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[[File:Nomads near Namtso.jpg|thumb|250px|Pastoral nomads camping near [[Namtso]] in 2005. In [[Tibet]], nomads constitute about 40% of ethnic [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] population.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/06/asia_pac_tibetan_nomads/html/1.stm In pictures: Tibetan nomads] BBC News</ref>]]

A '''nomad''' ({{lang-el|νομάς}}, ''nomas'', plural νομάδες, ''nomades''; meaning one roaming about for pasture, pastoral tribe) is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another. Among the various ways Nomads relate to their environment, one can distinguish the [[hunter-gatherer]], the [[pastoral nomad]] owning [[livestock]], or the "modern" peripatetic nomad.
As of 1995, there were an estimated 30–40 million nomads in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|date=April 5, 1995|title=Nomads: At the Crossroads – The Facts|journal=[[New Internationalist]]|issue=266|url=http://www.newint.org/features/1995/04/05/facts/}}</ref>

Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method. Pastoralists raise herds, driving them, and/or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover.

Nomadism is also a lifestyle adapted to infertile regions such as [[steppe]], [[tundra]], or [[desert|ice and sand]], where mobility is the most efficient strategy for exploiting scarce resources.

Sometimes also described as "nomadic" are the various [[vagrancy (people)|itinerant]] populations who move about in densely populated areas living not on natural resources, but by offering services ([[craft]] or [[trade]]) to the resident population. These groups are known as "peripatetic nomads".<ref>{{cite web|last=Teichmann|first=Michael|title=ROMBASE: Didactically edited information on Roma|url=http://romani.uni-graz.ac.at/rombase/cd/data/ethn/topics/data/nomadic.en.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rao|first=Aparna|title=The concept of peripatetics: An introduction|date=1987|publisher=Bohlau Verlag|location=Cologne|pages=1-32|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/209394957/Rao-1987-the-Concept-of-Peripatetics-an-Introduction}}</ref>

==Common characteristics==
[[File:Rider in Mongolia, 2012.jpg|thumb|left|Rider in Mongolia, 2012. While nomadic life is fast disappearing, the horse remains a national symbol in Mongolia.]]
[[File:Bedscha.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Beja people|Beja]] nomads from [[Northeast Africa]].]]

A nomad is a person with no settled home, who moves from place to place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise making a living. The word nomad comes from a Greek word that means one who wanders for pasture. Most nomadic groups follow a fixed annual or seasonal pattern of movements and settlements. Nomadic peoples traditionally travel by animal or canoe or on foot. Today, some nomads travel by motor vehicle. Most nomads live in tents or other portable shelters.

Nomads keep moving for different reasons. Nomadic foragers move in search of game, edible plants, and water. The Australian Aborigines, [[Negrito]]s of Southeast Asia, and [[San people|San]] of Africa, for example, traditionally move from camp to camp to hunt and to gather wild plants. Some tribes of the Americas followed this way of life. Pastoral nomads make their living raising livestock, such as camels, cattle, goats, horses, sheep, or yaks. These nomads travel to find more camels, goats, and sheep through the deserts of Arabia and northern Africa. The [[Fula people|Fulani]] and their cattle travel through the grasslands of Niger in western Africa. Some nomadic peoples, especially herders, may also move to raid settled communities or avoid enemies. Nomadic craftworkers and merchants travel to find and serve customers. They include the [[Lohar]] blacksmiths of India, the [[Romani people|Romani]] (Gypsy) traders, and the [[Irish Travellers]].

Most nomads travel in groups of families called bands or tribes. These groups are based on kinship and marriage ties or on formal agreements of cooperation. A council of adult males makes most of the decisions, though some tribes have chiefs.

In the case of Mongolian nomads, a family moves couple of times a year. They definitely move for the summer and winter. The winter location is usually located near mountains in a valley and most families already have their fixed winter locations. The winter locations have shelter for the animals and are not used by other families while they are out. In the summer they move to a more open area that the animals can graze. Also most nomads usually move in the same region and don't travel very far to a totally different region. Because they usually circle around a large area, a community gets formed and the other families generally know where the other ones are. Also they don't have the resources to move from one province to another unless they are moving out of the area permanently. A family can move on its own or with others and if it moves alone, they are usually couple of kilometers from each other. In modern day there is no tribal leader among Mongolian nomads since there are no tribes and the people make decisions among their family members, although they consult with the elders on usual matters. The geographical closeness of families are usually for mutual support. Pastoral nomad societies usually don't have large population. One such society, the [[Mongols]], gave rise to the largest land empire in history. The Mongols originally consisted of loosely organized nomadic tribes in Mongolia, Manchuria, and Siberia. In the late 12th century, [[Genghis Khan]] united them and other nomadic tribes to found [[Mongol Empire]], which eventually stretched the length of Asia.

