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Otodus

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Otodus
Temporal range: Paleocene–Early Pliocene, 65–3.6 Ma
Reconstructed jaws of a Paleogene Otodus (O. obliquus)
Reconstructed jaws of a Neogene Otodus (O. megalodon)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Order: Lamniformes
Family: †Otodontidae
Genus: †Otodus
Agassiz, 1843
Type species
†Otodus obliquus
Agassiz, 1838
Species[1][2]
Species pending reassessment
    • †Otodus latidens
    • †Otodus mediavus
    • †Otodus hastalis
    • †Otodus minor
    • †Otodus naidini
    • †Otodus poseidoni
    • †Otodus rondelettiformis
Synonyms[3]
  • Carcharocles? Hannibal & Jordan in Jordan, 1923
Life restoration of O. obliquus

Otodus is an extinct, cosmopolitan genus of mackerel shark which lived from the Paleocene to the Pliocene epoch. The name Otodus comes from Ancient Greek ὠτ- (ōt-, meaning "ear") and ὀδούς (odoús, meaning "tooth") – thus, "ear-shaped tooth".

Description

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All species are known from their fossilized teeth, and four of them (O. obliquus, O. auriculatus, O. angustidens and O. megalodon) are also known from their fossilized vertebral centra.[4][5] Like other elasmobranchs, the skeleton of Otodus was composed of cartilage and not bone, resulting in relatively few preserved skeletal structures appearing within the fossil record. The teeth of this shark are large with triangular crown, smooth cutting edges, and visible cusps on the roots. Some Otodus teeth also show signs of evolving serrations.[6][7]

A lingual (tongue-side) view of O. obliquus teeth from the Eocene near Khouribga, Morocco

Size estimation

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The fossils of Otodus sharks indicate that they were very large macro-predatory sharks.[7] The largest known teeth of O. obliquus measure about 104 millimetres (4.1 in) in height.[8] The vertebral centrum of this species are over 12.7 cm (5 inch) wide.[7] Scientists suggest that O. obliquus would have measured about 8–9 metres (26–30 ft) long.[7][9] Other species were much larger, with O. auriculatus, O. angustidens and O. chubutensis being estimated to have reached maximum body lengths of 9.5 metres (31 ft), 11–12 metres (36–39 ft) and 13.5 metres (44 ft), respectively.[9][10] The largest species, O. megalodon, was estimated to have reached a maximum body length of approximately 20.3 metres (67 ft).[11]

Growth and reproduction

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Comparative studies of the centrum radii and growth rings on the vertebrae of O. obliquus and the extant great white shark through X-rays have concluded that the sizes of the vertebrae at birth are similar, meaning that the offspring of both species would have the same size (between 1.1 and 1.6 m (3.6 and 5.2 ft) in length); they also revealed that they grew at the same rate until reaching 10 years of age, during which O. obliquus would have become sexually mature and attained a growth rate faster than that of the extant great white shark. A sexually mature individual of O. obliquus would have measured about 4 m (13 ft) long. Like the extant great white shark, it is likely that males could have reached sexual maturity earlier than females.[12][13]

O. angustidens also had a faster growth rate than the extant great white shark, while O. auriculatus and the extant great white shark had a similar growth rate. O. megalodon had a much faster growth rate (nearly two times that of the extant great white), but likely had an extremely delayed sexual maturity based on the result of the study that the slowing or cessation of somatic growth in megalodon occurred around 25 years of age.[12]

Like contemporaneous sharks, at least two species of Otodus (O. angustidens and O. megalodon) made use of nursery areas to birth their young in, specifically warm-water coastal environments with large amounts of food and protection from predators.[14][10] A possible reproduction area of O. obliquus has been discovered in the Ganntour basin, Morocco.[13]

Distribution

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Otodus had a worldwide distribution, as fossils have been excavated from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Caribbean and Australia.[6][15]

Diet

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Otodus was likely the apex predator of its time and commonly preyed upon fish, sea turtles, cetaceans (e.g. whales), and sirenids.[16]

