Jump to content

Pedophilia: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m ←Replaced page with 'Fucking Chesters!!!!!!!!1'
Line 1: Line 1:
Fucking Chesters!!!!!!!!1
'''Pedophilia''' or '''paedophilia''' (Commonwealth usage) is the primary or exclusive sexual attraction by adults to [[prepubescent]] children. A person with this attraction is called a '''pedophile''' or '''paedophile'''.<ref name="en.allexperts.com">{{cite web| first=Paul Okami and Amy Goldberg | title=Personality Correlates of Pedophilia: Are They Reliable Indicators? | publisher=: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles|accessdate=2007-10-21|url=http://mhamic.org/sources/okami&goldberg.htm}}</ref> The [[ICD-10]] and [[DSM IV]], which are standard medical diagnosis manuals, describe pedophilia as a [[paraphilia]] and mental disorder of adults or older adolescents, if it causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

The term ''pedophile'' is also used colloquially to denote an adult who is [[Ephebophilia|sexually attracted to young adolescents]], especially younger than the local [[age of consent]],<ref>Ames, A. & Houston, D. A. (1990). "Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia." ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. '''19''' (4), 333-342.</ref> as well as those accused or convicted of [[child sexual abuse]] or [[child pornography]] related offences.
==Definitions==
The word comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''paidophilia'' (παιδοφιλία): ''pais'' (παις, "child") and ''philia'' (φιλία, "love, friendship"). ''Paidophilia'' was coined by Greek poets either as a substitute for "paiderastia" ([[pederasty]]),<ref>Liddell, H.G., and Scott, Robert (1959). ''Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon''. ISBN 0-19-910206-6.</ref> or vice versa.<ref>Anonymous (probably Geigel, Alois. 1869) ''Das Paradoxon der Venus Urania'' ("The paradox of man-manly love"), p. 6. {{OCLC|68582227}} {{OCLC|77768935}} Reprinted as a complete facsimile in Hohmann, Joachim S. (1977). ''Der unterdrückte Sexus'' ("Historical oppression of sexuality"). ISBN 3879587124 {{de icon}}. The anonymous 1869 author had harshly rejected the theories of early LGBT activist [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]] whose "filthy pederasty" he contrasted with chaste, "sublime paedophilia" basing both definitions on the classical meaning ''boy'' for ''παις'' instead of the non-classical meaning ''child'', and ''εραστια'' ("erastia") as pure "sexual desire", contrasted with more sublime ''φιλία''.</ref>

The classic spelling with ''ae'' or ''æ'', ''pedophilia'' etymologically means attraction to the ground (πέδον). It should not be confused with ''[[podophilia]]'' either, which is attraction to the feet (πούς > octopus / ποδός / πηδόν > pedal). It is correctly pronounced using the "ped" as in "pediatrician," not as in "pedestrian" (as the original spelling contained an æ, which is pronounced as a long e).

The term '''''paedophilia erotica''''' was coined in 1886 by the [[Vienna|Viennese]] psychiatrist [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing|Richard von Krafft-Ebing]] in his writing ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis]]''.<ref>Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1886). ''Psychopathia Sexualis''. English translation: ISBN 1-55970-425-X.</ref> He gave the following characteristics:

* The sexual interest is toward pre-pubescent youths only. This interest does not extend to the first signs of [[pubic hair]].
* The sexual interest is toward pre-pubescent youths only and does not include teenagers.
* The sexual interest remains over time.

As people who have this interest would include many adolescents and pre-pubescents, some experts who theorize that attraction to minors is more common among youth, specify that the interest must be toward pre-pubescent youths at least five years younger than the subject.

Adults sexually attracted to pre-pubescent youths were placed into three categories by Krafft-Ebing:
*a.) pedophile
*b.) [[wikt:surrogate|surrogate]] (that is, the pre-pubescent youths are regarded as a substitute object for a preferred, non-available adult object)
*c.) [[sadism|sadistic]]

Other researchers used their own terms for the Krafft-Ebing categories:
*a.) ''preferential/structured/fixed'' (i. e. pedophile) type,
*b.) ''situational/opportunistic/regressed/[[incest]]'' (i. e. surrogate) type
*c.) sadistic (no change)