The nomadic way of life has become increasingly rare. Many governments dislike nomads because it is difficult to control their movement and to obtain taxes from them. Many countries have converted pastures into cropland and forced nomadic peoples into permanent settlements.

==Hunter-gatherers==
{{Main|Hunter-gatherer}}
[[File:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|Starting fire by hand. [[San people]] in Botswana.]]
Many groups of 'nomadic' hunter-gatherers (also known as foragers) moved from campsite to campsite, following [[Game (food)|game]] and wild [[fruit]]s and [[vegetable]]s. Hunting and gathering was the ancestral subsistence mode of [[Homo]], and all modern humans were hunter-gatherers until around 10,000 years ago.

Following the development of agriculture, hunter-gatherers were either displaced or converted to farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world. Only a few contemporary societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, and many supplement, sometimes extensively, their foraging activity with farming and/or keeping animals.

==Pastoralism==
{{Main|Pastoralism|Transhumance|nomadic pastoralism}}
[[File:Radzivill Chronicle Cumans.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Cuman people|Cuman]] nomads, [[Radziwiłł Chronicle]], 13th century.]]
[[File:Ghilzai nomads in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|250px|An 1848 [[Lithograph]] showing nomads in [[Afghanistan]].]]
[[File:Gurvger.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[yurt]] in front of the [[Gurvan Saikhan Uul|Gurvan Saikhan Mountains]]. Approximately 30% of the [[Mongolia]]'s 3 million people are nomadic or semi-nomadic.]]
[[File:Saami Family 1900.jpg|thumb|250px|A Sami (Lapp) family in Norway around 1900. [[Reindeer]] have been [[Herding|herded]] for centuries by several Arctic and Subarctic people including the [[Sami people|Sami]] and the [[Nenets people|Nenets]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7631678.stm BBC NEWS | In Pictures | Nenets, reindeer herders in the Siberian arctic]</ref>]]

[[Pastoral nomads]] are nomads moving between pastures. Nomadic [[pastoralism]] is thought to have developed in three stages that accompanied [[population growth]] and an increase in the complexity of [[social organization]]. Karim Sadr has proposed the following stages:

*'''Pastoralism:''' This is a [[mixed economy]] with a [[symbiosis]] within the family.
*'''Agropastoralism:''' This is when symbiosis is between segments or clans within an [[ethnic group]].
*'''True Nomadism:''' This is when symbiosis is at the regional level, generally between specialised nomadic and agricultural populations.

The pastoralists are sedentary to a certain area, as they move between the permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter (or dry and wet season) pastures for their [[livestock]]. The nomads moved depending on the availability of resources.<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/MEHBKNMD.html Nomads of the Middle East], David Zeidan, OM-IRC, 1995</ref>

===Origin===
Nomadic pastoralism seems to have developed as a part of the [[secondary products revolution]] proposed by [[Andrew Sherratt]], in which early [[Neolithic|pre-pottery Neolithic]] cultures that had used animals as live meat ("on the hoof") also began using animals for their secondary products, for example, [[milk]] and its associated [[dairy products]], [[wool]] and other animal hair, hides and consequently [[leather]], [[manure]] for [[fuel]] and [[fertilizer]], and traction.

The first nomadic pastoral society developed in the period from 8,500–6,500 BC in the area of the southern [[Levant]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} There, during a period of increasing aridity, [[PPNB]] cultures in the Sinai were replaced by a nomadic, pastoral pottery-using culture, which seems to have been a cultural fusion between a newly arrived [[Mesolithic]] people from Egypt (the [[Harifian]] culture), adopting their nomadic hunting lifestyle to the raising of stock.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism]</ref>

This lifestyle quickly developed into what Jaris Yurins has called the circum-[[Arabian]] nomadic pastoral techno-complex and is possibly associated with the appearance of [[Semitic languages]] in the region of the [[Ancient Near East]]. The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoralism was typical of such later developments as of the [[Yamnaya]] culture of the [[Eurasian nomads|horse and cattle nomads of the Eurasian steppe]], or of the [[Mongol]] spread of the later [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />

