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Persecution of Yazidis

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Yazidi refugee children from Sinjar in Newroz Camp, Al-Malikiyah District, August 2014, after the Sinjar massacre.
Ruins of the Yazidi shrine of Mam Rashan in Sinjar mountains after its destruction by the Islamic State.

The persecution of Yazidis has been ongoing since at least the 12th century.[1][2][3][4] Yazidis are an endogamous and mostly Kurmanji-speaking[5] minority, indigenous to Kurdistan.[6] The Yazidi religion is regarded as "devil-worship" by some Muslims and Islamists.[1][2][7][8] Yazidis have been persecuted by the surrounding Muslims since the medieval ages, most notably by Safavids[citation needed], Ottomans, neighbouring Muslim Arab and Kurdish tribes and principalities.[1][3][9][10] After the 2014 Sinjar massacre of thousands of Yazidis by ISIL, which started the ethnic, cultural, and religious genocide of the Yazidis in Iraq,[1] Yazidis still face discrimination from the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Regional Government.

Early persecution

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After some Kurdish tribes became Islamized in the 10th century, they joined in the persecution of Yazidis in the Hakkari mountains.[3][11] Due to their religion, Muslim Kurds persecuted and attacked the Yazidis with particular brutality.[3][2][11][12] Sometimes, during these massacres, Muslim Kurds tried to force the Yazidis to convert to Islam.[13][14][11] The whole Yazidi population were nearly wiped out by massacres carried out by Muslim Kurds and Turks in the 19th century.[15][16]

13th century

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In 1254, Sheikh Adī’s grand-nephew al-Ḥasan b. ‘Adī together with 200 of his supporters were executed by Badr al-Din Lu'Lu, who was an Armenian convert to Islam and Zangid governor of Mosul, Sheikh Adi's tomb at Lalish was then desecrated.

15th century

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In 1415, a Shāfi‘ī theologian, ‘Izz al-Dīn al Hulwānī, with the military support of the Sunni Kurds of the Sindi tribe and the lord of Ḥiṣn Kayfā, attacked Lalish and burnt down the temple. The Yazidis later rebuilt their temple and the tomb of Sheikh Adi.[17][18][19]

The Geli Ali Beg Waterfall in Iraqi Kurdistan is named after the Yazidi leader Ali Beg who was killed there in 1832 by the Kurdish prince Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz.[20]

16th century

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In the year 1585, the Yazidis in the Sinjar mountain were attacked by the Sunni Kurds from Bohtan.[21]

19th century

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In the year 1832, about 70,000 Yazidis were killed by the Sunni Kurdish princes Bedir Khan Beg and Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz.[22] During his research trips in 1843, the Russian traveller and orientalist Ilya Berezin mentioned that 7,000 Yazidis were killed by Kurds of Rawandiz on the hills of Nineveh near Mosul, shortly before his arrival.[23] According to many historical reports[which?], the Bedir Khan massacres can today be classified as a genocide.[24]

In 1831, Muhammad Pasha massacred the people of the Kellek village. He then went northward and attacked the entire Yazidi-inhabited foothill country which was located east of Mosul. Some Yazidis managed to take refuge in the neighboring forests and mountain fastnesses, and a few of them managed to escape to distant places.[25]

Many Yazidis from Sheikhan, who had fled from the Kurds but could not cross the Tigris river, gathered on the great mound of Kouyunjik, where they were persecuted and killed by Muhammad Pasha's men.[26]

In 1832, Muhammad Pasha and his troops committed a massacre against the Yazidis in Khatarah. Subsequently, they attacked the Yazidis in Shekhan and killed many of them.[27] In another attempt he and his troops occupied over 300 Yazidi villages. The emir kidnapped over 10,000 Yazidis and sent them to Rawandiz and gave them the ultimatum of converting to Islam or being killed. Most of them converted to Islam and those who refused to convert to Islam were killed.[28]

In 1832, Bedir Khan Beg and his troops committed a massacre against the Yazidis in Shekhan. His men almost killed the whole Yazidi population of Shekhan. Some Yazidis tried to escape to Sinjar.[29][30][31] When they attempted to escape towards Sinjar, many of them drowned in the Tigris river. Those who could not swim were killed. About 12,000 Yazidis were killed on the bank of the Tigris river by Bedir Khan Beg's men. Yazidi women and children were also kidnapped.[32]

In 1833, the Yazidis who lived in the Aqrah region were again attacked by Muhammad Pasha and his soldiers. The perpetrators killed 500 Yazidis in the Greater Zab. Afterwards, Muhammad Pasha and his troops attacked the Yazidis who lived in Sinjar and killed many of them.[33]

In 1844, Bedir Khan Beg and his men committed a massacre against the Yazidis in the Tur Abdin region. His men also captured many Yazidis and forced them to convert to Islam. The inhabitants of seven Yazidi villages were all forced to convert to Islam.[32]