This three-type model as well as the fundamental mental and behavioural differences of the three types were [[empirical evidence|empirically evidenced]], among others, by Kinsey; Howells 1981;<ref name=howells1981>Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," ''Adult sexual interest in children'', 55-94.</ref> Abel, Mittleman & Becker 1985;<ref name="abeletal1985">Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment." In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), ''Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics''.</ref> Knight ''et al.'' 1985;<ref name="knightetal1985">Knight, R.; Rosenberg, R.; Schneider, B. (1985). "Classification of sex offenders: Perspectives, methods, and validation" In A. W. Burgess (Ed.) ''Rape and sexual assault: A research handbook'' (pp. 222-293). New York: Garland.</ref> Brongersma 1990;<ref>Edward Brongersma (1990): [http://www.ipce.info/library_3/files/brong_90_frm.htm "Boy-Lovers and Their Influence on Boys: Distorted Research and Anecdotal Observations"] In ''Journal of Homosexuality'' 20 - 1/2</ref> McConaghy 1993;<ref name="mcconaghy1993">McConaghy, Nathaniel (1993). "Sexual Behaviour: Problems and Management", 312, New York: Plenum</ref> Ward ''et al.'' 1995;<ref name="wardetal1995">Ward, T., Hudson, S. M., Marshall, W. L., & Siegert, R. J. (1995). "Attachment style and intimacy deficits in sexual offenders: A theoretical framework." In ''Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment'', 7, 317-334.</ref> Hoffmann 1996;<ref name="hoffmann1996">Hoffmann, R. (1996). "Die Lebenswelt des Pädophilen: Rahmen, Rituale und Dramaturgie der pädophilen Begegnung" (''Paedophile conduct: Context, rituals, and choreography of paedophile contacts''). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag {{de icon}}</ref> Seikowski 1999.<ref name="seikowski1999">Seikowski, K. (1999). [http://www.itp-arcados.net/sonder/leipzig/vortrag.leipzig1999se.html "Pädophilie: Definition, Abgrenzung und Entwicklungsbedingungen"] ("Paedophilia: Definition, distinguishing features, and aetiology") In ''Sexualmedizin'' 21, pp. 327-332 {{de icon}}</ref>

The term ''pedophile'' is commonly used to describe all child [[sex offenders|sexual offenders]], including those who do not meet the clinical diagnosis standards. This use is seen as problematic by some people.<ref>Edwards, M. (1997) "Treatment for Paedophiles; Treatment for Sex Offenders." ''Paedophile Policy and Prevention, Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series'' (12), 74-75.</ref><ref name="specialproblems">Underwager, Ralph and Wakefield, Hollida (1995). "[http://www.ipt-forensics.com/library/special_problems.htm Special Problems with Sexual Abuse Cases]: [http://www.ipt-forensics.com/library/special_problems12.htm Assessment of the Accused Adult]." In J. Ziskin (Ed.) ''Coping With Psychiatric and Psychological Testimony'' (Fifth Edition). Los Angeles: Law and Psychology Press. pp. 1315-1370. ISBN 1-879689-07-3</ref><ref name="feierman">Feierman, J. (1990). "Introduction" and "A Biosocial Overview," ''Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions'', 1-68.</ref> Some researchers, such as Howard E. Barbaree,<ref name="barbaree-seto">Barbaree, H. E., and Seto, M. C. (1997). Pedophilia: Assessment and Treatment. ''Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment''. 175-193.</ref> have endorsed the use of actions as a sole criterion for the diagnosis of pedophilia as a means of taxonomic simplification, rebuking the [[American Psychiatric Association]]'s standards as "unsatisfactory". [[Child sexual abuse]], whether perpetrated by a clinically diagnosed pedophile or a situational offender, is illegal in most jurisdictions.

Some psychologists,<ref>Musk, H., and Swetz, A. (1997). "Pedophilia in the correctional system," ''Corrections Today'', 59(5), 24–28. "Pedophilia is a sexual orientation characterized by sexual attraction to children."</ref><ref>Jones, G. (1990). "The Study of Intergenerational Intimacy in North America: Beyond Politics and Pedophilia," ''Journal of Homosexuality'', 20(1-2), 288. "Intergenerational attraction on the part of some adults could constitute a lifestyle 'orientation', rather than a pathological maladjustment."</ref> such as Dr. Fred S. Berlin, assert sexual attraction to pre-pubescent youths to be a [[sexual orientation]] in itself.<ref name="edwards">Edwards, Douglas J. (2004). ''[http://archives.behavioral.net/Past_Issues.htm?ID=3253 Mental Health's Cold Shoulder Treatment of Pedophilia]'' in Behavioral Health Management, May-June.</ref><ref>Berlin, Fred (2000). "Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation," ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', Vol 157.</ref> In one article, Berlin writes "it is likely that no one would choose voluntarily to develop a pedophilic sexual orientation. Those with such an orientation have no more decided to have it than have any of us decided as children to be either [[heterosexual]] or [[homosexual]]."<ref name="berlin">{{cite journal|url=http://www.paraphilias.com/publications/pdfs/Peer%20Comment.pdf|title=Peer Commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002) - Pedophilia: When Is a Difference a Disorder?|author=Fred S. Berlin, M.D., Ph.D.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=31|issue=6|page=479&ndash;480|year=December 2002}}</ref> Berlin also defends the classification of pedophilia as a mental disorder, however, stating "In our society, to have a pedophilic sexual orientation can create both psychological burdens and impairments."<ref name="berlin"/>

