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Pentatomidae

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Not to be confused with Pentastomida, a type of crustaceans.

Pentatomidae
Temporal range: Paleogene–Recent
Nezara viridula
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Pentatomoidea
Family: Pentatomidae
Leach, 1815
Subfamilies

See text

Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs. Pentatomidae is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.[1][2] As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.

Etymology

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Red shouldered Stink Bug

The name "Pentatomidae" is from the Greek pente meaning "five" and tomos meaning "section", and refers to the five segments of their antennae.[1] Pentatomids are generally called "shield bugs" in British English, or "stink bugs" in American English. However, the term shield bugs are also applied broadly to include several related families (e.g. Acanthosomatidae, Scutelleridae, and Cydnidae), or specifically only to refer to species in the family Acanthosomatidae.[1][3][4][5][6] The term shield bug refers to the generalized body shape of adult bugs in these families which resembles a heraldic shield when viewed from above.

The American name "stink bug" is specific to the Pentatomidae, and refers to their ability to release a pungent defensive spray when threatened, disturbed, or crushed. The composition of this spray may vary between species, and even by sex or age,[7] but generally includes aldehydes and alkanes.[citation needed] Descriptions of the smells vary widely, and include oily, dusty, woody and earthy, and like coriander.[8][9] In some species, the liquid contains cyanide compounds and a rancid almond scent, used to protect themselves and discourage predators.[8]

The term "stink bug" may also be a vernacular for unrelated insects such as pinacate beetles (in the genus Eleodes).[10]

Description

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All pentatomids have 5-segmented antennae, and 3 tarsal segments on each foot. They generally have a large triangular scutellum in the center of the back. The body shape of adult pentatomids is generally "shieldlike," when viewed from above, but this varies between species, and is not true for the immature nymphal stages. The forewings of stink bugs are called hemelytra, with the basal half thickened while the apex is membranous. At rest, the wings are laid across the back of the insect, with the membranous wingtips overlapping. The hindwings are entirely membranous.

Economics

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Anatomy of the dorsal aspect of a shield bug. A: head; B: thorax; C: abdomen. 1: claws; 2: tarsus; 3: tibia; 4: femur; 8: compound eye; 9: antenna; 10: clypeus; 23: laterotergites (connexivum); 25: pronotum; 26: scutellum; 27: clavus; 28: corium; 29: embolium; 30: hemelytral membrane.

Several stink bugs and shield bugs are considered agricultural pests, because they can grow into large populations that feed on crops, damage production, and they are resistant to many pesticides. They are a threat to cotton, corn, sorghum, soybeans, native and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, weeds, and many cultivated crops.[11]

In Mexico, some species of stink bugs are called jumil, chinche de monte, xotlinilli, or chumil (e.g. Edessa mexicana). They are most often eaten in the states of Morelos and Guerrero. The flavor is sometimes said to resemble cinnamon, or sometimes a bitter medicinal flavor. Jumiles may be used for making sauces or as a taco filling.[12]

Since its recent arrival in the U.S., the brown marmorated stink bug population has grown significantly. As of October 2014, brown marmorated stink bugs can be found in 41 out of 50 states within the U.S.[13] In 2016 New Zealand's MPI put out an alert to prevent this invasive species from entering via imported cargo.[14]

Pest control and management

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Changes in winter temperatures may exacerbate the threat posed by Pentatomidae pest species.[15] Habitats that have been identified as suitable for Pentatomidae expansion, such as the Midwest region of the United States, are likely to be heavily impacted by the increased threat.[15] Furthermore, temperature affects life table parameters, such as survival, development, reproduction, and daily mortality, which can impact a variety of crops depending on the injury stink bugs have on them.[16]

As the effects of climate change increase the impacts of stinkbugs on crops, improving efficacy of existing controls and developing new solutions will be critical for pest control. Chemical control programs are commonly used to manage stink bugs, however, there is evidence of increasing insecticide resistance that will decrease the efficacy of these programs over time.[17] Alternatives to insecticides include the removal of symbionts, using traps that disrupt stinkbug vibratory communication and chemical pheromone traps.[17]

Acoloba lanceolata

Taxonomy

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There are several subfamilies, of which the Aphylinae is often given family status, but is here retained as a subfamily, following Grazia et al. (2008).[18] The subfamilies include:[19]

