain in the late 16th century.[8] Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos used the name Las Islas Filipinas in honor of the then-Crown Prince during his expedition to the Philippines, originally referring to the islands of Leyte and Samar. Despite the presence of other names, the name [Filipinas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) was eventually adopted as the name of the entire archipelago.[8] There also had been proposals of changing the country's name to "Maharlika", but so far none of them are expected to be successful.
History
it is the homo erectus that firs lived in the Philippines Archeological and paleontological discoveries show that Homo sapiens existed in Palawan circa 50,000 BC. The aboriginal people of the Philippines, the Negritos, are an Australo-Melanesian people, which arrived in the Philippines at least 30,000 years ago. The Austronesians, who originated from populations of Taiwanese aboriginals that migrated from mainland Asia approximately 6000 years ago, colonized the Philippine islands and eventually migrated to Indonesia, Malaysia and, soon after, to the Polynesian islands and Madagascar.[citation needed]
The Philippines had cultural ties with Malaysia, Indonesia, India in ancient times, and trade relations with China and Japan as early as the 9th century.
Islam was brought to the Philippines by traders and proselytizers from Malaysia and Indonesia. The Islamization of the Philippines is due to the strength of then-Muslim India.[9] By the 13th century, Islam was established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there to Mindanao; it had reached the Manila area by 1565. Muslim converts established Islamic communities and states ruled by rajas or sultans. However, no Islamic state exercised sovereignty over much of the archipelago, and the indigenous maritime and agricultural societies ruled by datus or apos remained autonomous. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the majority of the estimated 500,000 people in the islands lived in independent settlements called 'barangay' or networks of settlements.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rice_Terraces_Banaue.jpg/200px-Rice_Terraces_Banaue.jpg)
In the service of Spain, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew started their voyage on September 20, 1519. Magellan sighted Samar on March 17, 1521, on the next day, they reached Homonhon. They reached the island of Limasawa on March 28, 1521 where the first Mass in the Philippines was celebrated on March 31, 1521.[8] Magellan arrived at Cebu on April 7, 1521, befriending Rajah Humabon and converting his family and 700 other Cebuanos to Christianity.[8] However, Magellan would later be killed in the Battle of Mactan by indigenous warriors led by Lapu-Lapu, a fierce rival of Humabon.
The beginnings of colonization started to take form when Philip II of Spain ordered successive expeditions. Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first Spanish settlements in Cebu. In 1571 he established Manila as the capital of the new Spanish colony.[10]
Spanish rule brought political unification to an archipelago of previously independent islands and communities that later became the Philippines, and introduced elements of western civilization such as the code of law, printing and the calendar[11]. The Philippines was ruled as a territory of New Spain from 1565 to 1821, but after Mexican independence it was administered directly from Madrid. During that time numerous towns were founded, infrastructures built, new crops and livestock introduced, and trade flourished. The Manila Galleon which linked Manila to Acapulco once or twice a year beginning in the late 16th century, carried silk, spices, ivory and porcelain to America and silver on the return trip to the Philippines. The Spanish military fought off various indigenous revolts and several external threats, especially from the British, Chinese pirates, Dutch, and Portuguese. Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the inhabitants to Christianity, and founded numerous schools, universities and hospitals. In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish [12].