==Diagnosis==
The ''[[ICD|International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems]]'' (F65.4) defines pedophilia as "a sexual preference for children, boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early pubertal age."<ref>World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10. § F65.4</ref>

The [[American Psychiatric Association|APA]]'s ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' 4th edition, Text Revision gives the following as its "Diagnostic criteria for 302.2 Pedophilia":<ref>American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition text revision), § 302.2</ref>

*A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing [[fantasy (psychology)|fantasies]], sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger);
*B. The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty;
*C. The person is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A.

Neither the ICD or the APA diagnostic criteria require actual sexual activity with a pre-pubescent youths. The diagnosis can therefore be made based on the presence of ''fantasies'' or ''sexual urges'' alone, provided the subject meets the remaining criteria. "For individuals in late adolescence with pedophilia, no precise age difference is specified, and clinical judgment must be used" (p. 527 [[DSM]]).<ref> American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition)</ref>

==Causes==
The cause or causes of pedophilia are not well understood. [[German people|German]] psychologist Michael Griesemer theorizes<ref>[http://www.itp-arcados.net/griesemer/pedophilia.erotica.htm ITP - Integrated theory on the causation of pedophilia erotica<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> that pedophiles miss the switch of sexual interest from prepubescent to postpubescent partners (so-called sex-dimorphic maturation of the [[frontal lobe|frontal brain]]) that usually occurs with the onset of [[puberty]], so that pedophilia is a [[developmental disability]]. Noted American [[sexology|sexologist]] [[John Money]] differentiated between affectional and sadistic pedophilia. He believed that affectional pedophilia was caused by a surplus of parental love that became erotic <ref name="paidika">Interview: John Money. ''PAIDIKA: The Journal of Paedophilia'', Spring 1991, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 5.</ref>.

There are indications of a familial transmittability,<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6470698&dopt=AbstractPlus Is there familial transmission of pedophilia? [J Nerv Ment Dis. 1984&#93; - PubMed Result<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> though it is unclear whether this stems from [[gene]]tics or learned behavior. Other factors such as abnormalities in [[testosterone|male sexual hormones]] or the brain chemical [[serotonin]] have not been proven as factors in the development of [[paraphilia]]s such as pedophilia. A history of childhood sexual abuse is also a potential factor in the development of pedophilia, but this also has not been proven. [[Behavioral psychology|Behavioral]] learning models suggest, however, that a child who is the victim or observer of inappropriate sexual behaviors learns to imitate and is later reinforced for the behavior.<ref>[http://psychologytoday.com/conditions/pedophilia.html Psychology Today's Diagnosis Dictionary: Pedophilia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Extent of occurrence==
The extent to which pedophilia occurs is not known with any certainty. Historically, sexual contacts between older pre-pubescents and adults were relatively common and accepted in many places, including the [[United States]] and [[England]], where the legal age of consent typically ranged from seven to 12 years until the end of the 19th century <ref>[http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/pedophilia.htm#1 Is Pedophilia a Mental Disorder?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>[http://listlva.lib.va.us/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0703&L=VA-HIST&P=47352 LISTSERV 15.0 - VA-HIST Archives<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Some studies have concluded that at least a quarter of all adult men may have some feelings of sexual arousal in connection with pre-pubescent youths.<ref>Freund, K. and Costell, R. (1970). "The structure of erotic preference in the nondeviant male." ''Behaviour Research & Therapy'' '''8''' (1), 15-20. <br /> Quinsey, V. L. ''et al.'' (1975). "Penile circumference, skin conductance, and ranking responses of child molesters and 'normals' to sexual and nonsexual visual stimuli." ''Behavior Therapy.'' '''6''', 213-219.</ref> Freund ''[[wikt:et al.|et al.]]'' (1972) remarked that "with males who have no deviant object preferences, clearly positive sexual reactions occur to [nude] 6- to 8-year old female children."<ref>Freund, Kurt; McKnight, C. K.; Langevin, R.; and Cibiri, S. (1972). "The female child as a surrogate object." '' Archives of Sexual Behavior.'' '''2''', (2), 119-133.</ref>

In 1989 Briere and Runtz conducted a study on 193 male [[undergraduate]] students concerning pedophilia. Of the sample, 21 percent acknowledged sexual attraction to some small children; nine percent reported sexual fantasies involving children; five percent admitted [[masturbation|masturbating]] to these fantasies; and seven percent conceded some probability of actually having sex with a child if they could avoid detection and punishment. The authors also noted that "given the probable social undesirability of such admissions, [one could] hypothesize that the actual rates ... were even higher.".<ref name="Briere, J. and Runtz, M. (1989)">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2706562&dopt=Abstract University males' sexual interest in children: predicting potential indices of "pedophilia" in a nonforensic sample."] ''Child Abuse & Neglect'', 13 ('''1'''), 65-67.</ref>

