Fisher King

For the film, see The Fisher King.

Perceval arrives at the Grail Castle to be greeted by the Fisher King in an illustration for a 1330 manuscript of Perceval, the Story of the Grail.

The Fisher King is a figure in Arthurian legend, the last in a long line of British kings tasked with guarding the Holy Grail. The Fisher King is both the protector and physical embodiment of his lands, but a wound renders him impotent and his kingdom barren. Unable to walk or ride a horse, he is sometimes depicted as spending his time fishing while he awaits a "chosen one" who can heal him. Versions of the story vary widely, but the Fisher King is typically depicted as being wounded in the groin, legs, or thigh. The healing of these wounds always depends upon the completion of a hero-knight's task.

Most versions of the story contain the Holy Grail and the Lance of Longinus as plot elements. In some versions, a third character is introduced; this individual, unlike the hero-knight archetype, is ignorant of the King's power, but has the ability to save the king and land, or to doom it. Variations of this third party produce divergent legends.

As a literary character, the Fisher King originates in Chrétien de Troyes's unfinished writings of the adventures of Perceval. Many authors have endeavoured to complete and extend the work, resulting in various continuations. Major sources of the legend include Chrétien's Li Contes del Graal; Perceval, ou Le Conte du Graal (c. 1160–1180), Wauchier de Denain's First Continuation (c. 1180–1200), Robert de Boron's Didot-Perceval (c. 1191–1202), Peredur son of Efrawg (c. 1200), Perlesvaus (c. 1200), Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival (c. 1217), and Thomas Malory's Morte D'Arthur (c. 1400).

Character history

Early origins

The Fisher King first appears in Chrétien de Troyes's Perceval, the Story of the Grail in the late 12th century, but the character's roots may lie in Celtic mythology. He may be derived from the figure of Brân the Blessed in the Mabinogion. In the Second Branch, Bran has a cauldron that can resurrect the dead, albeit imperfectly; those thus revived cannot speak. He gives this cauldron to the king of Ireland as a wedding gift for him and Bran's sister Branwen. Later, Bran wages war on the Irish and is wounded in the foot or leg, and the cauldron is destroyed. He asks his followers to sever his head and take it back to Britain, and his head continues talking and keeps them company on their trip. The group lands on the island of Gwales, where they spend 80 years in a castle of joy and abundance, but eventually they leave and bury Bran's head in London. This story has analogues in two other important Welsh texts: the Mabinogion tale "Culhwch and Olwen", in which King Arthur's men must travel to Ireland to retrieve a magical cauldron, and the poem The Spoils of Annwn, which speaks of a similar mystical cauldron sought by Arthur in the otherworldly land of Annwn.

The bloodied head on a plate in T. W. Rolleston's Myths and Legends of the Celtic Race (1910)
"Peredur had been shown these things to incite him to avenge the wrong, and to prove his fitness for the task."

The Welsh Romance Peredur son of Efrawg is based on Chrétien or derived from a common original, but it contains several prominent deviations and lacks a Grail. The character of the Fisher King appears (though he is not called such) and presents Peredur with a severed head on a platter. Peredur later learns that he was related to that king, and that the severed head was that of his cousin, whose death he must avenge by defeating the Nine Witches.

Later medieval works

The Fisher King is a character in Chrétien's Perceval (1180) which is the first of a series of stories and texts on the subject of Perceval and the Grail.

Parzival was written in 1210 by Wolfram von Eschenbach, thirty years after Perceval. Although a different work, it is strikingly similar to Perceval. The story revolves around the Grail Quest and once again the main character is Percival or Parzival. As in Perceval, Eschenbach's story does not have Parzival ask the healing question initially, which results in him Questing for years. However, Eschenbach's Parzival differs from Chrétien's Perceval in three major ways. Firstly, the Fisher King is no longer nameless and is called Anfortas. Secondly, Eschenbach thoroughly describes the nature of the wound; it is a punishment for wooing a woman who is not meant for him (every Grail keeper is to marry the woman the Grail determines for him), and it causes him immense pain. Lastly, Parzival comes back to cure the Fisher King. Parzival, unlike its predecessor Perceval, has a definitive ending.