Flag | Pambansang Watawat |
Anthem | "Lupang Hinirang" |
Patriotic Song | "Pilipinas Kong Mahal", "Bayan Ko" |
Gem | Philippine South Sea Pearl |
Dance | Cariñosa |
Mammal | Carabao |
Bird | Philippine Eagle |
Fish | Milkfish (Bangus) |
Flower | Arabian Jasmine (Sampaguita) |
Tree | Angsana (Narra) |
Leaf | Fan palm (Anahaw) |
Fruit | Mango (Mangga) |
Sport | Sipa |
House | Nipa hut (Bahay kubo) |
Costume | Barong Tagalog and Baro't saya |
Hero | José Rizal |
The Propaganda Movement, which included Philippine nationalist José Rizal, then a student studying in Spain, soon developed on the Spanish mainland. This was done in order to inform the government of the injustices of the administration in the Philippines as well as the abuses of the friars. In the 1880s and the 1890s, the propagandists clamored for political and social reforms, which included demands for greater representation in Spain. Unable to gain the reforms, Rizal returned to the country, and pushed for the reforms locally. Rizal was subsequently arrested, tried, and executed for treason on December 30, 1896. Earlier that year, the Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, had already started a revolution, which was eventually continued by Emilio Aguinaldo, who established a revolutionary government, although the Spanish governor general Fernando Primo de Rivera proclaimed the revolution over in May 17, 1897.[13]
The Spanish-American War began in Cuba in 1898 and soon reached the Philippines when Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila Bay. Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898, and was proclaimed head of state. As a result of its defeat, Spain was forced to officially cede the Philippines, together with Cuba (made an independent country, the US in charge of foreign affairs), Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. In 1899 the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed in Malolos, Bulacan but was later dissolved by the US forces, leading to the Philippine-American War between the United States and the Philippine revolutionaries, which continued the violence of the previous years. The US proclaimed the war ended when Aguinaldo was captured by American troops on March 23, 1901, but the struggle continued until 1913 claiming the lives of over a million Filipinos[14] [15]. The country's status as a territory changed when it became the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, which provided for more self-governance. Plans for increasing independence over the next decade were interrupted during World War II when Japan invaded and occupied the islands. After the Japanese were defeated in 1945, returned to the Filipino and American forces in the Liberation of the Philippines from 1944 to 1945, the Philippines was granted independence from the United States on July 4, 1946.[2]
Since 1946, the newly independent Philippine state has faced political instability with various rebel groups. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw economic development that was second in Asia, next to Japan. Ferdinand Marcos was, then, the elected president. Barred from seeking a third term, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, under the guise of increased political instability and resurgent Communist and Muslim insurgencies, and ruled the country by decree.
Upon returning from exile, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated on August 21, 1983. In January 1986, Marcos allowed for a snap election, after large protests. The election was believed to be fraudulent, and resulted in a standoff between military mutineers and the military loyalists. Protesters supported the mutineers, and were accompanied by resignations of prominent cabinet officials. Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno Aquino, Jr., was the recognized winner of the snap election. She took over the government, and called for a constitutional convention to draft a new constitution, after the People Power Revolution. Marcos, his family and some of his allies fled to Hawaii.[16]
The return of democracy and government reforms after the events of 1986 were hampered by massive national debt, government corruption, coup attempts, a communist insurgency, and a Muslim separatist movement. The economy improved during the administration of Fidel V. Ramos, who was elected in 1992.[17] However, the economic improvements were negated at the onset of the East Asian financial crisis in 1997. The 2001 EDSA Revolution led to the downfall of the following president, Joseph Estrada. The current administration of president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has been hounded by allegations of corruption and election rigging.[18]
Politics and government
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo%2C_Davos.jpg/175px-Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo%2C_Davos.jpg)
The Philippines has a presidential, unitary form of government (with some modification; there is one autonomous region largely free from the national government), where the President functions as both head of state and head of government, and is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote to a single six-year term, during which time she or he appoints and presides over the cabinet.[1]
The bicameral Congress is composed of a Senate, serving as the upper house whose members are elected nationally to a six-year term, and a House of Representatives serving as the lower house whose members are elected to a three-year term and are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation.[1]
The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[1]
Attempts to amend the constitution to either a federal, unicameral or parliamentary form of government have repeatedly failed since the Ramos administration.