A study by Hall ''et al.'' of [[Kent State University]] found that, of their sample of 80 adult male volunteers, 20 percent reported some attraction to prepubescent girls and 32.5 percent exhibited sexual arousal to heterosexual pedophilic stimuli that equaled or exceeded their arousal to the adult stimuli.<ref>Hall, G. C. N. ''et al.'' (1995) [http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/97-048_article.html "Sexual Arousal and Arousability to Pedophilic Stimuli in a Community Sample of Normal Men"] ''Behavior Therapy.'' '''26''', 681-694.</ref>

Less research is available regarding pedophilia's occurrence in females.<ref>Marina Knopf (1994). "Sexual Contacts Between Women and Children," ''Paidika'', Vol.3, No.3</ref> In a 1996 study of a university sample, 2.6 percent of surveyed females self-reported at least some sexual interest in children.<ref>Smiljanich, K. & Briere, J. (1996). "Self-reported sexual interest in children: Sex differences and psychosocial correlates in a university sample," ''Violence & Victims'', vol. 11, no. 1, 1996, pp. 39-50.</ref>

===Occurrence in child sex offenders===
A perpetrator of child sexual abuse is commonly assumed to be and referred to as a pedophile; however, there may be other motivations for the crime<ref name="barbaree-seto" /> (such as stress, marital problems, or the unavailability of an adult partner),<ref>Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," ''Adult sexual interest in children'', 55-94.</ref> much as adult [[rape]] can have non-sexual impetus. Child sexual abuse may or may not be an indicator that its perpetrator is a pedophile.

Some research indicates that most perpetrators of child sexual abuse are not primarily interested in pre-pubescent youths.<ref>Lanning, Kenneth (2001). ''[http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC70.pdf Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis]'' (Third Edition). National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.</ref> In two studies designed to measure sexual preferences using phallometric data, it was found that "''30% of the [child sex] offenders tested did not show sufficient arousal [to children] to derive a usable score.''" <ref>Wogan, Michael (2002). ''[http://crab.rutgers.edu/~mwogan/eyemovement.htm]''Wogan, Michael (2002)</ref>

Sociology professor Rüdiger Lautmann, stated in his book on pedophilia, "In this book I am concerned exclusively with the first type [the true pedophile who "has a general interest in social contact with children, including a sexual dimension"], which constitutes approximately five percent of all pedosexually active men."<ref>Rüdiger Lautmann [''http://www.shfri.net/trans/lautmann/lautmann.htm''] Rüdiger Lautmann</ref>

A survey of cases of father-daughter incest concluded that most involve fathers who are situational offenders, rather than pedophiles.<ref>Quinsey, V. L. (1977). "The assessment and treatment of child molesters: A review." ''Canadian Psychological Review.'' '''18''', 204-220.</ref>{{Verify source|date=January 2008}}

As noted by Abel, Mittleman, and Becker<ref>Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment." In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), ''Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior'' (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics.</ref> (1985) and Ward ''et al.'' (1995), there are generally large distinctions between the two types of offenders' characteristics. Situational offenders tend to offend at times of stress; have a later onset of offending; have fewer, often familial victims; and have a general preference for adult partners. Pedophilic offenders, however, often start offending at an early age; often have a large number of victims who are frequently extrafamilial; are more inwardly driven to offend; and have values or beliefs that strongly support an offense lifestyle.

Attempts have been made to use [[offender profiling]] to identify pedophiles, however, these methods have come under criticism for making claims that are in excess of what the evidence supports.<ref>Campbell, Terence W., The Reliability and Validity of Gardner's Indicators of Pedophilia. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations (5), online at http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume5/j5_3_4.htm</ref>'''