There is also potential evidence that Otodus hunted raptorial sperm whales; a tooth belonging to an undetermined 4 m (13 ft) long physeteroid closely resembling those of Acrophyseter discovered in the Nutrien Aurora Phosphate Mine in North Carolina suggests that a megalodon or O. chubutensis may have aimed for the head of the sperm whale in order to inflict a fatal bite, the resulting attack leaving distinctive bite marks on the tooth. While scavenging behavior cannot be ruled out as a possibility, the placement of the bite marks is more consistent with predatory attacks than feeding by scavenging, as the jaw is not a particularly nutritious area for a shark to feed or focus on. The fact that the bite marks were found on the tooth's roots further suggest that the shark broke the whale's jaw during the bite, suggesting the bite was extremely powerful. The fossil is also notable as it stands as the first known instance of an antagonistic interaction between a sperm whale and an otodontid shark recorded in the fossil record.[17]

Evolution

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It is widely believed that the genus originates from a lineage of sharks belonging to the genus Cretalamna, due to strong similarities in tooth morphology.[18] Scientists determined that Otodus evolved into the genus Carcharocles, given substantial fossil evidence in the form of transitional teeth.[6][7] Some teeth have been excavated from the sediments of the Nanjemoy Formation in Maryland, USA, Ypres clay in Belgium, and western Kazakhstan, which are morphologically very similar to Otodus teeth but with lightly serrated cusplets and a serrated cutting edge. These transitional fossils suggest a worldwide evolutionary event, and support the theory that Otodus eventually evolved into Otodus aksuaticus and thus initiated the Carcharocles lineage.[6] A more recent study of Megalolamna's taxonomic relationships demonstrates the possibility that Otodus needs to include the species sometimes assigned to Carcharocles (i.e., the megatoothed lineage, including megalodon) in order to be monophyletic.[19]

