Juncture

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Juncture, in linguistics, is the manner of moving (transition) between two successive syllables in speech.^[1] An important type of juncture is the suprasegmental phonemic cue by means of which a listener can distinguish between two otherwise identical sequences of sounds that have different meanings.^[1]

Typology

There are several kinds of juncture, the most widely used typology of which is:

plus juncture: Also known as open juncture, this is subdivided into internal open juncture and external open juncture. It is the juncture that occurs at word boundaries.^[2] In phonetic transcription open juncture is transcribed /+/, hence the name plus juncture.^[2]
close juncture: Also known as a normal transition, this is a transition between segments (sounds) within a word.^[2]
terminal juncture: Also known as falling,^[3] clause terminal or terminal contour,^{[citation needed]} this is the juncture at the end of a clause or utterance with falling pitch before a silence.^[3]

Other less common typologies exist,^[2] such as the division (favoured by American Structuralist linguists in the middle twentieth century) into plus, single bar, double bar, and double cross junctures, denoted /+/, /|/, /||/, and /#/ respectively.^[4]^[5]^[6] These correspond to syllabification and differences in intonation, single bar being a level pitch before a break, double bar being an upturn in pitch and a break, and double cross being a downturn in pitch that usually comes at the end of an utterance.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Examples from English

In English, a syllable break at the plus juncture sometimes distinguishes otherwise homophonic phrases.

"a name" /ə.neɪm/ and "an aim" /ən.eɪm/^[9]
"that stuff" /ðæt.stʌf/ and "that's tough" /ðæts.tʌf/^[2]^[10]
"fork handles" and "four candles"

A word boundary preceded or followed by a syllable break is called an external open juncture. If there is no break, so that words on either side of the juncture are run together, the boundary is called an internal open juncture.^[2]

The distinction between open and close juncture is the difference between "night rate", /naɪt.reɪt/ with the open juncture between /t/ and /r/, and "nitrate", /naɪ.treɪt/ with close juncture between /t/ and /r/.^[2] In some varieties of English, only the latter involves an affricate.

In wordplay and games

In recreational linguistics, various types of junctures of are often used and played with in word games, in order to create or emphasize homophonic effects in pairs of same-sounding phrases. When pronounced without a pause between words (internal open juncture), phrases which differ in meaning and spelling may share a similar pronunciation. An example is "ice cream" /aɪs+kriːm/ and "I scream" /aɪ+skriːm/ (which is employed in the chant "I scream; you scream; we all scream for ice cream" that is familiar to many English-speaking children.)^[11]

The Two Ronnies comedy sketch "Four Candles" is entirely built around same-sounding words and phrases, including a taciturn customer's request for "fork handles" being misheard as "four candles".^[12]

In the world of word games, same-sounding phrases are sometimes also referred to as "oronyms". Such use of that term was first proposed by Gyles Brandreth in his book The Joy of Lex (1980). Since the term oronym was already well established in linguistics as an onomastic designation for a class of toponymic features (names of mountains, hills, etc.),^[13] the proposed alternative use of the same term was not universally accepted in scholarly literature.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b Nicolosi, Harryman & Kresheck 2004, p. 166.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Skandera & Burleigh 2011, p. 62.
^ ^a ^b Crystal 2011, p. 238.
^ Rajimwale 2006, pp. 119–120.
^ ^a ^b Trask 1996, "double-bar juncture".
^ ^a ^b Trask 1996, "double-cross juncture".
^ Trask 1996, "single-bar juncture".
^ Malmkjaer 2002, p. 409.
^ Nasr 1997, p. 45.
^ Rajimwale 2006, pp. 119.
^ Goldstein 2010, p. 321.
^ "Four candles". YouTube. Retrieved 28 Nov 2011.
^ Room 1996, p. 75.
^ Stewart 2015, p. 91, 237.

Reference bibliography

Brandreth, Gyles (1980). The Joy of Lex: How to Have Fun with 860,341,500 Words. Quill. ISBN 978-0-688-01397-4.
Crystal, David (2011). Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-5675-5.
Goldstein, E. Bruce (2010). Sensation and Perception. PSY 385 (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780495601494.
Malmkjaer, Kirst (2002). "phonemics". Linguistics Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415222105.
Nasr, Raja T. (1997). Applied English Phonology: For Esl/Efl Teachers. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761806417.
Nicolosi, Lucille; Harryman, Elizabeth; Kresheck, Janet (2004). "Juncture". Terminology of Communication Disorders: Speech-Language-Hearing (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781741965.
Rajimwale, Sharad (2006). "Juncture". Handbook Of Linguistic Terms. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 9788176256483.
Room, Adrian (1996). An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810831698.
Skandera, Paul; Burleigh, Peter (2011). "Lesson Six". A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology: Twelve Lessons with an Integrated Course in Phonetic Transcription. Narr Studienbücher (2nd ed.). Gunter Narr Verlag. ISBN 9783823366652.
Stewart, Garrett (2015). The Deed of Reading: Literature, Writing, Language, Philosophy. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501701702.
Trask, R. L. (1996). A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Routledge. ISBN 9781134831005.