==Treatment==
A number of proposed treatment techniques for pedophilia have been developed. In 1981, writer David Crawford reported that the success rate of these therapies was very low.<ref name="crawfordd">Crawford, David (1981). "Treatment approaches with pedophiles." ''Adult sexual interest in children''. 181-217.</ref> Dr. Fred Berlin, founder of the Johns Hopkins Sexual Disorders Clinic, believed pedophilia could "indeed be successfully treated," if only the medical community would give it more attention.<ref name="edwards" /> More recently, Dr. Berlin has concluded that, as a sexuality, pedophilia cannot be cured.<ref>[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/157/5/838 Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation - BERLIN 157 (5): 838 - Am J Psychiatry<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Although there are no known therapies for treating pedophilia, many therapies are available for treating the behavior of offending pedophiles. Such therapies do not affect a person's sexual attraction to children, but some are very effective at preventing re-offending behavior.<ref>[http://www.atsa.com/ppOffenderFacts.html Public Policy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===Medical therapies===
[[Behavior modification]] programs have been shown to reduce recidivism in contact sex offenders.<ref>Marshall, W.L., Jones, R., Ward, T., Johnston, P. & Bambaree, H.E.(1991). Treatment of sex offenders. ''Clinical Psychology Review, 11'', 465-485</ref> Often such programs use principles of [[applied behavior analysis]] such as the use of reward and punishment to train new behavior such as problem solving.<ref>Maguth Nezu, C., Fiore, A.A. & Nezu, A.M (2006). Problem Solving Treatment for Intellectually Disabled Sex Offenders. ''International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 2(2),'' 266-275[http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org]</ref> Many of the programs use [[covert sensitization]]<ref>Rea, J. (2003). Covert Sensitization. ''The Behavior Analyst Today, 4 (2),'' 192-201[http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org]</ref> and odor [[aversion]], which are both forms of [[aversion therapy]]. While such programs are effective in lowering recidivism by 15-18 percent, they do not represent a cure.

Anti-[[androgen]]ic medications such as [[Depo Provera]] may be used to lower testosterone levels in offending pedophiles, and are often used in conjunction with the non-medical approaches above. (This is commonly referred to as "[[chemical castration]].") [[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue]]s, which last longer and have less side effects, are also effective in reducing libido and may be used.<ref>Cohen, L.J. & Galynker, I. I. (2002). Clinical features of pedophilia and implications for treatment. Journal of
Psychiatric Practice, 8, 276-289.</ref>

A study by the Council on Scientific Affairs found that the success rate of aversion therapy was parallel to that of homosexual [[reparative therapy]]; that is to say, extremely low.<ref>Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association (1987). "Aversion therapy," Journal of the American Medical Association, 258(18), 2562-2565.</ref> This method is rarely used on pedophiles who have not offended.

Convicted sex offenders, including many pedophiles, have been treated by the [[psychosurgery|psychosurgical]] procedure commonly known as [[Lobotomy|lobotomization]]. Psychosurgery has long been controversial, particularly the historical use of surgical intervention on homosexuals given that homosexuality is no longer considered a mental illness by the psychiatric community (see for instance Rieber ''et al.'' 1976;<ref name="rieberetal1976">Rieber, I. ''et al.'' (1976). "Stellungnahme zu stereotaktischen Hirnoperationen an Menschen mit abweichendem Sexualverhalten" (''Statement on stereotactical brain surgery performed on people exhibiting deviant sexual behaviour''), ''Monatsschrift Kriminologie'' ("Criminological monthly"), no. 59, pp. 216-222. {{de icon}}</ref> Sigusch 1977;<ref name="sigusch1977">Sigusch, V. (1977). "Medizinische Experimente am Menschen: Das Beispiel Psychochirurgie; Beiwerk des Jahrbuchs für kritische Medizin, Bd. 2" (''Medical experiments in human: Example neurosurgery; supplement of the Annual of Critical Medicine, vol. 2''). {{de icon}}</ref> Rieber & Sigusch 1979;<ref name="riebersigusch1979">Rieber, I. & Sigusch, V. (1979). "Psychosurgery on sex offenders and sexual 'deviants' in West Germany", ''Archives of Sexual Behaviour'', no. 8, pp 523-527</ref> Schorsch & Schmidt 1979)<ref name="schorschschmidt1979">Schorsch, E & Schmidt, G. (1979). "Hypatholomie bei sexuellen Abweichungen - Eine Kritik aus sexualwissenschaftlicher Sicht" (''Hypothalamotomy in cases of sexual deviance: A criticism from a sexuological perspective'')</ref> Lobotomies are generally no longer practiced and are prohibited in a number of countries.

