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List of oldest extant buildings

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This is a list of oldest extant buildings.

Criteria

[edit]

A building is defined as any human-made structure used or interface for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy. In order to qualify for this list, a structure must:

  • be a recognisable building;
  • incorporate features of building work from the claimed date to at least 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height;
  • be largely complete or include building work to this height for most of its perimeter.
  • contain an enclosed area with at least one entry point.

This deliberately excludes ruins of limited height and statues. The list also excludes:

  • dolmens, a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone. Dolmens were typically covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus (which are included in the list). In many instances, that covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the burial mound intact. Neolithic dolmens are extremely numerous, with over 1,000 reported from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany alone.[1]
  • cairns, which are simply large piles of loose stones (as opposed to chambered cairns)
  • standing stone rings, such as Stonehenge, also do not count because they are not enclosed and do not have roofs.

Dates for many of the oldest structures have been arrived at by radiocarbon dating and should be considered approximate.

By age

[edit]

The following are amongst the oldest buildings in the world that have maintained the requirements to be such. Occupation sites with older human made structures, such as those in Göbekli Tepe do exist, but the structures are monuments and do not meet the definition of building (which can be seen above). Many of the buildings within the list contain primarily bricks, but most importantly maintain their walls and roofs. There are numerous extant structures that survive in the Orkney islands of Scotland, some of the best known of which are part of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site.[2] The list also contains many large buildings from the Egyptian Age of the Pyramids.

Building Image Country Continent First built Use Note
Towers of Tell Qaramel Syria Asia 10650–9650 BCE Tower Located in Aleppo Governorate, five stone towers were found at Tell Qaramel; dated to the period from the middle of the 11th millennium BCE to about 9650 BCE, making them the oldest structures of this type in the world.[3]
Göbekli Tepe Turkey Asia 9500–7500 BCE Place of worship Located in southern Turkey. The tell includes two phases of use, believed to be of a social or ritual nature by site discoverer and excavator Klaus Schmidt, dating back to the 10th–8th millennium BCE. The structure is 300 m in diameter and 15 m high.
Jerf el-Ahmar Syria Asia 9500-8700 BCE Settlement Located in northern Syria, Jerf el Ahmar is particularly notable for its communal buildings, a number of which attest to complex community organization and suggest connections between architecture design and rituals or cult practices.[4]
The rectangual buildings of Mureybet Syria Asia 9000 BCE Settlement Located in Raqqa Governorate, northern Syria, Mureybet was first settled in 10,200 BCE. As the settlement evolved, rectangular structures composed of several rooms began to emerge at the end of the 10th mellennium BCE.[5]
Tower of Jericho
West Bank, Palestine Asia 8000 BCE Tower An 8.5-metre-tall (28 ft) stone structure, constructed of undressed stones, with an internal staircase of twenty-two steps.
Çatalhöyük Turkey Asia 7500–5700 BCE Settlement A very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia
Mehrgarh
Pakistan Asia 7000 BCE Settlement A Neolithic archaeological site situated on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan in Pakistan. It is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River and between the modern-day Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi.
Aquae Calidae
Aquae Calidae on Tabula Peutingeriana
 Bulgaria Europe 6000-5000 BCE Ancient town Located in the Bulgarian port city Burgas on the Black Sea coast. Aquae Calidae was also known as Therma and Thermopolis in the Middle Ages and it was an ancient town in Thrace.
Barnenez France Europe 4800 BCE Passage grave Located in northern Finistère and partially restored. According to André Malraux it would have been better named 'The Prehistoric Parthenon'. The structure is 72 m (236 ft) long, 25 m (82 ft) wide and over 8 m (26 ft) high.[6][7]
Tumulus of Bougon Barnenez France Europe 4800 BCE Tumulus A necropolis, complex of tombs with varying dates in Deux-Sèvres near Niort and Poitiers, the oldest being E and F0.[6]
Saint-Michel tumulus Barnenez France Europe 4500 BCE Tumulus The tumulus forms what is almost an artificial hillock of more than 30,000 m3 (1,100,000 cu ft) (60 m × 125 m × 10 m (197 ft × 410 ft × 33 ft)).[8][9]
Anu ziggurat of Uruk Iraq Asia 4000–3800 BCE Ziggurat A massive White Temple was built atop of the ziggurat. Under the northwest edge of the ziggurat a Stone Temple has been discovered.
Monte d'Accoddi Italy (Sardinia) Europe 4000–3650 BCE[10][11] Possibly an open-air temple, or a step pyramid. A trapezoidal platform on an artificial mound, reached by a sloped causeway. New radiocarbon dating (2011) allow us to date the building of the first monument to 4000–3650 BCE, the second shrine dating to 3500–3000 BCE."[12]
La Hougue Bie Jersey Europe 4000–3500 BCE Passage grave An 18.6 m (61 ft) long Neolithic passage grave with 12th century (medieval) chapel above [13] and World War II structures.[14][15]
Knap of Howar United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3700 BCE House Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[16][17][18]
Ġgantija Malta Europe 3700 BCE Temple Two structures on the island of Gozo. The second was built four centuries after the oldest.[19][20]
Dolmen of Menga Spain Europe 3700 BCE Tomb A megalithic burial mound called a tumulus, a long barrow form of dolmen
West Kennet Long Barrow United Kingdom (England) Europe 3650 BCE Tomb Located near Silbury Hill and Avebury stone circle.[21]
Listoghil Ireland Europe 3550 BCE Passage Tomb At the centre of the Carrowmore passage tomb cluster, a simple box-shaped chamber is surrounded by a kerb c.34 m (112 ft) in diameter and partly covered by a cairn. It has been partly reconstructed.[22]
Stoney Littleton Long Barrow United Kingdom (England) Europe 3550 BCE Tomb Neolithic chambered tomb with multiple burial chambers, belonging to the Severn-Cotswold group located near Wellow, Somerset, England.[23]
Sechin Bajo Peru South America 3500 BCE Plaza The oldest known building in the Americas.[24][25]
Dholavira India Asia 2600 BCE Settlement A complex of ruins with varying dates at Dholavira.[26][27][28]