In the picture in the middle you can see Ali Beg II. (the grandson of the Yazidi leader Ali Beg and the grandfather of Tahseen Said)

Many Yazidis also defended themselves against the attacks. So did Ali Beg, the Yazidi leader in Sheikhan. The Yazidi leader Ali Beg mobilized his forces in order to oppose Muhammad Pasha, who mobilized the Kurdish tribes which lived in the surrounding mountains in order to launch an attack against the Yazidis. Ali Beg's troops were outnumbered and he was captured and killed by Muhammad Pasha.[26]

Late 19th century

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After the Ottomans had given the Yazidis a certain legal status in 1849 through repeated interventions by Stratford Canning and Sir Austen Henry Layard,[34] they sent their Ottoman general Omar Wahbi Pasha (later known as "Ferîq Pasha" in the memory of the Yazidis)[34] in 1890[35] or 1892[34] from Mosul to the Yazidis in Shaikhan and again gave the Yazidis an ultimatum to convert to Islam. When the Yazidis refused, the areas of Sinjar and Shaykhan were occupied and another massacre committed among the residents. The Ottoman rulers mobilized the Hamidiye cavalry, later founded in 1891, to take action against the Yazidis. Many Yazidi villages were attacked by the Hamidiye cavalry and the residents were killed. The Yazidi villages of Bashiqa and Bahzani were also raided and many Yazidi temples were destroyed. The Yazidi Mir Ali Beg was captured and held in Kastamonu. The central shrine of the Yazidis Lalish was converted into a Quran school. This condition lasted for twelve years until the Yazidis were able to recapture their main shrine Lalish.[35]

20th century

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During the Armenian genocide, many Yazidis were killed by Hamidiye cavalry.[36] According to Aziz Tamoyan, as many as 300,000 Yazidis were killed with the Armenians, while others fled to Transcaucasia.[37]

Despite the fact that the Yazidis hid 20,000 Christians from the Ottomans in the Sinjar Mountains during the Armenian genocide[38] and many Yazidis found refuge in Armenia as they fled from the Kurds and Turks,[37] the Yazidis were discriminated against in Armenia. Yazidi children tended to hide their identities in schools so they would not be discriminated against.[39] Furthermore, the term "Yezidi" is often used by non-Yazidis as an insult.[40]

In 1921, Yazidis in the Kingdom of Iraq under British rule were oppressed and attacked by the British army. The British Army attacked Yazidi villages between 1925 and 1935, killing over 100 Yazidis, including a Yazidi leader.[41] According to Arbella Bet-Shlimon, in 1935 the Iraqi Army attacked eleven Yazidi villages, placed Sinjar under martial law, and then sentenced many Yazidi prisoners to death or to long sentences because they had resisted mandatory conscription; some of the prisoners were even paraded in front of a jeering crowd in Mosul that killed one of the captives.[42]

21st century

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Main article: Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL

In the 21st century, Yazidis faced targeted violence from insurgents during the Iraq War, including an April 2007 massacre that killed 23, and the 2007 Yazidi communities bombings, which killed 796. The Sinjar Resistance Units (YBŞ) was set up to defend Yazidis in the aftermath of these attacks.[43]

Yazidi commemoration of the genocide on August 3, 2014 in the Kurdish city of Diyarbakır in Turkey (2015)

The genocide of Yazidis by ISIL, which began with the 2014 Sinjar massacre, led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidis from their ancestral lands in Sinjar. Thousands of Yazidi women and girls were forced into sexual slavery by the Sunni fundamentalist majority-Arab terrorist group ISIL, and thousands of Yazidi men were killed.[44] Five thousand Yazidi civilians were killed[45] during what has been called a "forced conversion campaign"[46][47] being carried out by ISIL in Northern Iraq. The genocide began after the withdrawal of the KRG's Peshmerga militia, which left the Yazidis defenseless.[48][49] Among the reasons for the Peshmerga's retreat was the unwillingness of the Sunnis in the ranks to fight fellow Muslims in the defence of Yazidis.[50] ISIL's persecution of the Yazidis gained international attention and led to another American-led intervention in Iraq, which started with United States airstrikes against ISIL. Kurdistan Workers' Party, People's Protection Units, and Syriac Military Council fighters then opened a humanitarian corridor to the Sinjar Mountains.[51][52][53][54]

Since 2016, many Yazidis in Syria have fled from the Afrin region to the relative safety of the secular Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria,[55] because of fears of persecution by the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army, an overwhelmingly Sunni militia.[56][57]

Kurdistan Region

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According to a report by Human Rights Watch, the Kurdish authorities have used heavy-handed tactics against the Yazidis and was accused of kidnapping and beating two Yazidi men belonging to the Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress who criticized the actions of the authorities. After the Kurdish authorities kidnapped them, they gave them two options, either they would accept that they were Kurds or they would confess that they were "terrorists". In addition, the Kurdish officers asked which language they speak. When the Yazidis replied "Yazidi", they were further tortured.[58]

