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Hemerocallis fulva

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Hemerocallis fulva
Flower of Hemerocallis fulva var. fulva
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asphodelaceae
Subfamily: Hemerocallidoideae
Genus: Hemerocallis
Species:
H. fulva
Binomial name
Hemerocallis fulva
(L.) L.
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Hemerocallis crocea Lam.
  • Gloriosa luxurians Lour. ex B.A.Gomes (syn. of H. fulva var. fulva)

Hemerocallis fulva, the orange day-lily,[3] tawny daylily, corn lily, tiger daylily, fulvous daylily, ditch lily or Fourth of July lily (also railroad daylily, roadside daylily, outhouse lily, and wash-house lily),[citation needed] is a species of daylily native to Asia. It is very widely grown as an ornamental plant in temperate climates for its showy flowers and ease of cultivation. It is not a true lily in the genus Lilium, but gets its common name from the superficial similarity of its flowers to Lilium and from the fact that each flower lasts only one day.

Orange day-lily in Tashkent Botanical Garden

Description

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It is an herbaceous perennial plant growing from tuberous roots, with stems 40–150 centimetres (16–59 inches) tall. The leaves are linear, 0.5–1.5 metres (1+1⁄2–5 feet) long and 1.5–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) broad.[4] The flowers are 5–12 cm (2–4+3⁄4 in) across, orange-red, with a pale central line on each tepal; they are produced from early summer through late autumn on scapes of ten through twenty flowers, with the individual flowers opening successively, each one lasting only one day. Its fruit is a three-valved capsule 2–2.5 cm (3⁄4–1 in) long and 1.2–1.5 cm (1⁄2–5⁄8 in) broad which splits open at maturity and releases seeds.[5][6]

Both diploid and triploid forms occur in the wild, but most cultivated plants are triploids which rarely produce seeds and primarily reproduce vegetatively by stolons.[5] At least four botanical varieties are recognized, including the typical triploid var. fulva, the diploid, long-flowered var. angustifolia (syn.: var. longituba), the triploid var. Flore Pleno, which has petaloid stamens, and the evergreen var. aurantiaca.[5]

Distribution

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Orange daylily is native to Asia from the Caucasus east through the Himalaya through China, Japan, and Korea.[5][6][7][8] Orange daylily persists where planted, making them a very good garden plant.

Hemerocallis fulva var. fulva has escaped from cultivation across much of the United States and parts of Canada and has become a weedy or invasive species.[9] It persists also where dumped and spreads more or less rapidly by vegetative increase into woods and fields and along roadsides and ditches, hence its common name ditch lily. It forms dense stands that exclude native vegetation, and is often mistaken for a native species.

Hemerocallis fulva is an invasive non-native plant in parts of the United States and is included on lists of plants to avoid planting in some states, including Delaware,[10] Maryland,[11] Virginia[12] and other mid-Atlantic states.[13]

Cultivation

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Hemerocallis fulva has been cultivated in Europe, and naturalized in many countries there, since at least the 16th century.[14] Several modern cultivars exist which are grown as ornamental plants.[15] As most of the varieties in cultivation are sterile triploids, and all spread via subterranean bulb offsets, the most common (and simplest) method of propagation is by root- or bulb-division.

H. fulva are long-lived perennials, and are adaptable to a range of climatic conditions. The species is a vigorous grower in nearly any location, thriving even difficult areas where other plants do not thrive. The plants grow well in full sun to open shade, and are drought tolerant. H. fulva is winter hardy to UDSA Zone 4.[16]

Special care should be taken if one owns cats, or if errant cats frequent the garden where Hemerocallis is growing, as most daylily species are seriously toxic to felines (while being somewhat less toxic to canines). In particular, cats are uniquely vulnerable, as they often explore outdoors, and can potentially brush against blooming daylilies, causing pollen to inadvertently collect on their fur; afterwards, the cat's instinctual self-grooming and licking behaviors can put them at-risk of directly ingesting the pollen.[17][18]

Uses

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The flowers, leaves, and tubers of H. fulva are edible.[19][20] The leaves and shoots can be eaten raw or cooked when very young, lest they become too fibrous. The flower petals and young tubers can also be eaten raw in salads, stir-fried, or otherwise cooked. The petals seem to taste better when cooked, but can also be fried for storing,[21] or dried and used as a thickener in soups or sauces.[19] The cooked flower buds, served with butter, taste like green beans or wax beans.[22] The tubers are a good potato substitute, with a reportedly "nutty" flavor.[4]

Hemerocallis fulva 'Flore Pleno'

References

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  1. ^ "Hemerocallis fulv (L.) L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
  2. ^ "Gloriosa luxurians". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ a b Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  5. ^ a b c d "Hemerocallis fulva". Flora of China – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  7. ^ "Hemerocallis fulva". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
  8. ^ S.K. Czerepanov. Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (2007)
  9. ^ NRCS. "USDA Plants Profile for Hemerocallis fulva (orange daylily)(Classified as invasive only by Wisconsin)". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2018-05-31.
  10. ^ "Delaware Invasive Species Council". Delaware Invasive Species Council. July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
  11. ^ "Maryland Invasive Plant List". Maryland Department of Agriculture. June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  12. ^ "Common Day Lily". Master Gardeners of Northern Virginia. June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  13. ^ "Common Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva)". www.invasive.org. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
  14. ^ Sir Ghillean Prance; Mark Nesbitt (12 October 2012). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. pp. 268–. ISBN 978-1-135-95811-4.
  15. ^ John H. Wiersema; Blanca León (26 February 1999). World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. CRC Press. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-0-8493-2119-1.
  16. ^ Tomasz Ani_ko (1 January 2008). When Perennials Bloom: An Almanac for Planning and Planting. Timber Press. pp. 247–. ISBN 978-0-88192-887-7.
  17. ^ "Lovely Lilies and Curious Cats: A Dangerous Combination". US Food and Drug Admin. 16 September 2021.
  18. ^ Milewski, Lynn M. & Khan, Safdar A. (2006). "An overview of potentially life-threatening poisonous plants in dogs and cats" (PDF). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 16 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2005.00151.x. S2CID 71027971. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  19. ^ a b "Hemerocallis fulva". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  20. ^ "Edible Landscaping: Eat Your Environment". homestead.org. 26 May 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  21. ^ United States Department of the Army (2009). The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
  22. ^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 600. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
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