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Nur Misuari

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In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Pinang and the surname or paternal family name is Misuari.
Nur Misuari
Misuari in 2009
Special Economic Envoy on Islamic Affairs to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Incumbent
Assumed office
December 13, 2019
PresidentRodrigo Duterte
Bongbong Marcos
Chair of the Central Committee of the Moro National Liberation Front
Incumbent
Assumed office
October 21, 1972
Preceded byPosition established
President of the Bangsamoro Republik
Unrecognized
In office
August 12, 2013 – September 28, 2013
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
3rd Governor of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
In office
1996–2001
Preceded byLininding Pangandaman
Succeeded byAlvarez Isnaji
Personal details
Born
Nurallaji Pinang Misuari

(1939-03-03) March 3, 1939 (age 85)
Tapul, Sulu, Philippine Commonwealth
Political partyLakas–NUCD (1996–2001)
Spouse(s)Desdemona Tan (Deceased)
Eleonora Tan
Tarhata Ibrahim
Maimona Palalisan
Subanen woman (Unidentified)
Sherry Rahim
Alma materUniversity of the Philippines Manila (BA)
University of the Philippines Diliman (MA)
Military service
Allegiance Moro National Liberation Front
Years of service1972–present

Nur Misuari (Tausug: Nūr Miswāri, born Nurallaji Pinang Misuari; March 3, 1939)[1] is a Moro Filipino revolutionary and politician, founder and leader of the Moro National Liberation Front.[2]

Early and Personal life

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Nur Misuari was born on March 3, 1939, in Tapul, Sulu, Philippines.[1][3] The fourth of ten children, his parents were of Tausug [Tausūg people] descent and came from Kabinga-an, Tapul Island. His father was Saliddain Misuari, who worked as a fisherman, and his mother was Dindanghail Pining.[citation needed] Nur Misuari is a direct descendant of Panglima Mahabasser Elidji, a Tausūg warrior and representative from the Sultanate of Sulu who he claims helped the Sultanate of Brunei forces under Sultan Muhyiddin during the civil war in northern Borneo, after which the eastern part of Sabah was rewarded to the Tausūgs by Sultan Muhyiddin.[4] Misuari's father moved their family from Tapul to Jolo, Sulu when he was still young. He attended Jolo Central Elementary School from 1949 to 1955 and studied at Sulu National High School for his secondary education from 1955 to 1958.[1] Misuari's family experienced financial difficulties and could not afford to send him to college. His teacher assisted him to acquire a scholarship from the Commission on National Integration,[5] which allowed him to study at the University of the Philippines, Manila.

Misuari initially took up a degree in liberal arts, intending to pursue medicine. Instead, Misuari shifted his course to political science in his second semester with the intent of taking up law, despite the fact that his father "hated" lawyers.[1] He became active in many of the university's extra-curricular activities, particularly in debate. After attaining his bachelor's degree in political science from the University of the Philippines in 1962, he entered the College of Law at University of the Philippines, Diliman but dropped his law studies in his second year after being convinced by his mentor and now national author, Caesar Majul, to pursue a master's degree related to political science. He finished his master's degree in Asian studies in 1964 at the Asian Center of the University of the Philippines, Diliman.[1][5] In 1964, Misuari founded a radical student group called the Bagong Asya (New Asia). Together with Jose Maria Sison, he also founded the Kabataan Makabayan (Patriotic Youth).[5]

Until 2016, Misuari had five wives, his first wife was Desdemona Tan, who died of illness in Islamabad, Pakistan.[6] The elder sister of the deceased Desdemona, Eleonora Rohaida Tan then became his second wife. His third and fourth wives are Tarhata Ibrahim and Maimona Palalisan. His fifth wife comes from the tribe of Subanon, while Sherry Rahim became his sixth wife. As per polygyny, Islam allows men to marry up to four wives currently alive at the same time, though Misuari already have six wives, this does not include his first wife who has been deceased.[7][better source needed]

Political career

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Main articles: Moro National Liberation Front and Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