It has brick water reservoirs, with steps, circular graves and the ruins of a well planned town.

Recent research suggests the beginning of occupation around 3500 BCE (pre-Harappan) and continuity until around 1800 BCE (early part of Late Harappan period).[29]

Midhowe Chambered Cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3500 BCE Tomb A well-preserved chambered cairn of the Orkney-Cromarty type on the island of Rousay.[30]
Gavrinis passage tomb France Europe 3500 BCE Tomb On a small island, situated in the Gulf of Morbihan.[31]
Wayland's Smithy United Kingdom (England) Europe 3460 BCE Chamber tomb A barrow constructed on top of an older burial chamber.[32]
Unstan Chambered Cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3450 BCE Tomb Excavated in 1884, when grave goods were found, giving their name to Unstan ware.[33][34][35]
Loughcrew Ireland Europe 3400 BCE Tomb It is the site of megalithic burial grounds dating back to approximately 3500 and 3300 BCE
Knowe of Yarso chambered cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3350 BCE Tomb One of several Rousay tombs. It contained numerous deer skeletons when excavated in the 1930s.[33][36][37]
Quanterness chambered cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3250 BCE Tomb The remains of 157 individuals were found inside when excavated in the 1970s.[33][38][39]
Tarxien Temples Tarxien Temple Malta Europe 3250 BCE Temples Part of the Megalithic Temples of Malta World Heritage Site.[19][40]
Shahr-e Sukhteh Iran Asia 3200 BCE Settlement A rich source of information regarding the emergence of complex societies and contacts between them in the third millennium[41]
Newgrange Ireland Europe 3200 BCE[42] Burial Partially reconstructed around original passage grave.[43]
Knowth Ireland Europe c. 3200 BCE Passage grave A Neolithic passage grave and an ancient monument of the World Heritage Site of Brú na Bóinne
Dowth Ireland Europe between 3200 and 2900 BCE Tomb The cairn is about 85 metres (280 ft) in diameter and 15 metres (50 ft) high.
Skara Brae United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3180 BCE Settlement Northern Europe's best preserved Neolithic village.[44][45]
Tomb of the Eagles United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3150 BCE Tomb In use for 800 years or more. Numerous bird bones were found here, predominantly white-tailed sea eagle.[46][47]
Tepe Sialk ziggurat Iran Asia 3000 BCE Ziggurat The oldest settlements in Sialk to date to around 6000–5500 BCE.[48][49] The Sialk ziggurat was built around 3000 BCE.
Dolmen de Bagneux France Europe 3000 BCE Dolmen This is the largest dolmen in France, and perhaps the world; the overall length of the dolmen is 23 m (75 ft), with the internal chamber at over 18 m (59 ft) in length and at least 3 m (9.8 ft) high.[50][51][52]
Grey Cairns of Camster United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3000 BCE or older Tomb Located near Upper Camster in Caithness.[53][54]
Hulbjerg Jættestue Denmark Europe 3000 BCE Passage grave The grave is concealed by a round barrow on the southern tip of the island of Langeland. One of the skulls found there showed traces of the world's earliest dentistry work.[55][56][57]
Dolmens of North Caucasus Russia Europe 3000 BCE Tomb There are numerous tombs, some perhaps originating in the Maikop culture, in the North Caucasus.[58][59]
Taversoe Tuick chambered cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3000 BCE Tomb Unusually, there is an upper and lower chamber.[60]
Holm of Papa chambered cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3000 BCE Tomb The central chamber is over 20 m (66 ft) long.[61][62]
Barpa Langass United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3000 BCE Tomb The best preserved chambered cairn in the Hebrides.[63][64]
Cuween Hill Chambered Cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3000 BCE Tomb Excavated in 1901, when it was found to contain the bones of men, dogs and oxen.[65][66]
Quoyness cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 2900 BCE Tomb An arc of Bronze Age mounds surrounds this cairn on the island of Sanday.[67]
Maeshowe United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 2800 BCE Tomb The entrance passage is 36 feet (11 m) long and leads to the central chamber measuring about 15 feet (4.6 m) on each side.[68][69]
Shunet El Zebib Egypt Africa 2700 BCE Mortuary temple Built as a funerary enclosure, a place where the deceased king was worshipped and memorialised.
Pyramid of Djoser Egypt Africa 2667–2648 BCE Burial Earliest large-scale cut stone construction.[70]
Harappa Pakistan Asia 2600 BCE Settlement A Bronze Age fortified city with clay sculptured houses located west of Sahiwal.[71]