Further medieval development

The Fisher King's next development occurred around the end of the 12th century in Robert de Boron's Joseph d'Arimathie, the first work to connect the Grail with Jesus. Here, the "Rich Fisher" is called Bron, a name similar enough to Bran to suggest a relationship, and said to be the brother-in-law of Joseph of Arimathea, who had used the Grail to catch Christ's blood before laying him in the sepulchre. Joseph founds a religious community that travels eventually to Britain and entrusts the Grail to Bron (who is called the "Rich Fisher" because he catches a fish eaten at the Grail table). Bron founds the line of Grail keepers that eventually includes Perceval.

The Lancelot-Grail (Vulgate) prose cycle includes a more elaborate history of the Fisher King. Many in his line are wounded for their failings, and the only two that survived to Arthur's day are the Wounded King, named Pellehan (Pellam of Listeneise in Malory), and the Fisher King, Pelles. Pelles engineers the birth of Galahad by tricking Lancelot into bed with his daughter Elaine, and it is prophesied that Galahad will achieve the Grail and heal the Wasteland and the Maimed King. Galahad is conceived when Elaine gets Dame Brisen to use magic to trick Lancelot into thinking that he is coming to visit Guinevere. So Lancelot sleeps with Elaine, thinking her Guinevere, but flees when he realizes what he has done. Galahad is raised by his aunt in a convent, and when he is eighteen, comes to King Arthur's court and begins the Grail Quest. Only he, Percival, and Bors are virtuous enough to achieve the Grail and restore Pelles.

Sir Balin stabs Pellam in the "Dolorous Stroke" in Lancelot Speed's illustration for James Knowles's The Legends of King Arthur and His Knights (1912)
"The castle rocked and rove throughout, and all the walls fell crashed and breaking to the earth."

In the Post-Vulgate cycle and Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, the Fisher King's wound was given to him by Sir Balin in the "Dolorous Stroke", when Balin grabs a spear and stabs Pellam in self-defense. However, the spear is the Spear of Longinus, the lance that pierced Christ's side, and Pellam and his land must suffer for its misuse until the coming of Galahad. The Dolorous Stroke is typically represented as divine vengeance for a sin on the part of its recipient. The nature of Pellam's sin is not stated explicitly, though he at least tolerates his murderous brother Garlon, who slays knights while under cover of invisibility, apparently at random.

King Pelles is the Maimed King, one of a line of Grail keepers established by Joseph of Arimathea, and the father of Eliazer and Elaine (the mother of Galahad). He resides in the castle of Corbinec in Listenois. Pelles and his relative Pellehan appear in both the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate cycles and in later works, such as Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur (in which Pellehan is called Pellam). In the Vulgate, Pelles is the son of Pellehan, but the Post-Vulgate is less clear about their relationship. It is even murkier in Malory's work: one passage explicitly identifies them (book XIII, chapter 5), though this is contradicted elsewhere.

In all, there are four characters (some of whom can probably be identified with each other) who fill the role of Fisher King or Wounded King in Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.

1. King Pellam, wounded by Balin (as in the Post-Vulgate). In the Vulgate's clearer Grail lineage, Pelles is the son of Pellehan and is wounded in a separate accident, while in the Post-Vulgate Pelles and Pellehan are brothers. The further step of mistaking them as the same character is understandable; Malory confuses the brothers Ywain and Ywain the Bastard, whom he eventually regards as the same character, after treating them as separate.
2. King Pelles, grandfather of Galahad, described as "the maimed king". In one passage, he is explicitly identified with Pellam; in another, he is said to have suffered his wound under different circumstances.
3. King Pescheour (or Petchere), lord of the Grail Castle, who never appears (at least, not under that name). He owes his existence to a mistake by Malory, who took the Old French roy Peschour ("Fisher King", a phrase that Malory never otherwise uses) for a name rather than an epithet. Nevertheless, Malory treats him as distinct from Pelles.
4. An anonymous, bedridden Maimed King, healed by Galahad at the climax of the Grail Quest. He is distinct from Pelles, who has just been sent out of the room, and who is, anyway, at least mobile.