===Increase in post-Soviet Central Asia===
One of the results of the break-up of the Soviet Union and the subsequent political independence and economic collapse of its [[Central Asian]] republics has been the resurgence of pastoral nomadism.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/sd/rodirect/ROan0009.htm Pastoral Livestock Development in Central Asia], FAO Rural Development Division</ref> Taking the [[Kyrgyz people]] as a representative example, nomadism was the centre of their economy before Russian colonization at the turn of the 20th century, when they were settled into agricultural villages. The population became increasingly [[urbanized]] after World War II, but some people still take their herds of horses and cows to high pastures (''jailoo'') every summer, continuing a pattern of [[transhumance]].

Since the 1990s, as the cash economy shrank, unemployed relatives were reabsorbed into family farms, and the importance of this form of nomadism has increased. The symbols of nomadism, specifically the crown of the grey felt tent known as the [[yurt]], appears on the national flag, emphasizing the central importance of nomadism in the genesis of the modern nation of [[Kyrgyzstan]].

===Sedentarization===
{{See also|Sedentism}}
In 1920, nomadic pastoral tribes represented over a quarter of [[Iran]]'s population.<ref>[http://www.bestirantravel.com/culture/history/nomads.html Persian & Iranian Nomads at Best]</ref> Tribal pastures were nationalized during the 1960s. The National Commission of UNESCO registered the population of Iran at 21 million in 1963, of whom two million (9.5%) were nomads.<ref>[http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=JXpBbgXD5ZxNb5Fj1JZd31nN7NnP1zLbP1vRphLSV9YbLJbhTNTG!878188508?docId=5006751803 Censuses of Pastoral Nomads and Some General Remarks about the Census of Nomadic Tribes of Iran in 1998]</ref> Although the nomadic population of Iran has dramatically decreased in the 20th century, Iran still has one of the largest nomadic populations in the world, an estimated 1.5 million in a country of about 70 million.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/18/business/ft-irannomads18 Iran's nomads going extinct], Los Angeles Times, February 18, 2008</ref>

In [[Kazakhstan]] where the major agricultural activity was nomadic herding,<ref>[http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/country/content.country/kazakhstan_672 Kazakhstan Overview]</ref> [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|forced collectivization]] under [[Joseph Stalin]]'s rule met with massive resistance and major losses and confiscation of livestock.<ref>[http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/events/2006/06/51.htm The Silent Steppe. The Story of a Kazakh nomad under Stalin.]</ref> Livestock in Kazakhstan fell from 7 million cattle to 1.6 million and from 22 million sheep to 1.7 million. The resulting [[Soviet famine of 1932–1933|famine of 1931–1934]] caused some 1.5 million deaths: this represents more than 40% of the total [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] population at that time.<ref>[http://www.unesco.kz/heritagenet/kz/hn-english/history_en.htm The Development of Kazakhstan during the Soviet period]</ref>

In the 1950s as well as the 1960s, large numbers of [[Bedouin]] throughout the Middle East started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of the Middle East, especially as home ranges have shrunk and population levels have grown. Government policies in [[Egypt]] and [[Israel]], oil production in [[Libya]] and the [[Persian Gulf]], as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders. A century ago nomadic Bedouin still made up some 10% of the total [[Arab]] population. Today they account for some 1% of the total.<ref>[http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/MEHBKPPL.html The Middle East People Groups and Their Distribution], DAVID ZEIDAN, OM-IRC, 1995</ref>

At independence in 1960, [[Mauritania]] was essentially a nomadic society. The great [[Sahel drought]]s of the early 1970s caused massive problems in a country where
85% of its inhabitants were nomadic herders. Today only 15% remain nomads.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/60.htm Mauritania - POLITICAL POWER IN THE MID-1980s], U.S. Library of Congress</ref>

As many as 2 million nomadic [[Kuchis]] wandered over [[Afghanistan]] in the years before the Soviet invasion, and most experts agreed that by 2000 the number had fallen dramatically, perhaps by half. The severe [[drought]] had destroyed 80% of the livestock in some areas.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jun/30/news/mn-46357 Severe Drought Driving Nomads From Desert], Los Angeles Times, June 30, 2000</ref>