The Indus Valley civilization had a possible writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system.

Mohenjo Daro Pakistan Asia 2600 BCE Settlement An archeological site near Larkana.[72]

The world's earliest settlement with one and two storied brick houses, public baths, assembly halls, central marketplace and covered drains.

Caral Peru South America 2600 BCE Pyramid Once thought to be the oldest building in South America.[73]
Pyramid of Meidum Egypt Africa c. 2580 BCE Tomb Fourth Dynasty structure completed by Sneferu.
Bent Pyramid Egypt Africa c. 2580 BCE Tomb A second structure completed by Sneferu.
Red Pyramid Egypt Africa c. 2580 BCE Tomb Third large pyramid completed by Sneferu.[74]
Great Pyramid of Giza Egypt Africa 2560 BCE Tomb Mausoleum for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu.[citation needed] World's tallest man-made structure for over 3800 years, until Lincoln Cathedral in 1311.
Megalithic Monuments of Alcalar Portugal Europe Between 3000 and 2000 BCE Tomb A group of burial tombs that comprise a Calcolithic necropolis.
Capel Garmon United Kingdom (Wales) Europe c. 2500 BCE Tomb Burial chamber dating from the 3rd millennium BCE that belongs to the Severn-Cotswold Group.[75]
Pyramid of Khafre Egypt Africa c. 2500 BCE Tomb One of the Pyramids of Giza.[76]
Pyramid of Menkaure Egypt Africa c. 2500 BCE Tomb Menkaure was probably Khafre's successor.
Royal Palace of Mari Syria Asia c. 2500 BCE Palace Located in the ancient Kingdom of Mari in eastern Syria, the Palace covered more than two hectares, and included some 300 rooms, corridors, and courtyards.
Pyramid of Userkaf Egypt Africa c. 2480 BCE Tomb Located close to Pyramid of Djoser.[77]
Pyramid of Sahure Egypt Africa c. 2480 BCE Tomb Built for Sahure.[78]
Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai Egypt Africa c. 2460 BCE Tomb Built for Neferirkare Kakai.[78]
Pyramid of Neferefre Egypt Africa c. 2455 BCE Tomb Never completed but does contain a tomb.[78]
Pyramid of Nyuserre Egypt Africa c. 2425 BCE Tomb [79]
Royal Palace of Ebla Syria Asia 2400–2300 BCE Palace
Pyramid of Djedkare-Isesi Egypt Africa c. 2370 BCE Tomb
Pyramid of Unas Egypt Africa c. 2340 BCE Tomb [80]
Pyramid of Teti Egypt Africa c. 2330 BCE Tomb
Labbacallee Ireland Europe c. 2300 BCE Tomb The largest wedge tomb in Ireland.[81]
Shimao China (Shaanxi) Asia 2300–2000 BCE Settlement Fortified Neolithic site, centered on a large stepped pyramid with a height of 70m.[82]
Pyramid of Merenre Egypt Africa c. 2275 BCE Tomb Built for Merenre Nemtyemsaf I but not completed.
Pyramid of Pepi II Egypt Africa c. 2180 BCE Tomb
Crantit cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 2130 BCE Tomb Discovered in 1998 near Kirkwall.[83][84]
Ziggurat of Ur Iraq Asia 2100 BCE Temple The Great Ziggurat of Ur was a temple built under King Ur-Nammu in honor of the goddess Nanna. It was partially reconstructed in the 1980s under Saddam Hussein.
Western Deffufa Sudan Africa 2000 BCE Temple The Western Deffufa, built some 4,000 years ago, is a temple rising almost 65 feet high, and built from sun baked mudbricks. It was central to the civilization of Kerma.[85]
Dolmen de Viera Spain Europe 2000 BCE Tomb The Dolmen de Viera or Dolmen de los Hermanos Viera is a dolmen—a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb[86]