[[Thalamotomy]] is an alternative surgical treatment of sex offenders in practice since the problems with leucotomy have been commonly known (see Greist 1990;<ref>Greist, J. H. (1990). "Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: Psychotherapies, drugs, and other somatic treatment", ''Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, no. 5 (Suppl.), 44-50.</ref> Diering & Bell 1991;<ref>Diering, S. L. & Bell, W. O. (1991). "Functional neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders: A historical perspective", ''Stereotactical Functional Neurosurgery'', no. 57, 175-194.'</ref> Hay & Sachdev 1992;<ref>Hay, P. J. & Sachdev, P. S. (1992). "The present status of psychosurgery in Australia and New Zealand", ''Medical Journal of Australia'', no. 157, 17-19</ref> Rappaport 1992;<ref>Rappaport, Z. H. (1992). "Psychosurgery in the modern era: Therapeutic and ethical aspects", ''Medical Law'', no. 11, 449-453</ref> de la Porte 1993;<ref>Porte, C. de la (1993). "Technical possibilities and limitations of stereotaxy", ''Acta Neurochirurgica'', no. 124, 3-6</ref> Poynton 1993;<ref>Poynton, A. M. (1993). "Current state of psychosurgery", ''British Journal of Hospital Medicine'', no. 40, 408-411</ref> Bridges ''et al.'' 1994;<ref name="bridgesetal1994">Bridges, P. K. ''et al'' (1994). "Psychosurgery: Stereotactic subcaudate tractomy. An indispensable treatment", ''British Journal of Psychiatry'', no. 165, 599-611</ref> Cummings ''et al.'' 1995)<ref name="cummingsetal1995">Cummings, S. ''et al.'' (1995). "Neuropsychological outcome from psychosurgery for obsessive-compulsive disorder", ''Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry'', no. 29, 33-39</ref> and is increasingly advertised as an "effective therapy" for sex offenders (as well as for some children suffering from symptoms of child sexual abuse, since the 1980s (see for instance Andy 1970;<ref>Andy, O. J. (1970). "Thalamotomy in hyperactive and aggressive behaviour", ''Conf. Neurol.'', no. 32, 322-325</ref> Bradford 1988a;<ref>Bradford, J. M. W. (1988). "Organic treatment for the male sexual offender", Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., no. 528, 193-202</ref> Wyre & Swift 1991;<ref>Wyre, R. & Swift, A. (1991): " 'Und bist du nicht willig...': Die Täter" (''"Don't fight it...": Sexual offenders''), Köln/Germany: Volksblattverlag {{de icon}}</ref> Abel ''et al.'' 1992;<ref>Abel. G. G. ''et al.'' (1992). "Current treatments of paraphiliacs", Ann. Rev. Sex. Res., no. 3, 255-290</ref> Bridges ''et al.'' 1994;<ref name="bridgesetal1994"/> Cummings ''et al.'' 1995).<ref name="cummingsetal1995"/> As [http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3439.htm Levey and Curfman] have noted, however, given the availability of [[psychopharmacology|psychopharmacological]] treatment options, psychosurgical interventions are not likely to be employed given their extreme side effects and irreversible nature. See the same article for an in depth review of treatment options and diagnostic criteria.

Additionally, Reid writes that [[neurosurgery]] for sex offenders is "essentially unavailable" in the United States and that data on its use is sparse.<ref>Reid (2002). "Sexual Predator Evaluations
and Commitments", Journal of Psychiatric Practice Vol. 8, No. 5</ref>

Many proponents of therapy for "pedophiles" cite the research of Klaus M. Beier of the Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine at [[Charité]], a large university hospital in [[Berlin, Germany]], which reported success in a preliminary study using [[role-play]] therapy and medicine. According to researchers, contact child sex offenders were better able to control their urges once they understood the pre-pubescent youth's view.<ref>[http://www.eux.tv/article.aspx?articleId=8937 EUX.TV - Berlin hospital says therapy helped 20 paedophiles<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2570472,00.html German Pedophilia Project Touts Results, Pleads for Funds | Germany | Deutsche Welle | 31.05.2007<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Although these results are relevant to the prevention of re-offending in contact child sex offenders, there is no empirical suggestion that such therapy is a cure for pedophilia.

==Related terms==
*''[[Ephebophilia]]'', also known as hebephilia, is the condition of being sexually attracted primarily or exclusively to [[adolescents]]. These terms are used in contrast with pedophilia; however, in jurisdictions where the legal [[age of consent]] is higher (like [[USA]] and [[UK|Britain]]), pedophilia is sometimes used more broadly in a non-medical sense to describe both ephebophilia and attraction to younger children; in effect, any person younger than the legal [[age of consent]]. Ephebophilia does not have broad academic acceptance as constituting a [[paraphilia]].

*''[[Pederasty]]'' has historically been given sharply different meanings, sometimes referring to male homosexual interactions in general, sometimes to [[anal sex]] in general, and sometimes specifically to sex between men and boys. In academic usage the word has still a fourth meaning, referring specifically to the [[Homosexuality#Anthropology|age-structured homosexual interactions]] practiced in [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|classical Greece]] between older men and adolescent boys, and by extension to age-structured homosexual interactions in other cultures.

*''[[Lolita pornography|Lolita]] syndrome'' is sometimes used to refer to the attraction to [[preadolescent]] females. The term ''[[Lolicon]]'' is a corrupted abridgment of ''Lolita complex'', it refers to [[manga]]-style [[pornography]] depicting [[neotonous]] female characters. A male equivilent called [[shotacon]] was later adapted.

