Zygiella

Zygiella
	Zygiella atrica
	Zygiella x-notata, female
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Araneidae
Genus:	Zygiella; F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902
Type species
	Z. atrica; (C. L. Koch, 1845)
Species
	11, see text
Synonyms
	Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004;

Zygiella is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1902.^[2] In 2015, Parazygiella was determined to be a taxonomic synonym of Zygiella, and its species were moved to Zygiella.^[3]

Identification

Zygiella species are distinguished by the structure of the web, which has a missing sector containing a signaling thread leading to a retreat.^[4] Zygiella x-notata, a species in the Zygiella genus, is well-researched for its missing-sector web construction behaviors.^[5]

Web of Zygiella x-notata

Species

As of April 2019^[update] it contains eleven species:^[1]

Zygiella atrica (C. L. Koch, 1845) (type) – Europe. Introduced to USA, Canada
Zygiella calyptrata (Workman & Workman, 1894) – China, Myanmar, Malaysia
Zygiella carpenteri Archer, 1951 – USA
Zygiella dispar (Kulczyński, 1885) – North America, Russia (Far East), Japan
Zygiella hiramatsui Tanikawa, 2017 – Japan
Zygiella keyserlingi (Ausserer, 1871) – Southern Europe, Ukraine, Turkey
Zygiella kirgisica Bakhvalov, 1974 – Kyrgyzstan
Zygiella minima Schmidt, 1968 – Canary Is., Madeira
Zygiella montana (C. L. Koch, 1834) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Middle Siberia), Uzbekistan
Zygiella nearctica Gertsch, 1964 – Canada, USA
Zygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran? Introduced to North America, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, China, Japan, Réunion

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Gen. Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
^ Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1902). "A revision of the genera of Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9 (7): 5–20. doi:10.1080/00222930208678530.
^ Gregorič, Matjaž; Agnarsson, Ingi; Blackledge, Todd A.; Kuntner, Matjaž (2015). "Phylogenetic position and composition of Zygiellinae and Caerostris, with new insight into orb-web evolution and gigantism". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (2): 225–243. doi:10.1111/zoj.12281.
^ Roberts, Michael J. (1995). "Genus Zygiella". Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. London: HarperCollins. pp. 333ff. ISBN 978-0-00-219981-0.
^ Venner, Samuel; Pasquet, Alain; Leborgne, Raymond (2000). "Web-building behaviour in the orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata: influence of experience". Animal Behaviour. 59 (3): 603–611. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1327. ISSN 0003-3472. PMID 10715183. S2CID 41339367.

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[NMBE-1] "Gen. Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2019. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-05-15.

[Pick1902-2] Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1902). "A revision of the genera of Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 9 (7): 5–20. doi:10.1080/00222930208678530.

[oxford-3] Gregorič, Matjaž; Agnarsson, Ingi; Blackledge, Todd A.; Kuntner, Matjaž (2015). "Phylogenetic position and composition of Zygiellinae and Caerostris, with new insight into orb-web evolution and gigantism". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (2): 225–243. doi:10.1111/zoj.12281.

[Robe95-4] Roberts, Michael J. (1995). "Genus Zygiella". Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe. London: HarperCollins. pp. 333ff. ISBN 978-0-00-219981-0.

[5] Venner, Samuel; Pasquet, Alain; Leborgne, Raymond (2000). "Web-building behaviour in the orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata: influence of experience". Animal Behaviour. 59 (3): 603–611. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1327. ISSN 0003-3472. PMID 10715183. S2CID 41339367.

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