Dolmen of Cava dei Servi Italy (Sicily) Europe 2000 BCE Tomb The dolmen of Cava dei Servi is a semi-oval monument formed by four rectangular slabs fixed into the ground. Three slabs are on top, leaning in such a way they reduce the surface and form a false dome.[87]
Rubha an Dùnain passage grave United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 2000 BCE or older Tomb [88][89][90]
Corrimony chambered cairn United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 2000 BCE or older Tomb A Clava-type passage grave surrounded by a circle of 11 standing stones.[91][92]
Bryn Celli Ddu United Kingdom (Wales) Europe 2000 BCE Tomb Located on the island of Anglesey.[93]
Balnuaran of Clava United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 2000 BCE Tomb The largest of three is the north-east cairn, which was partially reconstructed in the 19th century. The central cairn may have been used as a funeral pyre.[90][94][95]
Vinquoy chambered cairn, Eday United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 2000 BCE Tomb [96]
Pyramid of Amenemhat I Egypt Africa c. 1960 BCE Tomb
Karnak Egypt Africa 1971–1926 BCE Temple Actually a temple complex.
Pyramid of Senusret I Egypt Africa c. 1920 BCE Tomb
Pyramid of Senusret II Egypt Africa c. 1875 BCE Tomb
Knossos Greece Europe 1850–1750 BCE Palace Minoan structure on a Neolithic site.[97]
Pyramid of Senusret III Egypt Africa c. 1835 BCE Tomb Built for Senusret III.
Black Pyramid Egypt Africa c. 1820 BCE Tomb Built for Amenemhat III, it has multiple structural deficits.
Hawara Egypt Africa c. 1810 BCE Tomb Also built for Amenemhat III.
Pyramid of Khendjer Egypt Africa c. 1760 BCE Tomb Built for pharaoh Khendjer.
Daorson
Cyclopean walls of Daorson
Cyclopean walls of Daorson
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 17–16th century BCE City and citadel Illyrian settlement and capital of Daorsi tribe.
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut Egypt Africa 15th century BCE Temple
Hundatorra United Kingdom (England) Europe c.1700-1200 BCE Settlement
Nuraghe Santu Antine Italy (Sardinia) Europe 1600 BCE Possibly a fort The second tallest of these megalithic edifices found in Sardinia and tallest still standing.[98]
Sinauli India Asia 1800 BCE Settlement The Sinauli excavation site is located in Sinauli, western Uttar Pradesh, India, at the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.[99][100] Major findings from 2018 trial excavations are dated to c. 2000 - 1800 BCE, and ascribed to the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (OCP)/Copper Hoard Culture. The rituals relating to the Sanauli burials shows close affinity with Vedic rituals.[101]
Royal Palace of Ugarit Syria Asia 1500 BCE Palace Located in the ancient Kingdom of Ugarit on the Syrian coast, the Palace covers an area of 6,500 square metres.
Adichanallur India Asia 1500 BCE Settlement In 2004, a number of skeletons were found buried in earthenware urns. Some of these urns contained writing in Tamil Brahmi script. While some of the burial urns contained skeletons.[102] In 2018, research on skeletons remains were dated at Manipur University to around 1500 BCE.[103]
Su Nuraxi di Barumini Italy (Sardinia) Europe 1500 BCE Possibly a fort or a palace The palace of Barumini is formed by a huge quatrefoiled nuraghe, whose central tower is its oldest construction. Originally it was almost 20 m (66 ft) high and divided into three floors.[104][105]