Through Cesar Adib Majul, Misuari became a lecturer at the University of the Philippines in political science in July 1966 until his retirement as instructor on November 15, 1968.[1][5] During this tumultuous period, relationships and alliances played a critical role in shaping the events. Tun Mustapha, then Chief Minister of Sabah, shared a common lineage with Sayyid Capt. Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang, both tracing their ancestry back to the Sultans of Sulu. This shared heritage fostered a close bond between the two leaders, promoting goodwill and cooperation between their respective territories. With Tun Mustapha’s support, the first cadre of MNLF fighters, including figures like Al Hussein Caluang, received training in Sabah after their time in Luuk, Sulu (now known as Kalingalan Caluang). Nur Misuari, drawn by his distinguished reputation as a professor at the University of the Philippines, became involved with Ansarul Islam. As the movement gained momentum, Nur Misuari eventually assumed leadership of the MNLF, a position that led him to later seek forgiveness from Capt. Kalingalan “Apuh Inggal” Caluang—an act that highlighted the complexities and depth of their shared history.

Nur Misuari also helped establish the Mindanao Independence Movement which aimed to organize an independent state in southern Philippines. The Mindanao Independence Movement formed the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) that sought political reforms from the government of the Philippines. Unable to gain reforms, the MNLF engaged in military conflict against the Philippine government and its supporters between 1972 and 1976 under the leadership of Misuari. The military resistance to the government of former Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos did not produce autonomy for the Moro people. Misuari departed to Saudi Arabia in self-exile, returning to the Philippines after Marcos was removed from office during the People Power Revolution in 1986. Misuari justified the MNLF armed struggle on the non-implementation of the Tripoli Agreement, originally signed by Ferdinand Marcos and later included and accepted in the peace agreement signed by former Philippine president Fidel Ramos in the 1990s. This agreement established an autonomous region for Moros, where Misuari became governor.[8]

Removal as ARMM governor

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Main article: 2001 Misuari rebellion
Misuari in 2007

After he was installed as the region's governor in 1996, his rule ended in violence when he led a failed rebellion against the Philippines government in November 2001,[9] thus illegally escaping to Sabah, Malaysia.[10] During his time there, his third wife Tarhatta together with their three children were allowed to visit by the Malaysian government.[11] The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) regional chairman suggested the Malaysian government send Misuari to Saudi Arabia or Libya to avoid "political persecution" by the Philippine government.[11] However the Malaysian leader at the time, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resisted by saying; "We cannot entertain asylum as Misuari had not used his powers correctly although we provide support for him in the past for his bid on autonomy that saw the creation of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)". He was then deported back to the Philippines,[11][12][13] and removed from his office by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in 2001 before being arrested in 2007 on charges of terrorism. On December 20, 2007, he was denied a petition for bail and remained under house arrest in Manila. The Philippine court however, granted the bail petition of Misuari's seven co-accused, at 100,000 pesos.[14] On April 25, 2008, he was allowed to post bail, upon the instructions of the Cabinet security cluster.[15] According to Moro sources, Misuari is a "charismatic leader" who held considerable sway over the indigenous people in Mindanao but lost this backing because of his mismanagement and the corruption of his officials during his tenure as governor for the ARMM.[16]

Controversy and criticism

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Since the 1970s, there has been an animosity between Moro separatist leaders that resulted in the creation of MILF and other factions of MNLF due to falling-outs with Misuari.[17] His rage towards Malaysia began when the Malaysian government sent him back to the Philippines and supported the MILF on the Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro, which resulted in his dissatisfaction towards Malaysian leaders.[17][18] As a form of revenge to the Malaysian government, he made a controversial statement by stating the Malaysian states of Sarawak and Sabah as part of the Bangsamoro lands between March and July 2013,[19] as well as supporting an intrusion by a self-proclaimed Sultan Jamalul Kiram III of the now-defunct Sultanate of Sulu as legal.[20] As a result, his word had resulted into many Moro refugees (who have resided in both states since the 1970s to escape the war in southern Philippines without any legal permission) to be discriminated and be sent back to the Philippines,[21][22] and caused Misuari to be labeled as a "terrorist" by the Malaysian government (which also had been on effect to the Jamalul Kiram III group).[23][24] Misuari also began to resent the MILF for being "a tool been used by the Malaysian government to promote disunity among the Moro peoples" in which he was then criticized by the MILF for his attitude of "blaming everybody for the failure of his past leadership and growing irrelevance to the Bangsamoro struggle to self-determination".[25]