The Philippines is a founding and active member of the United Nations since its inception on October 24, 1945 and is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Philippines is also a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS), an active player in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union, and a member of the Group of 24. The country is a major non-NATO ally of the U.S. but also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.[1]
Administrative divisions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ph_regions_and_provinces.png/225px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.png)
The Philippines is divided into three island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. These are divided into 17 regions, 81 provinces, 136 cities, 1,494 municipalities and 41,995 barangays. [19]
Region | Designation | Government center |
---|---|---|
Ilocos Region | Region I | San Fernando City, La Union |
Cagayan Valley Region | Region II | Tuguegarao City, Cagayan |
Central Luzon Region | Region III | City of San Fernando, Pampanga |
CALABARZON Region¹ ² | Region IV-A | Calamba City, Laguna |
MIMAROPA Region¹ ² ³ | Region IV-B | Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro |
Bicol Region | Region V | Legazpi City, Albay |
Western Visayas Region³ | Region VI | Iloilo City |
Central Visayas Region | Region VII | Cebu City |
Eastern Visayas Region | Region VIII | Tacloban City, Leyte |
Zamboanga Peninsula Region | Region IX | Pagadian City |
Northern Mindanao Region | Region X | Cagayan de Oro City |
Davao Region | Region XI | Davao City |
SOCCSKSARGEN Region¹ | Region XII | Koronadal City, South Cotabato |
Caraga Region | Region XIII | Butuan City |
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao | ARMM | Cotabato City |
Cordillera Administrative Region | CAR | Baguio City |
National Capital Region | NCR | Manila |
¹ Names are capitalized because they are acronyms, containing the names of the constituent provinces or cities (see Acronyms in the Philippines).
² These regions formed the former Southern Tagalog region, or Region IV.
³ Palawan was moved from Region IV-B as known as MIMAROPA to Region VI. From November 2005, Region IV-B would be called MIMARO, decreased from five to four provinces and Region VI increased from six to seven provinces.
Geography
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Mt.Mayon_tam3rd.jpg/200px-Mt.Mayon_tam3rd.jpg)
The Philippines constitutes an archipelago of 7,107 islands with a total land area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers (116,000 sq mi). It generally lies between 116° 40' and 126° 34' E. longitude, and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N. latitude, and borders the Philippine Sea on the east, the South China Sea on the west, and the Celebes Sea on the south. The island of Borneo lies a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan directly north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are to the south/southwest, and Palau is to the east beyond the Philippine Sea.[1]
The islands are commonly divided into three island groups: Luzon (Regions I to V, NCR and CAR), Visayas (VI to VIII), and Mindanao (IX to XIII and ARMM). The busy port of Manila, on Luzon, is the national capital and second largest city after its suburb Quezon City. [1]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/MountApo1.jpg/220px-MountApo1.jpg)
The local climate is hot, humid, and tropical. The average yearly temperature is around 26.5 °C (79.7 °F). There are three recognized seasons: Tag-init or Tag-araw (the hot season or summer from March to May), Tag-ulan (the rainy season from June to November), and Taglamig (the cold season from December to February). The southwest monsoon (May-October) is known as the "habagat" and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon (November-April) as the "amihan".[20]
Most of the mountainous islands used to be covered in tropical rainforest and are volcanic in origin. The highest point is Mount Apo on Mindanao at 2,954 metres (9,692 ft). There are many active volcanos such as Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano. The country also lies within the typhoon belt of the Western Pacific and about 19 typhoons strike per year.[21]
Lying on the northwestern fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activities. Some 20 earthquakes are registered daily in the Philippines, though most are too weak to be felt. The last great earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake.[22]
The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon. Manila Bay is connected to Laguna de Bay by means of the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf and the Moro Gulf are some of the important bays. Transversing the San Juanico Strait is the San Juanico Bridge (considered a point of vital national infrastructure and capacity), that connects the islands of Samar and Leyte.[23]
Economy
The Philippines is a newly industrialized country with an economy anchored on agriculture but with substantial contributions from manufacturing, mining, remittances from overseas Filipinos and service industries such as tourism and, increasingly, business process outsourcing.[7][24] The Philippines is listed in the roster of "Next Eleven" economies.