Luxor Temple Egypt Africa c.1400 BCE Temple Actually a temple complex.
Nuraghe La Prisciona Italy (Sardinia) Europe 1400 BCE Possibly a fort The monument has a central tower and 2 side towers, the former with an entrance defined by a massive lintel of 3.20 m (10.5 ft). The central chamber has a false dome, which is more than 6 m (20 ft) high.[106]
The King's Grave Sweden Europe 1400 BCE Tomb Near Kivik is the remains of an unusually grand Nordic Bronze Age double burial.[107]
The Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu Iraq Asia 14th century BCE Probably religious rituals Built for the Kassite King Kurigalzu I.[108]
Treasury of Atreus Greece Europe 1250 BCE Tomb The tallest and widest dome in the world for over a thousand years.[109]
Chogha Zanbil Iran Asia 1250 BCE Temple One of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia.[110]
Mortuary Temple of Seti I Egypt Africa 13th century BCE Temple
Ramesseum Egypt Africa 13th century BCE Temple Mortuary temple of Ramses II.
Naveta d'Es Tudons Spain Europe 1200–750 BCE Ossuary The most famous megalithic chamber tomb in Menorca.[111]
Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III Egypt Africa 1186–1155 BCE Temple
Dún Aonghasa Ireland Europe 1100 BCE Fort Dún Aonghasa, also called Dun Aengus, has been described as one of the most spectacular prehistoric monuments in western Europe. The drystone walled hillfort is made up of 4 widely spaced concentric ramparts.[112][113]
Cuicuilco Circular Pyramid Mexico North America 800–600 BCE Ceremonial center One of the oldest standing structures of the Mesoamerican cultures. First steps in the creation of a sun based calendar.[114]
Van Fortress Turkey Asia 750 BCE Fortress Massive Urartean stone fortification overlooking Tushpa.
Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia Italy Europe 700 BCE Tombs These Etruscan necropolises contain thousands of tombs, some organized in a city-like plan.[115]
Temple of Cyrene Libya Africa c. 630 BCE Temple The temple was destroyed and rebuilt around 115 CE and was damaged in the 4th century CE.
Keezhadi excavation site India Asia 580 BCE Settlement Keezhadi (also as Keeladi) excavation site is a Sangam period settlement that is being excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India and the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department.
Temple of Hera Italy Europe 550 BCE Temple Part of a complex of three great temples in Doric style.[116]
Tomb of Cyrus Iran Asia 530 BCE Tomb Tomb of Cyrus the Great, located in Pasargadae
Persepolis Iran Asia 522 BCE Ceremonial capital Ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire
Yeha Temple Ethiopia Africa 500 BCE Temple Temple of the sun and moon.
Parthenon Greece Europe 432–447 BCE Temple In the Acropolis of Athens
Tomb of Seuthes III Tomb of Seuthes III Bulgaria Europe 450–400 BCE Tomb The tomb was originally a monumental temple at Golyama Kosmatka Mound, built in the second half of the 5th century BCE. After extended use as a temple, at the later part of the 3rd century BCE the Thracian king Seuthes III was buried inside.
Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak Bulgaria Europe 300–400 BCE Tomb Located near Seutopolis, the capital city of the Thracian king Seuthes III, and part of a large necropolis.[117]