On September 9, 2013, Misuari was convicted of his rebels encounter with the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) which saw massive casualties and thousands of residents been affected.[26] In denying their action, the MNLF stated they were in Zamboanga City only to hold a peaceful rally to assert the implementation of the GRP-MNLF Agreement but they were coerced by the AFP that compelled them to defend their own lives.[27] The AFP and the Philippine government portrayed the MNLF as terrorist as they were causing chaos in the city and using civilians as a human shield.[28][29][30] The conflict lasted until September 28, 2013, with more than 50,000 families, comprising 118,000 people (which 23,000 of them are children) lost their homes and many other properties.[27][31] Misuari had since been living in self-exile and insisted that they were attacked by the AFP.[32] The Philippine government has been trying to get him in custody for causing chaos.[33] In 2016, President Rodrigo Duterte said that he would drop any previous charges by past administration for the arrest of Misuari due to his old age.[34] The move was also supported by the Department of Justice (DoJ).[35] However, in the same year, Misuari again made a controversial proposal by calling the government to include the extreme terrorist-group Abu Sayyaf in Moro peace talks that was responded with a rejection by the Philippine government and the country armed forces as the group has committed "too many murders to innocent civilians",[36] Duterte also cited that the Abu Sayyaf group had been repeatedly called before to stop their terrorist activities, but the group continued to do so and followed the law that pushed the need for the group to be destroyed.[37][38] Despite Duterte's plans to drop charges against Misuari, the government of Zamboanga City has made a clear stand that they would pursue cases against Misuari for his previous siege in the city as they were obligated to follow the rule of law though they respected the actions of the President according to the city legal officer, Jesus Carbon Jr.[39]

Misuari went on accusing neighboring Malaysia by claiming that Malaysia was using Moro people for kidnappings since the 2000 Sipadan kidnappings and said that he wanted to drag the country leaders to International Criminal Court (ICC), saying that "the [pieces of] evidence are available as his people are everywhere and Malaysia cannot escape as because they are continuing to hire Moro people".[40] In response to Misuari's accusation, Sabah Chief Minister Musa Aman urged Misuari to prove his allegation as such claims could strain relations between Malaysia and the Philippines.[41] Malaysian state assemblyman from Senallang of Semporna Nasir Tun Sakaran also urged Misuari to give his evidence and name any Malaysian politicians who he claimed was involved as any allegation must be accompanied by evidence. In addition to that, as Malaysia has its own laws, they would investigate and condemn the involved suspects immediately if they know their identity.[42] Malaysian Dewan Rakyat Deputy Speaker Ronald Kiandee also persuaded Misuari to prove his allegation if his claim was true, while Kinabatangan member of parliament Bung Moktar Radin said he was not surprised by the accusation towards Malaysian politicians as he had seen similar talks occur in Malaysia coffeeshops, but stressed if the allegation was true then the Malaysian authorities must take action on any individuals involved.[43] Meanwhile, the Sabah Suluk Solidarity Council (SSSC) regretted the remarks and urged the Malaysian Embassy in Manila with the help of Philippine government to find out the identity of any Malaysian leaders who were involved in the kidnapping activities.[44] The AFP and Philippine National Police (PNP) also requested Misuari to present his evidence than only making allegations.[45] Malaysian Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Shahidan Kassim began investigations to verify claims by Misuari and admitted there could be involvement of certain groups.[46] In response to all questions directed to him, Misuari said he'd present all the evidence only to ICC.[47] He also stated that he wouldn't sit on the same negotiating table with MILF who he described as "traitors", as well accusing fellow MNLF faction Muslimin Sema and ARMM Governor Mujib Hataman of "associating with drug lords and involvement in the 2016 Davao City bombing".[47][48] As a response, President Duterte said that he'd be ready to give Misuari group a separate peace talks as Misuari didn't want a similar peace talk with the MILF. The President stated "I will talk to everybody soon after my visit to Malaysia".[49]

Corruption charges

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Misuari was charged with graft following the "anomalous" bidding of educational materials that was committed between 2000 and 2001 during his term as the governor for the ARMM, amounting to ₱137.5 million.[50] He was charged with 3 counts of graft and 3 counts of malversation of non-existent educational materials. According to the charge sheets filed before court by the Office of the Ombudsman on May 22, 2017, and released to media on May 24, Misuari authored the purchase of materials for 3 separate educational projects in the ARMM in 2000 and 2001. All of these materials, according to state investigations, were never delivered.[51]