Historically, the Philippine economy has largely been anchored on the Manila galleon during the Spanish era, and bilateral trade with the United States during the American era. Pro-Filipino economic policies were first implemented during the tenure of Carlos P. Garcia with the "Filipino First" policy. By the 1960s, the Philippine economy was regarded as the second-largest in Asia, next only to Japan. However, the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos would prove disastrous to the Philippine economy, sliding the country into severe economic recession, only to recover starting in the 1990s with a program of economic liberalization and the breaking of Marcos-era monopolies and the system of cronyism under Fidel V. Ramos.[17]
The Asian Financial Crisis affected the Philippine economy to an extent, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the Philippine peso and falls in the stock market, although the extent to which it was affected is not as severe as that of its Asian neighbors. This is largely due to the fiscal conservatism of the Philippine government partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund, in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth.[17] By 2004, the Philippine economy experienced six-percent growth in gross domestic product and 7.3% in 2007,[25] in line with the "7, 8, 9" project of the government to accelerate GDP growth by 2009.[26]
In a bid to further strengthen the Philippine economy, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo pledged to make the Philippines a developed country by 2020. As part of this goal, she instituted five economic "super regions" to concentrate on the economic strengths of various regions of the Philippines, as well as the implementation of tax reforms, continued privatization of state assets, and the building-up of infrastructure in various areas of the Philippines.
Despite the growing economy, the Philippines will have to address several chronic problems in the future. Strategies for streamlining the economy include improvements of infrastructure, more efficient tax systems to bolster government revenues, furthering deregulation and privatization of the economy, and increasing trade integration within the region and across the world.[27][28] The Philippine economy is also heavily reliant on remittances as a source of foreign currency, surpassing even foreign direct investment. China and India have emerged as major economic competitors, siphoning away investors who would otherwise have invested in the Philippines, particularly telecommunications companies. Regional development is also somewhat uneven, with Luzon and Metro Manila in particular gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions,[29] although the government has taken steps to distribute economic growth by promoting investment in other areas of the Philippines.
The Philippines is a founding member of the Asian Development Bank, playing home to its headquarters. It is also a member of the World Bank, the IMF, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Colombo Plan, and the G-77, among others.[30]
Demographics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippines-demography.png/175px-Philippines-demography.png)
The Philippines is the world's 12th most populous country, with a population of over 90 million as of 2008.[3][5]As of 2007, 8% of Filipinos are living abroad as migrant laborers. Roughly half reside on the island of Luzon. Manila, the capital, is the eleventh most populous metropolitan area in the world. The literacy rate was 92.6% in 2003,[31][32] and about equal for males and females.[2] Life expectancy is 71.23 years, with 73.6 years for females and 69.8 years for males. Population growth rate in 1995-2000 is 3.21% but then dramatically fell to 1.59% for 2005-2010.
Ethnic groups
Majority of Filipinos are descended from the various Austronesian-speaking migrants who arrived in successive waves over a thousand years ago from Taiwan, genetically most closely related to the Ami tribe.[33] The Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples, a branch of Austronesian, migrated to the Philippines and brought their knowledge of rice agriculture and ocean-sailing technology. Filipinos to this day are composed of various Malayo-Polynesian-speaking ethnic groups, including but not limited to the Visayans, the Tagalog, the Ilocano, the Moro, the Kapampangan, the Bicolano, the Pangasinense, the Igorot, the Lumad, the Mangyan, the Ibanag, the Badjao, the Ivatan, and the Palawan tribes. The Negritos, including the Aetas and the Ati, are considered as the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines though they are estimated to be fewer than 30,000 people (0.03%).
Filipinos of Chinese descent currently forms the largest non-Austronesian ethnic group, claiming about 1.5% of the population [34] followed by Filipinos of Spanish descent. Other significant minorities include British, Americans, Japanese, Asian Indians, Koreans, Arabs and Indonesians. Chinese mestizos are those in the Philippines of mixed Chinese and either indigenous Filipino or Spanish (or both) ancestry. They make up between 10-20% of the country's total population.