There have also been some demographic changes in Yazidi-majority areas after the fall of Saddam. In the Sheikhan area, which is considered a historic Yazidi stronghold, the Kurdish authorities have allegedly settled Sunni Kurds to strengthen their claim that it should be included within the Kurdistan Region.[59] In modern times, Kurdistan Region is accused of taking over traditional Yazidi settlements.[59][60]

According to Yazidi activists reports, since 2003 about 30 Yazidi women and girls were kidnapped and forcibly married with members of the Kurdish security force Asayish.[61]

Ideological basis

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All of the massacres of the Yazidis were committed by the Muslim side.[citation needed]During their history, the Yazidis have mostly been under the pressure of their Muslim neighbors, which led to violence and massacres at times.

Kurdish muftis have given the persecution of Yazidis a religious character and they have also legalized it.[25] Also Kurdish mullahs such as Mahmud Bayazidi viewed the Yazidis as unbelievers.[2]

Yazidi view of the persecutions

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Remembering persecution is a central part of Yazidi identity.[62] The Yazidis speak of 74 genocides of them in their history and call these genocides "Farman". The number of 72 Farman can be derived from the oral traditions and folk songs of the Yazidis.[63][64] The last Farman is number 74 and denotes the genocide of the Yazidis by the IS terrorists.[65][11][12][66]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Allison, Christine (25 January 2017). "The Yazidis". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254. ISBN 9780199340378. Archived from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Asatrian, Garnik S.; Arakelova, Victoria (2014). "Part I: The One God - Malak-Tāwūs: The Leader of the Triad". The Religion of the Peacock Angel: The Yezidis and Their Spirit World. Gnostica. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 1–28. doi:10.4324/9781315728896. ISBN 978-1-84465-761-2. OCLC 931029996.
  3. ^ a b c d Naby, Eden (2009). "Yazīdīs". In Esposito, John (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195305135. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020.
  4. ^ Acikyildiz, Birgul (2014-08-20). The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-78453-216-1.
  5. ^ Allison, Christine (20 February 2004). "Yazidis i: General". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  6. ^ Nelida Fuccaro (1999). The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq. London & New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 9. ISBN 1860641709.
  7. ^ van Bruinessen, Martin (1992). "Chapter 2: Kurdish society, ethnicity, nationalism and refugee problems". In Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (eds.). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. London: Routledge. pp. 26–52. ISBN 978-0-415-07265-6. OCLC 919303390.
  8. ^ Jalabi, Raya (2014-08-11). "Who are the Yazidis and why is Isis hunting them?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  9. ^ Guest (2012-11-12). Survival Among The Kurds. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-15736-3.
  10. ^ Evliya Çelebi, The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman: Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588–1662), Translated by Robert Dankoff, 304 pp., SUNY Press, 1991; ISBN 0-7914-0640-7, pp. 169–171
  11. ^ a b c d Kizilhan, Jan Ilhan; Noll-Hussong, Michael (2017). "Individual, collective, and transgenerational traumatization in the Yazidi". BMC Medicine. 15 (1): 198. doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0965-7. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 5724300. PMID 29224572.
  12. ^ a b Hosseini, S. Behnaz (2020). Trauma and the Rehabilitation of Trafficked Women: The Experiences of Yazidi Survivors. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-07869-5.
  13. ^ Orient-Institut, Deutsches; Franz, Erhard (1994). Population policy in Turkey: family planning and migration between 1960 and 1992. Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 332. ISBN 9783891730348. Throughout history, there was no shortage of attempts by Kurdish Muslims to violently convert the Yazidis to Islam.
  14. ^ Non-State Violent Actors and Social Movement Organizations: Influence, Adaptation, and Change. Emerald Group Publishing. 2017-04-26. p. 75. ISBN 9781787147287.
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  39. ^ "Armenia 2019 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). United States Department of State. p. 7.
  40. ^ "Alternative report on Armenia's implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 8.
  41. ^ Suha, Hazeem Hassen (2016). "Investigating Sexual and Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War and a Tool of Genocide against Indigenous Yazidi Women and Girls by ISIS in Iraq". Oregon State University. p. 17.
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  46. From Sinjar massacre: Cetorelli, Valeria (9 May 2017). "Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey". PLOS Medicine. 14 (5): e1002297. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297. PMC 5423550. PMID 28486492.
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  48. ^ Blair, David (6 June 2015). "Isil's Yazidi 'mass conversion' video fails to hide brutal duress". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
  49. From Sinjar massacre: Blair, David (6 June 2015). "Isil's Yazidi 'mass conversion' video fails to hide brutal duress". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
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  51. ^ Murad, Nadia (2017-11-07). The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight Against the Islamic State. Crown/Archetype. ISBN 9781524760458.
  52. ^ "Freeing Yazidi Women: Combating a 21st Century Slavery Revival Project | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
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