Undescribed species

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Otodus includes species that have not yet been formally described. One of these is Otodus debrayi, which is known to have lived in the Early Eocene and Middle Eocene epoch. This species has been found in Africa, North America, Central Asia, and Europe, dating from 47.8 to 38 milion years ago.[20][21] Also undescribed is Otodus poseidoni, which measured 12 meters in length. Its teeth measure up to 10 cm in length (4 inches). Some scientists consider these possible species to be a variation of Otodus sokolovi, Otodus aksuaticus or Otodus auriculatus, but this is not confirmed.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ehret, D. J.; Ebersole, J. (2014). "Occurrence of the megatoothed sharks (Lamniformes: Otodontidae) in Alabama, USA". PeerJ. 2: e625. doi:10.7717/peerj.625. PMC 4201945. PMID 25332848.
  2. ^ Fabien L. Condamine; Jules Romieu; Guillaume Guinot (2019). "Climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 16 (41): 20584–20590. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11620584C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1902693116. PMC 6789557. PMID 31548392.
  3. ^ Joseph S. Nelson (2006). "Order Lamniformes". Fishes of the World (4th ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
  4. ^ Shimada, K. (2022). "Phylogenetic affinity of the extinct shark family Otodontidae within Lamniformes remains uncertain - Comments on "List of skeletal material from megatooth sharks (Lamniformes, Otodontidae)" by Greenfield" (PDF). Paleoichthys. 6: 1–5.
  5. ^ Greenfield, T. (2022). "Additions to "List of skeletal material from megatooth sharks", with a response to Shimada (2022)" (PDF). Paleoichthys. 6: 6–11.
  6. ^ a b c d Bourdon, Jim, Otodus
  7. ^ a b c d e Renz, Mark (2002), Megalodon: Hunting the Hunter, PaleoPress, pp. 26–30, ISBN 0-9719477-0-8
  8. ^ "Huge OTODUS OBLIQUUS shark tooth with pathology". Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  9. ^ a b Kast, Emma R.; Griffiths, Michael L.; Kim, Sora. L.; Rao, Zixuan C.; Shimada, Kensu; Becker, Martin A.; Maisch, Harry M.; Eagle, Robert A.; Clarke, Chelesia A.; Neumann, Allison N.; Karnes, Molly E.; Lüdecke, Tina; Leichliter, Jennifer N.; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Akhtar, Alliya A.; Wang, Xingchen T.; Haug, Gerald H.; Sigman, Daniel M. (22 June 2022). "Cenozoic megatooth sharks occupied extremely high trophic positions". Science Advances. 8 (25): eabl6529. Bibcode:2022SciA....8L6529K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl6529. PMC 9217088. PMID 35731884.
  10. ^ a b Miller, Addison E.; Gibson, Matthew L.; Boessenecker, Robert W. (2021). "A megatoothed shark (Carcharocles angustidens) nursery in the Oligocene Charleston Embayment, South Carolina, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 24 (2). a19. doi:10.26879/1148.
  11. ^ Perez, Victor; Leder, Ronny; Badaut, Teddy (2021). "Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions". Palaeontologia Electronica. 24 (1): 1–28. doi:10.26879/1140.
  12. ^ a b Ehret D.J. (2010). "CHAPTER 5 – MACROEVOLUTION, AGE, AND GROWTH DETERMINATION OF THE MEGATOOTHED SHARKS (LAMNIFORMES: OTODONTIDAE)". Paleobiology and taxonomy of extinct lamnid and otodontid sharks (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Lamniformes) (PDF). pp. 100–136.
  13. ^ a b Biton-Porsmoguer, S. (2017). "Posible área de reproducción de Otodus obliquus (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) del Paleoceno en la cuenca de Ganntour (Marruecos)".
  14. ^ Pimiento, Catalina; Ehret, Dana J.; MacFadden, Bruce J.; Hubbell, Gordon (2010). Stepanova, Anna (ed.). "Ancient Nursery Area for the Extinct Giant Shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama". PLOS ONE. 5 (5): e10552. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510552P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010552. PMC 2866656. PMID 20479893.
  15. ^ Harry M. Maisch, IV; Martin A. Becker; John A. Chamberlain, Jr. (2018). "Lamniform and Carcharhiniform Sharks from the Pungo River and Yorktown Formations (Miocene–Pliocene) of the Submerged Continental Shelf, Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA". Copeia. 106 (2): 353–374. doi:10.1643/OT-18-016.
  16. ^ Aguilera O.; Augilera E. R. D. (2004). "Giant-toothed White Sharks and Wide-toothed Mako (Lamnidae) from the Venezuela Neogene: Their Role in the Caribbean, Shallow-water Fish Assemblage". Caribbean Journal of Science. 40 (3): 362–368.
  17. ^ STEPHEN J. GODFREY; JOHN R. NANCE; NORMAN L. RIKER (2021). "Otodus-bitten sperm whale tooth from the Neogene of the Coastal Eastern United States" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3): 599–603.
  18. ^ Ebersole, Jun A.; Ehret, Dana J. (2018-01-08). "A new species of Cretalamna sensu stricto (Lamniformes, Otodontidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Santonian-Campanian) of Alabama, USA". PeerJ. 6: e4229. doi:10.7717/peerj.4229. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 5764036. PMID 29333348.
  19. ^ Shimada, K.; Chandler, R. E.; Lam, O. L. T.; Tanaka, T.; Ward, D. J. (2016-10-03). "A new elusive otodontid shark (Lamniformes: Otodontidae) from the lower Miocene, and comments on the taxonomy of otodontid genera, including the 'megatoothed' clade". Historical Biology. 29 (5): 704–714. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1236795. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89080495.
  20. ^ White, Leriche (1906). "Carcharodon debrayi". mindat.org. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  21. ^ Leriche, Leriche (1906). "Otodus debrayi". Shark-References. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  22. ^ Hannibal, Jordan. "Genera:Carcharocles". ELASMO.COM. 1923. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
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