Throughout the country's history, various ethnic groups as well as immigrants and colonizers have intermarried, producing Filipino mestizos. These mestizos, apart from being of mixed indigenous Austronesian and European ancestry, can be descended from any ethnic foreign forebears. The percentage of Filipinos with foreign ancestry is unknown since there are no credible sources for the percentage of Philippine mestizos residing in the Philippines. The number of Filipino mestizos that reside outside the Philippines is also unknown. However, due to major historical factors, such as the Spanish colonization, the American occupation, and Chinese immigration after World War II; many Filipino mestizos that reside in the Philippines are now of Spanish, American and Chinese descent.
Languages
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phillanguages.jpg/200px-Phillanguages.jpg)
Filipino and English are the official languages of the Philippines, but more than 180 languages and dialects are spoken in the archipelago, almost all of them belonging to the Borneo-Philippines group of the Malayo-Polynesian language branch of the Austronesian language family.
According to the 1987 Constitution, Filipino and English are both the official languages. Many Filipinos understand, write and speak English, Filipino and their respective regional languages.
Filipino is the de facto standardized version of Tagalog spoken in Metro Manila and urban centers and one of the official languages in the country. English, the other official language, is widely used as a lingua franca throughout the country.
Twelve major regional languages are the auxiliary official languages of their respective regions, each with over one million speakers: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, Bikol, Pangasinan. Kinaray-a, Maranao, Maguindanao and Tausug.
English was imposed by Americans during the U.S. intervention and colonization of the archipelago. English is used in education, churches, religious affairs, print and broadcast media, and business, though the number of people who use it as a second language far outnumber those who speak it as a first language. Still, English is the preferred medium for textbooks and instruction for secondary and tertiary levels. Movies and TV programs in English are not subtitled but many films and TV programs are produced in Filipino. English is the sole language of the law courts.
Spanish was the original official language of the country for more than three centuries, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Spanish was the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution proclaimed it as the official language. However, Spanish was spoken by a total of 60% of the population in the early 1900s as a first, second or third language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines, its use declined after 1940. Currently, only a few Mestizos of Spanish or Hispanic origin speak it as their first language, although a few others use it together with Filipino and English.
Both Spanish and Arabic are recognized as auxiliary languages in the Filipino Constitution, to be "promoted on a voluntary and optional basis". The use of Arabic is prevalent among Filipino Muslims and taught in madrasah (Muslim) schools.
Religion
The Philippines is one of two countries in Asia with Roman Catholic majorities; the other being East Timor. The Philippines is separated into dioceses of which the Archdiocese of Manila enjoys primacy. About 90% of Filipinos identify themselves as Christians, with 81% belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. 2% are composed of Protestant denominations and 11% either to the Philippine Independent Church (Aglipayan), Iglesia ni Cristo and others.[35] While Christianity is a major force in the culture of the Filipinos, indigenous traditions and rituals still influence religious practice.
The Philippines is also well-known for its Baroque-style churches. They are a part of the long list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These churches are: San Agustin Church in Intramuros, Manila; Paoay Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte; Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion (Santa Maria) Church in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur; and the Santo Tomas de Villanueva (Miag-ao) Church in Miag-ao, Iloilo.