It is one of the most elaborate tombs in the Valley of the Thracian Rulers where the first use of brickwork in Europe was established.

Sanchi Stupa India Asia 300 BCE Buddhist temple In the village of Sanchi
Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari The Entrance to the Tomb Mound Bulgaria Europe 300–280 BCE Tomb Discovered in 1982 in a mound, this 3rd century BCE Getic tomb reflects the fundamental structural principles of Thracian cult buildings. The tomb's architectural decor is considered to be unique, with polychrome half-human, half-plant caryatids and painted murals.
Dhamek Stupa India Asia 249 BCE rebuilt c. 500 CE Buddhist Temple In Sarnath, Varanasi
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor China Asia Began construction 246 BCE, finished 208 BCE Tomb Commonly known as the Terracotta Army, this is one of the largest tombs ever built. It does not only contain the entire stone army, but a complex of halls and of the resting place of Qin Shi Huang.
Ruwanwelisaya Sri Lanka Asia 140 BCE Stupa In Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Broch of Mousa United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 100 BCE Broch Located in Shetland it is among the best-preserved prehistoric buildings in Europe.[118][119]
Dun Carloway United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 100 BCE Broch Built in the first century BCE[120]
Masada Israel Asia 37 BCE Fortress Herod the Great built two palaces for himself on the mountain and fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BCE.
Maison Carrée France Europe 4–7 CE Temple one of the best preserved Roman temples, in Nîmes
Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum China (Hong Kong) Asia 25 CE Tomb
Temple of Garni Armenia Asia c. 77 CE Temple
Colosseum Italy Europe 70–80 CE Amphitheatre

By continent

[edit]

The following are amongst the oldest known extant buildings on each of the major continents.

Building Image Country Continent First built Use Notes
Towers of Tell Qaramel Syria Asia 10650–9650 BCE Tower Located in Aleppo Governorate, five stone towers were found at Tell Qaramel; dated to the period from the middle of the 11th millennium BCE to about 9650 BCE, making them the oldest structures of this type in the world.
Durankulak (archaeological site)
Bulgaria Europe 5500—4100 BCE Settlement The Durankulak Archaeological Complex unites three sites: Tell Golemija ostrov - the Big Island, Durankulak - the necropolis and Durankulak - the fields. On the Tell Golemija ostrov (Big Island) there are settlements from the Early Eneolithic - Hamandjia III-IV culture, the Late Eneolithic - Varna culture, ritual pits and sacrificial pylons from the Proto-Bronze and Bronze Ages - Chernavoda I and III cultures, fortified Late Bronze Age settlement - Koslogeni culture (Sabatinovka-Noua-Coslogeni "cultural complex"), ancient buildings with a cave temple of the goddess Cybele and an early medieval proto-Bulgarian settlement with several rotundas, which existed from the 9th to the beginning of the 11th century CE. The total thickness of the cultural strata is 3.20 - 3.50 m. The settlement mound has seven stratigraphic horizons.
Solnitsata Solnitsata Bulgaria Europe 5500 BCE [121] Settlement Believed to be the oldest town in Europe, Solnitsata was the site of a prehistoric fortified (walled) stone settlement (prehistoric city) and salt production facility approximately from the 6th – 5th millennia BCE;[122] it flourished ca 4700–4200 BCE.[123][124][125] A large collection of the oldest gold objects in the world was found nearby, in the Varna Necropolis[122]
Shunet El Zebib Egypt Africa 2700 BCE Mortuary temple Built as a funerary enclosure, a place where the deceased king was worshipped and memorialised.
Los Naranjos Honduras North America 2000 BCE Temples Oldest extant buildings in Honduras, constructed by ancestors of the Lenca people.[126]
Nan Madol Federated States of Micronesia Oceania 700s CE City City constructed by the Pohnpeians in the 700s CE on human-made islands (also created by the Pohnpeians). Nan Madol contains the oldest known extant buildings in Oceania.
Cape Adare huts Ross Dependency Antarctica 1899 CE Explorers' huts Wooden buildings constructed by Carsten Borchgrevink in Victoria Land.[127]

By country

[edit]

The following are among the oldest buildings in their respective countries.