In addition, there is King Pellinore, who is Percival's father. (In other versions of the legend, Percival is related to the Pelles family). It appears that Malory intended to have one Maimed King who was wounded by Balin and suffered until healed by his grandson Galahad, but he never successfully reconciled his sources.

Themes

Fisher King's injury

The injury is a common theme in the telling of the Grail Quest. While the details and location of the injury vary, the injury ultimately represents the inability of the Fisher King to produce an heir. Although some iterations have two kings present, one or both are injured, most commonly in the thigh. The wound is sometimes presented as a punishment, usually for philandering. In Parzival, specifically, the king is injured by the bleeding lance as punishment for taking a wife, which was against the code of the "Grail Guardians". In some early storylines Percival asks the Fisher King the healing question, which cures the wound. The nature of the question differs between Perceval and Parzival, but the central theme is that the Fisher King can be healed only if Percival asks "the question".

The location of the wound is significant to the legend. In most medieval stories, the mention of a wound in the groin or more commonly the "thigh" (such as the wounding of the ineffective suitor in Lanval from the Lais of Marie de France) is a euphemism for the physical loss of or grave injury to one's genitalia. In medieval times, acknowledging the actual type of wound was considered to rob a man of his dignity, thus the use of the substitute terms "groin" or "thigh", although any informed medieval listener or reader would have known exactly the real nature of the wound. Such a wound was considered worse than actual death because it signaled the end of a man's ability to function in his primary purpose: to propagate his line. In the instance of the Fisher King, the wound negates his ability to honor his sacred charge.

Christianized forms

Most of the Grail romances do not differ much from Parzival and Perceval. That being said, there are two interesting exceptions to this case. The two pieces that hold particularly stronger Christian themed deviations than prior works are the Queste del Saint Graal and the Sone de Nausay. The Queste del Saint Graal is heavily Christianized not only in terms of the tone but also the characters and significant objects. The Grail maidens become angels, there is a constant relationship between the knights and religious symbolism; most importantly, the Fisher King is replicated as a priest-like figure. In the case of Sone de Nausay, Bron (the Fisher King) is part of a tale in which the story makes a constant correlation between the Gospel narrative and the history of the Grail.

Bleeding lance

The bleeding lance has taken numerous forms throughout the Arthurian literature chronology. In the earlier appearances of the lance, it is not represented as a Christian symbol, but morphs into one over time. In Perceval and Parzival, the lance is described as having "barbaric properties" which are difficult to associate with Christian influence. Chrétien describes his lance with "marvelous destructive powers", which holds a closer connection to the malignant weapons of Celtic origin. In Chrétien's Perceval, the lance takes on a dark and almost evil persona and also seems to overshadow the Grail, which, were this a Christian story, would be rather odd. Wolfram's tale also treated the lance in a similar dark manner. In Parzival, the lance is "poisonous" which contrasts sharply with the general trend of healing Christian themes. This lance is plunged into the Fisher King's wound at different times to continue his pain, as punishment for having sought forbidden love. This lance is considered significant because it is most often associated directly with the wound of the Fisher King, which is demonstrated both in Chrétien's and Eschenbach's versions of the tale.

The more recent writings have the lance presented in the Fisher King's castle with Christian theology. More specifically, it is supposed to be the lance that pierced Jesus Christ while on the cross. This is seen in Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. In Malory's version, the Fisher King is healed with the blood from the lance, signifying it as a good, holy, Christian object. In Corbenic we see the procession at the Fisher King's feast, featuring heavily on the Holy Grail, which is a strong Christian artifact. It can be extrapolated that in the same procession, the accompanying lance is the lance that pierced Jesus Christ.