*''[[Nepiophilia]]'', also called ''infantophilia'', is the attraction to [[toddler]]s and [[babies|infant]]s (usually ages 0–3). Some researchers have suggested a distinction between pedophilia and nepiophilia, especially for same-sex pedophilia (see for example Bernard 1975, 1982; Lautmann 1994), as it is unusual for pedophiles to prefer toddlers. According to Howells 1981;<ref>Howells, Kevin (1981). "Considerations Relevant to Theories of Etiology", Cook, M.; Howells, K. ''Adult Sexual Interest in Children'', 78</ref> Bernard 1982;<ref>Bernard, Frits (1982): "Pädophilie und Altersgrenzen" (''Paedophilia and different ages of childhood''), Bernard, Frits. ''Kinderschänder? - Pädophilie, von der Liebe mit Kindern'' ("Child molesters? Paedophilia, on childlove"), 81-109, Berlin: Foerster Verlag. {{de icon}}</ref> McConaghy 1993;<ref>McConaghy, Nathaniel (1993). "Sexual Behaviour: Problems and Management", 312, New York: Plenum.</ref> Lautmann 1994,<ref>Lautmann, Rüdiger (1994): "Unterschiede zwischen Knaben- und Mädchenliebe" (''Differences of boy-love and girl-love''), Lautmann, Rüdiger. ''Die Lust am Kind - Portrait des Pädophilen'' ("Erotic affection for minors: Portrait of paedophilia"), 36-40, Hamburg: Ingrid Klein Verlag. {{de icon}}</ref> male-oriented pedophilia more prevalently blends in with ephebophilia, while female-oriented pedophilia more prevalently blends in with nepiophilia.

==Pedophilia-related activism==
===Pro-pedophile activism===
{{Main|Pro-pedophile activism}}
Some pro-pedophile activists aim to change legal, medical and social views of pedophilia. This advocacy movement gained public attention in 1948 with [[Alfred Kinsey]]'s publication of the [[Kinsey Reports]] including his [[Alfred Kinsey#Interviews with pedophiles|interviews with pedophiles]], and increased momentum in the late 1990s with the highly controversial [[Rind et al.]] study, that has since been quoted by numerous pedophile advocacy organizations.<ref name="Leo">{{cite news| url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/opinion/articles/041122/22john.htm |title=What Kinsey wrought |last= Leo |first=John |publisher=US News & World Report |date=11/14/04}}</ref><ref name="laws3">{{cite book|title=Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment |last= Laws |first=D. Richard |coauthors=William T. O'Donohue|pages=p3 |publisher=Guilford Press |year= 2008 |isbn=1593856059}}</ref><ref name="spiegel">{{cite book|title=Sexual Abuse of Males: The Sam Model of Theory and Practice |last= Spiegel |first=Josef |contributors=Christine A. Courtois |year=2003 |pages=p5, p9 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>
===Anti-pedophile activism===
{{Main|Anti-pedophile activism}}
Anti-pedophile activism encompasses opposition to pedophiles, [[pro-pedophile activism]], and other phenomena that are seen as related to pedophilia, such as [[child pornography]] and [[child sexual abuse]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/global_crime_report/investigation/cybercrime2.shtml Global Crime Report | INVESTIGATION | Child porn and the cybercrime treaty part 2 | BBC World Service<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Whilst much of the direct action classified as anti-pedophile involves demonstrations against sex offenders<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/872436.stm Families flee paedophile protests] [[August 9]][[2000]], retrieved [[Jan 24]][[2008]]</ref>, groups advocating legalization of sexual activity between adults and children,<ref>[http://www.expatica.com/actual/article.asp?channel_id=1&story_id=30373 Dutch paedophiles set up political party], [[May 30]][[2006]], retrieved [[Jan]][[2008]]</ref> and internet users who solicit sex from teens, there are some organizations, such as Absolute Zero,<ref>[http://www.absolutezerounited.org/mission.html Absolute Zero United: Mission Statement], retrieved [[Jan]][[2008]]</ref> that explicitly target pedophiles.