Building Image Country Continent First Built Use Notes
Towers of Tell Qaramel Syria Asia 10650–9650 BCE Tower Located in Aleppo Governorate, five stone towers were found at Tell Qaramel; dated to the period from the middle of the 11th millennium BCE to about 9650 BCE, making them the oldest structures of this type in the world.
Göbeklitepe Turkey Asia 9500-7500 BCE Unknown/likely temple Oldest temple in the world.
Durankulak
Bulgaria Europe 5500—4100 BCE Settlement The Durankulak Archaeological Complex unites three sites: Tell Golemija ostrov - the Big Island, Durankulak - the necropolis and Durankulak - the fields. On the Tell Golemija ostrov (Big Island) there are settlements from the Early Eneolithic - Hamandjia III-IV culture, the Late Eneolithic - Varna culture, ritual pits and sacrificial pylons from the Proto-Bronze and Bronze Ages - Chernavoda I and III cultures, fortified Late Bronze Age settlement - Koslogeni culture (Sabatinovka-Noua-Coslogeni "cultural complex"), ancient buildings with a cave temple of the goddess Cybele and an early medieval proto-Bulgarian settlement with several rotundas, which existed from the 9th to the beginning of the 11th century CE. The total thickness of the cultural strata is 3.20 - 3.50 m. The settlement mound has seven stratigraphic horizons.
Solnitsata Solnitsata Bulgaria Europe 5500 BCE [121] Settlement Believed to be the oldest town in Europe, Solnitsata was the site of a prehistoric fortified stone settlement and salt production facility approximately six millennia ago;[122] it flourished ca 4700–4200 BCE.[123] The settlement was walled to protect the salt, a crucial commodity in antiquity.[124] Although its population has been estimated at only 350,[124] archaeologist Vassil Nikolov argues that it meets established criteria as a prehistoric city.[128] A large collection of the oldest gold objects in the world find nearby, on the site of the Varna Necropolis, has led archaeologists to speculate that this trade resulted in considerable wealth for the town's residents.[122]
L'Anse aux Meadows Canada North America c. 1000 CE Settlement Located on the northernmost tip of the island of Newfoundland, the Norse settlement is widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact.
Shimao China Asia 2300–2000 BCE Settlement Fortified Neolithic site, centered on a large stepped pyramid with a height of 70m.[82]
St. George's Basilica, Prague Czech Republic Europe c. 920 CE Church Located within Prague Castle in the Czech Republic capital Prague. The building now houses the 19th century Bohemian Art Collection of National Gallery in Prague.
Hulbjerg Jættestue Denmark Europe 3000 BCE Passage grave The Hulbjerg passage grave is concealed by a round barrow on the southern tip of the island of Langeland. One of the skulls found there showed traces of the world's earliest dentistry work.[55]
West Kennet Long Barrow United Kingdom (England) Europe 3650 BCE Tomb Located near Silbury Hill and Avebury stone circle.[21]
Yeha Temple Ethiopia Africa 500 BCE Temple Oldest standing structure in Ethiopia
Barnenez France Europe 4850 BCE Passage grave Located in northern Finistère and partially restored. The structure is 72 m long, 25 m wide and over 8 m high.[6][7] The oldest known building in Eurasia.
Porta Nigra Germany Europe 180 CE Roman city gate It is today the largest Roman city gate north of the Alps.[129]
Knossos Greece Europe 2000–1300 BCE Palace Minoan structure on a Neolithic site.[97]
Dholavira India Asia 3500 BCE Reservoir A planned urban settlement comprising reservoirs, pottery artifacts, seals, ornaments, vessels, etc.
Chogha Zanbil Iran Asia 1250 BCE Temple One of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia.[110]
The Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu Iraq Asia 14th century BCE Probably religious rituals Built by the Kassite King Kurigalzu I.[108]
Newgrange Ireland Europe 3200–2900 BCE Burial Partially reconstructed around original passage grave.[43]
Monte d'Accoddi Italy (Sardinia) Europe 4000–3600 BCE Possibly an open-air temple, a ziggurat, or a step pyramid, mastaba. "A trapezoidal platform on an artificial mound, reached by a sloped causeway."[12]
Ġgantija Malta Europe 3700 BCE Temple Two structures on the island of Gozo. The second was built four centuries after the oldest.[19][20]
Cuicuilco Circular Pyramid Mexico North America 800–600 BCE Ceremonial center One of the oldest standing structures of the Mesoamerican cultures.[114]
Hunebed (Dolmen) Netherlands Europe 4000–3000 BCE Burial Common theory states Hunebedden of dolmen are prehistoric burial chambers.
Mission House New Zealand 1822 CE Religious Built by Māori and missionary carpenters.[130]
Mehrgarh Pakistan Asia c. 2600 BCE Mud brick storage structures A complex of ruins with varying dates near Bolan Pass.[131][132]
Sechin Bajo Peru South America 3500 BCE Plaza The oldest known building in the Americas.[24]
Dolmens of North Caucasus Russia Europe 3000 BCE Tomb There are numerous tombs, some perhaps originating in the Maikop culture, in the North Caucasus.[58][59]
Knap of Howar United Kingdom (Scotland) Europe 3700 BCE House Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[16][17][18]
Naveta d'Es Tudons Spain Europe 1200–750 BCE Ossuary The most famous megalithic chamber tomb in Menorca.[111]
The King's Grave Sweden Europe 1000 BCE Tomb Near Kivik is the remains of an unusually grand Nordic Bronze Age double burial.[133]
Hattusa Turkey Asia c. 1600 BCE Ramparts and ruined buildings Capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age located near modern Boğazkale.[134]
Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv Ukraine Europe 1037 CE Cathedral Orthodox cathedral, partially rebuilt
Ancestral Puebloan communities United States North America 750 CE Villages Pueblo construction began in 750 CE and continues to the present day. These buildings have been within the United States since 1848.
Bryn Celli Ddu United Kingdom (Wales) Europe 2000 BCE Tomb Located on the island of Anglesey.[93]
Great Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Africa 1000 CE Palace Capital of the medieval kingdom