Sword

The sword is commonly thought to be a gift from the Fisher King to Perceval. This is then followed by Perceval's cousin's prophecy that the sword will break at a crucial moment. In two cases, the writers tell us that Perceval broke the sword: in Eschenbach, it fails him in his battle against his half-brother at the end of Parzival; and Gerbert de Montreuil describes how he shatters it on the gates of the "Earthly Paradise". The adventure of the broken sword is a theme originally introduced by Chrétien, who intended it as a symbol of Perceval's imperfections as a knight. The major example for his imperfection is that Perceval refused to ask about the Grail. This concept of punishment is also seen in Eschenbach's tale where Perceval is told: "your uncle gave you a sword, too, by which you have been granted since your eloquent mouth unfortunately voiced no question there." The sword remains as a plot device to both remind Perceval of how he failed to ask the healing question and as a physical reminder of the existence of "Munsalvaesche" (Eschenbach's name for Corbenic).

Modern culture

• In Richard Wagner's 1882 opera Parsifal, loosely based on Wolfram von Eschenbach's epic poem Parzifal, Amfortas, King of the Grail Knights, is the Fisher King figure who suffers an unhealable wound.
• The 1922 poem The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot loosely follows the legend of the Fisher King.
• In the 1945 novel That Hideous Strength by C. S. Lewis, the third book of The Space Trilogy, the philologist Elwin Ransom is, among other roles, the Fisher King.
• The 1952 novel The Natural by Bernard Malamud (and the 1984 movie) are structured around the basic legend. Pop Fisher is the Fisher King and Roy Hobbs the Percival figure.
• The 1979 novel The Drawing of the Dark by Tim Powers has the Fisher King as the driving force behind the major plot, and his 1992 novel Last Call relates the Fisher King legend to the Tarot and viticulture, among other things.
• The 1981 film Excalibur by John Boorman largely bases its version of the Grail Quest upon the mythological pattern of the Fisher King tale, with its wounded Arthur wasting away and Percival healing him by discovering the truth of the Grail mystery.
• The 1984 comic series Mage: The Hero Discovered revolves around Kevin Matchstick, a character charged with protecting the mysterious Fisher King, as he is the modern Arthur.
• The second movement of the 1985 orchestral piece Harmonielehre by John Adams is titled The Anfortas Wound.
• The 1986 novel The Fisher King by Anthony Powell draws parallels between a major character, Saul Henchman, and the legendary figure.
• The 1991 film The Fisher King by Terry Gilliam retells the story of trauma and quest in New York City.
• The 1993 novel Hexwood by Diana Wynne Jones include several Arthurian characters, including two that represent different aspects of the Fisher King.
• Rand Al'Thor, the main protagonist in Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time book series, is portrayed as an instance of the Fisher King by virtue of his authority as Dragon Reborn, by the ever-present injury in his side, and, more explicitly, by being identified with a chess-like piece known as "the Fisher King".
• The 2001 book Parsifal's Page (the fourth book in author Gerald Morris's Arthurian series for young adults) is based on the story of Perceval and the Fisher King.
• The 2001 game RuneScape features a quest called "Holy Grail", where the player must help King Arthur find the Holy Grail by traveling to the realm of the Fisher King.
• An episode of Midsomer Murders aired January 2004 with the title The Fisher King featuring a Celtic spear and chalice from Midsomer Barrow. The spear is the murder weapon.
• The 2006 two-episode sequence to end season 1 and start season 2 of the television series Criminal Minds features an antagonist who calls himself the Fisher King.
• In a 2010 episode of the television series Merlin, Prince Arthur goes on a quest for the trident of the Fisher King, who asks for a magical bracelet in return, which will allow him to finally die.
• In the 2012 arc of the Fables comics, the story of the Fisher King is a plot device driving one of the young protagonists.
• On the 2013 album Tape Deck Heart by Frank Turner there is a song called "The Fisher King Blues".
• The 2015 Doctor Who episode "Before the Flood" features a villain called the Fisher King, a supposedly dead alien warlord who is waiting for his people to come and save him.
• A character called the Fisher King can be found in The Witcher books and video games. He appears as the lover of the Lady of the Lake, who bequeaths a powerful sword to the title character.
• The character James Donovan Halliday (a.k.a. Anorak the All Knowing) of Ernest Cline's 2011 novel Ready Player One (and its film adaptation) is metaphorically injured in several ways - potential mental issues, several social interaction problems, and is dead before the story begins, although he figuratively lives on in the form of his digital avatar, which is hinted to be at least partially integrated with the digital 'land' he created and in which much of the story takes place, the land itself being 'healed' - or at least taken under new benevolent management - at the end, by the main character - whose own digital avatar is called Parzival.
• The 2011-2019 series Game of Thrones features a character named Brandon Stark who is injured in his leg and groin area and is unable to walk but is able to foretell the future. In the final episode of the series, "The Iron Throne", Bran is made lord over six of the kingdoms of Westeros as "Bran the Broken".
• Patricia A. McKillip's book Kingfisher, published in 2016, is an Arthurian grail quest type of story set in a world "in which the modern lives side-by-side with the mythical", featuring a certain mysterious Kingfisher Inn, the owner of which was wounded in an accident that caused his Inn to lose its once great prosperity.
• The 2016 video game Dark Souls III features the character Ludleth of Courland, whose design and story are based on the legend of the Fisher King.
• A 2019 collection of poetry entitled The Fisher Queen: New & Selected Poems written by Dr. Kathryn Kirkpatrick, explores themes of womanhood, class stratification, and environmental destruction through the perspective of the fictitious wife of the Fisher King, the Fisher Queen.
• The Fisher King appears as a fictional king of Anglesey in British author Giles Kristian's 2020 novel Camelot, in which he is the protagonist Galahad's maternal grandfather.
• The browser game Fallen London references the Fisher King through one of its child gangs, as does its sequel, Sunless Skies.
• 2023, "Mrs. Davis" television series about a nun sent on a quest for the holy grail by an artificial intelligence
• Robert Bruton's 2023 historical fiction novel Empire in Apocalypse depicts Roman Emperor Justinian, whose lands are beset by famine and war, as a tragic fisher king figure suffering from plague and unable to put his lands in order.