Approximately 5% of Filipinos are Muslims,[35] and are locally known as "Moros", having been dubbed this by the Spanish due to their sharing Islam with the Moors of North Africa. They primarily settle in parts of Mindanao, Palawan and the Sulu archipelago, but are now found in most urban areas of the country. Most lowland Muslim Filipinos practice normative Islam, although the practices of some Mindanao's hill tribe Muslims reflect a fusion with animism. There are also small populations of Buddhists, Hindus, Sikhs, and animists, which, along with other non-Christians, non-Muslims and those with no religion, collectively comprise 2.5% of the population.[32]
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ifugao_sculpture_Louvre_70-1999-4-1.jpg/175px-Ifugao_sculpture_Louvre_70-1999-4-1.jpg)
Filipino culture is a fusion of pre-Hispanic indigenous Austronesian civilizations of the Philippines mixed with Hispanic and American. It has also been influenced by Chinese, Arab, and Indianized cultures.[7]
The Hispanic influences in Filipino culture are largely derived from the culture of Spain and Mexico as a result of over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule through Mexico. These Hispanic influences are most evident in literature, folk music, folk dance, language, food, art and religion, such as Roman Catholic Church religious festivals.[7] Filipinos hold major festivities known as barrio fiestas to commemorate their patron saints. One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of Spanish surnames among Filipinos. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial decree for the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of the Spanish naming system on the inhabitants of the Philippines. A Spanish name and surname among the majority of Filipinos does not always denote Spanish ancestry.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Kulintang_06.jpg/175px-Kulintang_06.jpg)
Names of countless streets, towns and provinces are in Spanish. Spanish architecture also made a major imprint in the Philippines. This can be seen especially in the country's churches, government buildings and universities. Many Hispanic style houses and buildings are being preserved, like the Spanish colonial town in Vigan City, for protection and conservation. The kalesa is a horse-driven carriage introduced by the Spaniards and was a major mode of transportation during the colonial times. It is still being used today. Filipino cuisine is also heavily influenced by Mexican and Spanish cuisine.
The use of English language in the Philippines is contemporaneous and is America's visible legacy. The most commonly played sports in the Philippines are basketball and billiards. There is also a wide influence of American Pop cultural trends, such as the love of fast-food and movies; many street corners boast fast-food outlets. Aside from the American commercial giants such as McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Burger King, KFC, and Shakey's Pizza, local fast-food chains have also sprung up, including Goldilocks, Jollibee, Greenwich Pizza (acquired by Jollibee in 1994[36]), and Chowking (acquired by Jollibee in 2000[36]). Modern day Filipinos also listen to contemporary American music and watch American movies. However, Original Pilipino Music (also known as OPM) and Philippine movies are also widely appreciated.
Filipinos honor national heroes whose works and deeds contributed to the shaping of the Filipino nation. José Rizal is the most celebrated ilustrado, a Spanish-speaking reformist visionary whose writings contributed greatly in nurturing a sense of national identity and awareness. His novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo originally written in Spanish, are required readings for Filipino students, and provide vignettes of colonial life under the Spanish rule.
As with many cultures, music (which includes traditional music) and leisure activities are an important aspect of the Filipino society. Various sports are also enjoyed, including boxing, basketball, badminton, billiards, football (soccer) and ten-pin bowling being popular games in the country.
There are many Filipino’s who have gained international success and attention worldwide. Manny “Pacman” Pacquiao is professional boxer and was ranked number one in the world, after the retirement of Floyd Mayweather Jr. on June 2008. Dave Buatista Jr. better known as Batista in the World Wrestling Entertainment is filipino-greek. He began his career in 2005 and was the world champion in the WWE more than once. Efren “Bata” Reyes, Francisco Bustamante and Jose Parica are two of the Philippine’s most successful billiard players, winning many international tournaments. Also, there is Filipino-American Rob Schneider, a very funny comedian who is mostly seen in Adam Sandler movies. There are many more notable Filipino stars all around the world.
See also
- List of Philippine-related topics
- Wettest-known tropical cyclones in the Philippines
- Transportation in the Philippines
- Communications in the Philippines
References
- ^ a b c d e f g "General information". Government of the Philippines. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
"Official Website". Government of the Philippines. Retrieved 2007-10-01. - ^ a b c d e f g Template:Cite wok/geos/rp.html
- ^ a b c 2000 Census-based Population Projection, National Statistics Office, Republic of the Philippines, 2006, retrieved 2008-04-17
- ^ Official population count reveals..., National Statistics Office, Republic of the Philippines, 2008, retrieved 2008-04-17
- ^ a b c d e f g Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (Philippines), International Monetary Funds, 2006, retrieved 2008-04-17
- ^ Philippines—The Human Development Index - going beyond income, United Nations Development Programme, 2007/2008, retrieved 2007-12-14
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(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ a b c d Steinberg, David Joel (2007). "Philippines". Encarta.