On May 24. 2024, Misuari, represented by counsel, Ma. Victoria Lim-Florido, was virtually present at the promulgation of the Decision of the Sandiganbayan's Third Division penned by Presiding Justice Amparo Cabotaje-Tang. He was found guilty of two counts of graft but acquitted of two counts of malversation and allowed to post Bail. The cases originated from the procurement of around P77 million worth of educational materials purchased from MBJ Learning Tools and CPR Publishing when he was ARMM governor in 2000 and 2001.[52] On September 17, the Sandiganbayan dismissed Misuari's appeal.[53]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Tom Stern (2012). Nur Misuari: An Authorized Biography. Published and exclusively distributed by Anvil Pub. ISBN 978-971-27-2624-8. Archived from the original on 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2016-10-23.
  2. ^ Abdullah Osman (August 2, 2014). "MISUARI CALLS FOR UNITY OF ALL BANGSAMORO FREEDOM FIGHTERS". mnlfnet.com. BANGSAMORO News Agency. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
  3. ^ University of the Philippines, U.P. Biographical Directory, Supplement 1, University of the Philippines, Quezon City (1970)
  4. ^ Erwin Tulfo (April 10, 2013). "Misuari stakes family's claim to Sabah". Interaksyon. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d "Nur Misuari – Founding Leader and Chairman of the Central Committee of the Moro National Liberation Front (Mnlf)". Study Mode Research. January 17, 2011. p. 22. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014. [unreliable source?]
  6. ^ Edd K. Usman (May 15, 2015). "Misuari takes a new bride". Tempo. Archived from the original on May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  7. ^ Julie S. Alipala (June 22, 2015). "MNLF's Nur Misuari 'very much alive and happy with his 6th wife'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015. [failed verification]
  8. ^ Harvey W. Kushner (December 4, 2002). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. SAGE Publications. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6550-6.
  9. ^ "The Philippines and Terrorism". Anti-Defamation League. April 2004. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  10. ^ Barbara Mae Dacanay (December 20, 2001). "Nur Misuari seeks asylum in Malaysia". Gulf News. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  11. ^ a b c "Misuari's wife, children arrive in Malaysia". Gulf News. December 26, 2001. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  12. ^ "Philippines rebel leader arrested". BBC News. November 25, 2001. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015. Malaysia's Inspector-General of Police Norian Mai said Mr Misuari and six of his followers were arrested at 3.30 am on Saturday (1930 GMT Friday) on Jampiras island off Sabah state. Manila had ordered his arrest on charges of instigating a rebellion after the government suspended his governorship of an autonomous Muslim region in Mindanao, the ARMM. Although the Philippines has no extradition treaty with Malaysia, the authorities have already made clear that they intend to hand Mr Misuari over to the authorities in Manila as soon as possible. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad had said before the arrest that, although his country had provided support to the rebel group in the past in its bid for autonomy, Mr Misuari had not used his powers correctly. "Therefore, we no long feel responsible to provide him with any assistance," he said.
  13. ^ "Nur Misuari to be repatriated to stand trial". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. December 20, 2001. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  14. ^ Abs-Cbn Interactive, Judge denies Misuari's bail petition
  15. ^ Tetch Torres (April 25, 2009). "(UPDATE) Misuari allowed to post bail--DoJ". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  16. ^ Peter Chalk; Angel Rabasa; William Rosenau (2009). The Evolving Terrorist Threat to Southeast Asia: A Net Assessment. Rand Corporation. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-0-8330-4759-5.
  17. ^ a b John Unson (November 4, 2016). "Misuari, the MILF and Malaysia". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  18. ^ "Set up SabahCom if Misuari involved: Yong". Daily Express. July 17, 2014. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  19. ^ "Sulu claims spread to Sarawak". The Borneo Post. March 5, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  20. ^ Teoh El Sen (March 14, 2013). "MNLF supports Sulu claim, says Nur Misuari faction". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