  • Aphylinae Bergroth, 1906 – Australia
  1. Aphylus Bergroth, 1906
  2. Neoaphylum Štys & Davidová-Vilímová, 2001
  • Asopinae Spinola, 1850 - worldwide
  • Cyrtocorinae Distant, 1880 - Americas
  1. Ceratozygum Horváth, 1916
  2. Cyphothyrea Horváth, 1916
  3. Cyrtocoris White, 1842
  4. Pseudocyrtocoris Jensen-Haarup, 1926
  1. Anisoedessa Nunes & Fernandes, 2019
  2. Brachystethus Laporte, 1833
  3. Doesburgedessa Fernandes, 2010
  4. Edessa (bug) Fabricius, 1803
  5. Grammedessa Correia & Fernandes, 2016
  6. Lopadusa Stål, 1860
  7. Mediocampus Thomas, 1994
  8. Neopharnus Van Duzee, 1910
  9. Olbia (bug) Stål, 1862
  10. Pantochlora Stål, 1870
  11. Paraedessa Silva & Fernandes, 2013
  12. Peromatus Amyot & Serville, 1843
  13. Pharnus Stål, 1867
  14. Plagaedessa Almeida & Fernandes, 2018
  15. Platistocoris Rider, 1998
  16. Praepharnus Barber & Bruner, 1932
  1. Serbana borneensis Distant, 1906
  • Stirotarsinae (monotypic)
  1. Stirotarsus Bergroth, 1911
  1. Antillosciocoris Thomas, 2005
  2. Asopus Burmeister, 1834
  3. Jostenicoris Arnold, 2011

European species

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European species within this family include:[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Family Pentatomidae – Stink Bugs". Bugguide.net. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  2. ^ Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, John Wiley and Sons, 2009,ISBN 1-4051-5142-0
  3. ^ Nau, Bernard (2004). Guide to Shieldbugs of the British Isles. Field Studies Council. ISBN 1851538984.
  4. ^ Chinery, Michael (1993). Insects of Britain & Western Europe. London: Harper/Collins. p. 72. ISBN 0-00-219137-7.
  5. ^ "ITIS Report, Pentatomidae Leach, 1815".
  6. ^ "Acanthosomatidae — Overview". Encyclopedia of Life.
  7. ^ Pareja, Martín; Borges, Miguel; Laumann, Raúl A. & Moraes, Maria C.B. (2007). "Inter- and intraspecific variation in defensive compounds produced by five neotropical stink bug species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)". Journal of Insect Physiology. 53 (7): 639–648. Bibcode:2007JInsP..53..639P. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.04.004. PMID 17574569.
  8. ^ a b Raver, Anne (21 April 2011). "Stink Bugs: It Could Be Worse". New York Times.
  9. ^ "What's in a name – do stink bugs stink?". Terminix Website.
  10. ^ "Pinacate Beetles". DesertUSA.
  11. ^ "Brown marmorated stink bug". Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  12. ^ "How to Eat Living Stink Bugs..." Softpedia. 4 July 2007.
  13. ^ Jason Bittel (18 October 2014). "Stinkbugs Have Spread to 41 States; Can We Stop Them?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  14. ^ Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand. "MPI on high alert for stink bug". MPI. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  15. ^ a b Paul, Thomas G.; Cachet, Angus L.; Towles, Tyler B.; Ward, Samuel F. (2024). "Cold temperatures drive the latitudinal range limits and inhibit overwintering survival of the redbanded stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 117 (3): 887–898. doi:10.1093/jee/toae060. PMID 38567742.
  16. ^ Mermer, Serhan; Maslen, Erika A.; Dalton, Daniel T.; Nielsen, Anne L.; Rucker, Ann; Lowenstein, David; Wiman, Nik; Bhattarai, Mukesh; Soohoo-Hui, Alexander; Harris, Edwin T.; Pfab, Ferdinand; Walton, Vaughn M. (March 2023). "Temperature-Dependent Life Table Parameters of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in the United States". Insects. 14 (3): 248. doi:10.3390/insects14030248. ISSN 2075-4450. PMC 10058958.
  17. ^ a b Pal, Elisa; Allison, Jeremy D.; Hurley, Brett P.; Slippers, Bernard; Fourie, Gerda (May 2023). "Life History Traits of the Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) for the Development of Pest Management Tools". Forests. 14 (5): 861. doi:10.3390/f14050861. ISSN 1999-4907.
  18. ^ Grazia, Jocelia; Schuh, Randall T. & Wheeler, Ward C. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)" (PDF). Cladistics. 24 (6): 932–976. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x. PMID 34892882. S2CID 41951432.
  19. ^ BioLib.cz: family shield bugs, Pentatomidae Leach, 1815 (retrieved 30 November 2021)
  20. ^ "Species list in Fauna europaea". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
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