- ^ a b c d Gregorio F. Zaide, Sonia M. Zaide (2004), Philippine History and Government, Sixth Edition, All-Nations Publishing Company
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, p. 22
- ^ Kurlansky, Mark. 1999. The Basque History of the World. Walker & Company, New York. ISBN 0-8027-1349-1, p. 64
- ^ Joaquin, Nick. 1988. Culture and History: Occasional Notes on the Process of Philippine Becoming. Solar Publishing, Metro Manila
- ^ US Country Studies: Education in the Philippines
- ^ Veltisezar Bautista, "3. The Philippine Revolution (1896-1898)", The Filipino Americans (1763-Present): Their History, Culture and Traditions (2nd ed.), ISBN 0-931613-17-5
- ^ E. San Juan, Jr. (March 22, 2005). "U.S. Genocide in the Philippines: A Case of Guilt, Shame, or Amnesia?".
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- ^ Gross, Jane (September 29, 1989). "Ferdinand Marcos, Ousted Leader Of Philippines, Dies at 72 in Exile". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ a b c Gargan, Edward A. (December 11, 1997). "Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ Bonner, Raymond (July 22, 2005). "U.S. in Wary Diplomacy With Besieged Philippine Leader". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
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- ^ Climate of the Philippines at PAGASA. Accessed September 30, 2006
- ^ Kee-Chai Chong; Ian R. Smith; Maura S. Lizarondo (1982), "III. The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds", Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System, The United Nations University, ISBN 92-808-346-8
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value: length (help) - ^ The 1990 Baguio City Earthquake at City of Baguio. Accessed October 3,2006
- ^ Leyte is Famous For... Accessed September 30, 2006
- ^ As India gets too costly, BPOs turn to Philippines Philippine Daily Inquirer. Accessed October 2, 2006
- ^ RP 2007 GDP grows 7.3%; fastest in 31 yrs, ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs, January 31, 2008
- ^ "Philippines Aims to Boost Growth by 2009". forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
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- ^ RP ready for Global Trade, ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs, accessed February 17, 2007
- ^ Beyond Imperial Manila, Manila Standard Today, accessed July 25, 2006
- ^ International Organization Participation CIA World Factbook
- ^ "Human Development Indicators" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. p. 259. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
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- ^ a b The Philippines: People ([dead link] – Scholar search), CIA World Factbook, retrieved 2008-01-09
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- ^ Capelli, C (2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" (pdf). American journal of Human Genetics. 68: 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
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at position 74 (help) (Table 1, p.434) - ^ "The Ranking of Ethnic Chinese Population". Overseas Compatriate Affairs Commission, R.O.C. (Taiwan). Retrieved 2007-09-26.
- ^ a b "2000 Census: ADDITIONAL THREE PERSONS PER MINUTE". National Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 2007-04-09. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ a b The Jollibee Phenomenon, Jollibee, Inc., archived from the original ([dead link] – Scholar search) on 2007-06-23, retrieved 2008-01-09
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External links
Official
- Official website of the Philippine Government - Gateway to governmental sites
Maps
Other
- WOW Philippines Tourism Ad
- Washington Post's: How the Philippines Sees America
- Template:Wikitravel
- Philippines, an external wiki
- BBC Country Profile on the Philippines
- CIA World Factbook: Philippines
- U.S. Country Studies: Philippines
- Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages by Wilhelm G. Solheim II (PDF)
- History of the Philippine Islands in many volumes, from Project Gutenberg (and indexed under Emma Helen Blair, the general editor)
- WikiAnswers: Q&A about the Philippines
Wikipedia