By function, structure and building material

[edit]

The following are probably the oldest buildings of their type.

Building Image Location First built Use Notes
Towers of Tell Qaramel Syria 10650–9650 BCE Tower Located in Aleppo Governorate, five stone towers were found at Tell Qaramel; dated to the period from the middle of the 11th millennium BCE to about 9650 BCE, making them the oldest structures of this type in the world.
Göbekli Tepe Turkey 9500–7500 BCE Unknown, likely temple Located in southern Turkey. The tell includes two phases of use, believed to be of a social or ritual nature by site discoverer and excavator Klaus Schmidt, dating back to the 10th–8th millennium BCE. The structure is 300 m in diameter and 15 m high.
Mehrgarh
Pakistan 7000 BCE Settlement A Neolithic archaeological site situated on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan in Pakistan. It is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River and between the modern-day Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi.
Durankulak (archaeological site)
Bulgaria 4800–4100 BCE Settlement Durankulak is located in Bulgaria, on the west coast of the Black Sea, Dbruja district. The earliest stone architecture in continental Europe was discovered here.
Pyramid of Djoser Saqqara, Egypt 2667–2648 BCE Tomb Oldest large-scale cut stone construction[70]
Luxor Temple Luxor, Egypt 1400 BCE Religious The oldest standing building partly in use. There is an active mosque within the main structure, visible in the picture, that stands on the ancient pillars of the Egyptian temple.
Sanchi Stupa India 300 BCE Buddhist temple Oldest extant Buddhist temple.
Temple of Concordia Italy 440 BCE Temple Oldest fully preserved temple from Antiquity.
Mundeshwari Temple Bihar, India 105–320 CE Hindu Temple May be the oldest extant (not rebuilt) Hindu temple in the world[135][136] An information plaque at the site indicates the dating of the temple at least to 625 CE and Hindu inscriptions dated 635 CE were found in the temple.[137]
Pantheon, Rome Italy 125 CE Religious Oldest standing building still in regular use.[138]
Aula Palatina Germany 306 CE Palace basilica Contains the largest extant hall from antiquity.[129]
Jokhang Lhasa, Tibet, China c. 639 CE Buddhist temple Perhaps the world's oldest timber-frame building.[139]
Hōryū-ji Nara, Japan 670 CE Buddhist Temple Oldest wooden building still standing.[140]
Nanchan Temple Wutai, China 782 CE Buddhist Temple Its Great Buddha Hall is currently China's oldest extant timber building.
Greensted Church United Kingdom (England) c. 1053 CE Church May be the oldest, extant wooden church in the world and the oldest, extant wooden building in Europe.[141][142]
Roykstovan in Kirkjubø Faroe Islands No clear date, middle of 11th century CE Farmhouse May be the oldest continuously inhabited wooden building in the world[143]
Ditherington Flax Mill United Kingdom (England, Shrewsbury) 1797 CE Industrial The oldest iron framed building in the world.[144]
Manhattan Building Chicago, United States 1888 CE Skyscraper Oldest skyscraper still standing.

See also

[edit]

Lists

Sites

References

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