==See also==
* [[Age disparity in sexual relationships]]
* [[Age of consent]]
* [[Anti-pedophile activism]]
* [[Child pornography]]
* [[Child sexual abuse]]
* [[Child sexuality]]
* [[Chronophilia]]
* [[Neoteny]]
* ''[[Paidika]]: The Journal of Paedophilia''
* [[Pedophilia in films]]
* [[Pederastic filmography]]
* [[Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in fiction (boys)]]
* [[Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in fiction (girls)]]
* [[Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in films]]
* [[Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in songs]]
* [[Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in television]]
* [[Pedophilia and child sexual abuse in the theatre]]
* [[Pedophilia in the theatre]]
* [[Pro-pedophile activism]]
* [[Roman Catholic sex abuse cases]]
* [[Matthew Kings ( Activist )]]
==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===References===
<div class="references-small">
* Abel GG: Behavioral treatment of child molesters, in ''Perspectives on Behavioral Medicine''. Edited by Stunkard AJ, Baum A. New York, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989, pp 223-242
* Abel GG, Blanchard EB: The role of fantasy in the treatment of sexual deviation. ''Arch Gen Psychiatry 30'':467-475, 1974
* Abel GG, Osborn CA: Clinical syndromes of adult psychiatry: the paraphilias, in ''The Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry''. New York, Oxford University Press, in press.
* Abel GG, Rouleau J-L: Male sex offenders, in ''Handbook of Outpatient Treatment of Adults''. Edited by Thase ME, Edelstein BA, Hersen M. New York, Plenum, 1990, pp 271-290
* Fagan P. J. et al (2002). "[http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/19/2458 Pedophilia]" (requires registration). ''Journal of the American Medical Association''. '''288''', 2458-2465.
* [[Judith Levine|Levine, Judith]]. (2002). ''[[Harmful to Minors|Harmful to Minors: The Perils of Protecting Children From Sex]].'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Discusses the perception and reality of pedophilia. ISBN 0-8166-4006-8.
* Pryor, Douglass, ''Unspeakable Acts: Why Men Sexually Abuse Children'', New York Univ. Press, 1996.
* Rind ''et al.'' (1998). "[[Rind et al.|A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples]]." ''Psychological Bulletin.'' '''124''' (1), 22-53.
* Scruton, Roger, ''Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy of the Erotic'', Free, 1986.
* Wilson, Paul R. (1981). ''The Man They Called a Monster.'' Melbourne: Cassell Australia. ISBN 0-7269-9282-8. (Book about a court reporter who had sexual relationships with 2500 adolescent males; includes interviews with the later adults who reflect on these relationships.)
</div>

== External links ==
*[http://www.webmd.com/content/article/14/1687_51642.htm Explaining Pedophillia] - from a medical point of view
* [http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/pedophiliaTR.htm Diagnostic criteria for Pedophilia] in [[DSM-IV]]
* [http://www.ipce.info/ipceweb/Library/freund_etiological.htm "In search of an etiological model of pedophilia,"], Kurt Freund
* [http://www.health.am/sex/more/pedophilia/ Treatment to Reduce Pedophiliac Interests]
* [http://www.health.am/sex/more/treatment_to_decrease_attitudes_and_beliefs/ Treatment to Decrease Attitudes and Beliefs Supportive of Pedophiliac Behavior]
* [http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/pedophilia.htm "Is pedophilia a mental disorder?"] - Discussion in [[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]
* [http://mwillett.org/mind/paedophilia.htm Paedophilia is not a crime] - An opinion piece by Martin Willett, editor of Debate Unlimited
* [http://www.pehi.eu/dutroux/Belgian_X_dossiers_of_the_Dutroux_affair.htm PEHI: Beyond the Dutroux Affair · The reality of protected child abuse and snuff networks]
* {{it}} [http://www.homolaicus.com/politica/orlandi.htm Pino Nicotri, L'Espresso: How to avoid at all costs that the truth becomes known about Emanuela Orlandi's end]

{{paraphilia}}
[[Category:Greek loanwords]]
[[Category:Paraphilias]]
[[Category:Pedophilia| ]]

[[ar:غلمانية]]
[[bs:Pedofilija]]
[[br:Pedofiliezh]]
[[bg:Педофилия]]
[[ca:Pedofília]]
[[cs:Pedofilie]]
[[da:Pædofili]]
[[de:Pädophilie]]
[[et:Pedofiilia]]
[[es:Pedofilia]]
[[eo:Pedofilio]]
[[fr:Pédophilie]]
[[ko:소아성애]]
[[id:Pedofilia]]
[[it:Pedofilia]]
[[he:פדופיליה]]
[[lt:Pedofilija]]
[[hu:Pedofília]]
[[nl:Pedofilie]]
[[ja:ペドフィリア]]
[[no:Pedofili]]
[[pl:Pedofilia]]
[[pt:Pedofilia]]
[[ru:Педофилия]]
[[simple:Pedophile]]
[[sk:Pedofília]]
[[sr:Педофилија]]
[[sh:Pedofilija]]
[[fi:Pedofilia]]
[[sv:Pedofili]]
[[vi:Ái nhi]]
[[tr:Pedofili]]
[[yi:פעדעפיליע]]
[[zh:恋童癖]]

Revision as of 22:45, 13 February 2008

Fucking Chesters!!!!!!!!1

Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Pedophilia&oldid=191273280"