  21. ^ Charlie Saceda (March 6, 2013). "Pinoys in Sabah fear retaliation". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  22. ^ Mohamad Abdullah (June 15, 2015). "Suluks to be deported". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  23. ^ "Nur Misuari involved, says Zahid". Bernama. MySinChew English. July 16, 2014. Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  24. ^ "Press Statement: Meeting with the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines, H.E. Albert F. del Rosario on 4 March 2013". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. March 5, 2013. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  25. ^ Edwin O. Fernandez (March 20, 2013). "Misuari hit for claiming Malaysia used MILF to bolster claim on Sabah". Philippine News Agency. Interaksyon. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  26. ^ Joseph France (September 25, 2013). "The Zamboanga standoff: Role of the Nur Misuari group". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  27. ^ a b Jaime Sinapit (September 10, 2013). "Houses burn as heavy fighting resumes in Zamboanga City". Agence France-Presse and Philippine News Agency. Interaksyon. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  28. ^ Carmela Lapeña; Amita Legaspi (September 9, 2013). "MNLF attacks Zambo City, using 20 hostages as 'human shields;' six killed". GMA News. Reuters. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  29. ^ Titus Calauor; Benjie Vergara; Al Jacinto (September 11, 2013). "Human shields beg for help". Agence France Presse. The Manila Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  30. ^ Senator Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III (November 27, 2013). "Resolution directing the appropriate Senate Committee's, to conduct an inquiry, in aid of legislation, on the motives, behind the Zamboanga City siege in September 2013 which resulted in a humanitarian crisis in the said city, with the end in view of enacting measures to prevent the reccurrence of a similar incident in the future" (PDF). Philippine Senate. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
  31. ^ Nikko Dizon (October 6, 2013). "Out of Zamboanga siege, Soliman makes deal with God". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  32. ^ William B. Depasupil (February 17, 2014). "Military says Misuari 'hiding like a rat'". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  33. ^ "Nur Misuari charged in Philippines for Zamboanga siege". Agence France-Presse. The Star. October 9, 2013. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  34. ^ "Due to MNLF leader's old age, Duterte doesn't want Misuari detained". GMA News. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  35. ^ "DOJ favors lifting of Misuari arrest warrant". Philippine Daily Inquirer. September 20, 2016. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  36. ^ "Duterte: Misuari wants amnesty for Abu Sayyaf". ABS-CBN News. September 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  37. ^ Trisha Macas (September 27, 2016). "Duterte rejects Misuari's proposal to include Abu Sayyaf in talks, amnesty". GMA News. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  38. ^ Manolo B. Jara (September 24, 2016). "Army firm, won't stop drive against Abu Sayyaf". The Gulf Today. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  39. ^ Bong Garcia (October 18, 2016). "Zamboanga City firm on pursuing cases against Misuari". Sun Star. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  40. ^ Nestor Corrales (November 3, 2016). "Misuari accuses Malaysia of using Moro people in kidnap-for-ransom activities". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  41. ^ "Sabah CM urges Nur Misuari to prove his allegation over Sipadan kidnapping". Bernama. The Malay Mail. November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  42. ^ "Misuari Urged To Name Malaysian Leader Involved In Sipadan Kidnapping". Bernama. November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  43. ^ "Deputy Speaker urges Nur Misuari to prove his allegation over Sipadan kidnapping". Bernama. The Malay Mail. November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  44. ^ "M'sian hand in kidnapping: Sabah Suluks regret Misuari's remarks". Bernama. Free Malaysia Today. November 4, 2016. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  45. ^ Frances Mangosing (November 4, 2016). "Misuari claim on Malaysia role in PH kidnappings needs proof–AFP". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  46. ^ "Shahidan admits several groups are cashing in". Daily Express. November 8, 2016. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  47. ^ a b "Misuari: I will prove it in the criminal court". Daily Express. November 8, 2016. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  48. ^ Ruth Cabal (November 8, 2016). "EXCLUSIVE: MILF 'traitors' and 'criminals' – Misuari". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  49. ^ Aleta Nieva Nishimori (November 9, 2016). "Duterte eyes separate talks with Misuari". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  50. ^ Raynan F. Javil (September 29, 2016). "Misuari charged with graft". Business World Edition, Philippines. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  51. ^ Lian Buan (May 24, 2017). "Nur Misuari charged for P115M ghost projects in ARMM". Rappler. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  52. ^ Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (May 24, 2024). "Misuari found guilty of graft for procuring missing learning materials". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  53. ^ "Sandiganbayan affirms Nur Misuari's graft conviction". Rappler. September 20, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024.

Further reading

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