See also

• Oedipus, a king wounded in the feet, presiding over a cursed land.
• List of fairy tales, a collection of fairy tales from around the world.

References

Bibliography

• Barber, Richard (2004). The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief. Cambridge: Harvard University. ISBN 978-0-674-01815-0.
• Brown, Arthur (1910). "The Bleeding Lance". PMLA. 25 (1): 1–59. doi:10.2307/456810. JSTOR 456810. S2CID 163517936.
• Carman, Neale (1946). "The Symbolism of Perlesvaus". PMLA. 61 (1): 42–83. doi:10.2307/459219. JSTOR 459219.
• Chretien de Troyes (2013). Perceval. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-78289-0.
• Eschenbach, Wolfram von (2013). Parzival. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-78289-0.
• Nitze, Wm. A. (1909). "The Fisher King In the Grail Romances". PMLA. 24 (3): 365–418. doi:10.2307/456840. JSTOR 456840. S2CID 163171547.
• Nutt, Alfred (1965). Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail. New York: Cooper Square Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8115-0510-9.
• Roberts, Anna (2001). "Queer Fisher King: Castration as a Site of Queer Representation ("Percival,Stabat Mater, The City of God"". Arthuriana. 11 (3): 49–98. doi:10.1353/art.2001.0048. JSTOR 27869652. S2CID 161328173.
• Stone, Alby (1989). "Bran, Odin, and the Fisher King: Norse Tradition and the Grail Legends". Folklore. 100 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1989.9715748. JSTOR 1259998.
• Thormählen, Marianne (1978). The Waste Land: A Fragmentary Wholeness. Lund: Gleerup. ISBN 978-91-40-04648-2.

Further reading

• Bran the Blessed in Arthurian Romance by Helaine Newstead. Columbia University Press 1939.
• The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol by Roger Sherman Loomis. ISBN 0-691-02075-2.
• From Ritual to Romance by Jessie Weston.

External links

• Fisher King on In Our Time at the BBC
• The Fisher King at The Camelot Project