[[Niger]] experienced a serious [[2005–06 Niger food crisis|food crisis in 2005]] following erratic rainfall and [[desert locust]] invasions. Nomads such as the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] and [[Fulani]], who make up about 20% of Niger's 12.9 million population, had been so badly hit by the Niger food crisis that their already fragile way of life is at risk.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4153804.stm Niger way of life 'under threat'], BBC News, August 16, 2005</ref> Nomads in [[Mali]] were also affected.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4132326.stm Mali's nomads face famine] BBC News, August 9, 2005</ref>

== Contemporary peripatetic minorities in Europe and Asia{{anchor|Peripatetic minorities}} ==
{{off topic|date=July 2013}}
{{main|Itinerant groups in Europe}}
{{see|Vagrancy (people)}}
[[File:Greguss János Sátoros cigányok.jpg|thumb|250px|A tent of Romani nomads in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], 19th century.]]

"Peripatetic minorities" are mobile populations moving among settled populations offering a [[craft]] or [[trade]].{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

Each existing community is primarily endogamous, and subsists traditionally on a variety of commercial and/or service activities. Formerly, all or a majority of their members were itinerant, and this largely holds true today. Migration generally takes place within the political boundaries of a single state these days.

Each of the peripatetic communities is multilingual; it speaks one or more of the languages spoken by the local sedentary populations, and, additionally, within each group, a separate dialect or language is spoken.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} The latter are either of Indic or Iranian origin,{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} and many are structured somewhat like an [[argot]] or secret language, with vocabularies drawn from various languages. There are indications that in northern Iran at least one community speaks [[Romani language]], and some groups in Turkey also speak Romani.

=== Dom people ===
{{Further|Dom people}}
In Afghanistan, the Nausar worked as tinkers and animal dealers. Ghorbat men mainly made [[sieve]]s, drums, and bird cages, and the women peddled these as well as other items of household and personal use; they also worked as moneylenders to rural women. Peddling and the sale of various goods was also practiced by men and women of various groups, such as the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz, the Noristani, and the Vangawala. The latter and the Pikraj also worked as animal dealers. Some men among the Shadibaz and the Vangawala entertained as monkey or bear handlers and snake charmers; men and women among the Baluch were musicians and dancers, and Baluch women also practiced [[prostitution]]. Jogi men and women had diverse subsistence activities, such as dealing in horses, harvesting, [[fortune-telling]], [[bloodletting]], and [[begging]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

In Iran the Asheq of Azerbaijan, the Challi of Baluchistan, the Luti of Kurdistan, Kermānshāh, Īlām, and Lorestān, the Mehtar in the Mamasani district, the Sazandeh of Band-i Amir and Marv-dasht, and the Toshmal among the Bakhtyari pastoral groups worked as professional musicians. The men among the Kowli worked as tinkers, smiths, musicians, and monkey and bear handlers; they also made baskets, sieves, and brooms and dealt in donkeys. Their women made a living from peddling, begging, and fortune-telling.

The Ghorbat among the Basseri were smiths and tinkers, traded in pack animals, and made sieves, reed mats, and small wooden implements. In the Fārs region, the Qarbalband, the Kuli, and Luli were reported to work as smiths and to make baskets and sieves; they also dealt in pack animals, and their women peddled various goods among pastoral nomads. In the same region, the Changi and Luti were musicians and balladeers, and their children learned these professions from the age of 7 or 8 years.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

The nomadic groups in Turkey make and sell cradles, deal in animals, and play music. The men of the sedentary groups work in towns as scavengers and hangmen; elsewhere they are fishermen, smiths, basket makers, and singers; their women dance at feasts and tell fortunes. Abdal men played music and made sieves, brooms, and wooden spoons for a living. The Tahtacı traditionally worked as lumberers; with increased sedentarization, however, they have taken to agriculture and horticulture.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

Little is known for certain about the past of these communities; the history of each is almost entirely contained in their oral traditions. Although some groups—such as the Vangawala—are of Indian origin, some—like the Noristani—are most probably of local origin; still others probably migrated from adjoining areas. The Ghorbat and the Shadibaz claim to have originally come from Iran and Multan, respectively, and Tahtacı traditional accounts mention either [[Baghdad]] or [[Greater Khorasan|Khorāsān]] as their original home. The Baluch say they{{Clarify|reason=Who are the Baluch talking about? Themselves, or the Ghorbat and the Shadibaz?|date=February 2012}} were attached as a service community to the [[Jamshedi]], after they fled Baluchistan because of feuds.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458001551.html Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=8CAv53wlHfoC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=nomads+customary+%22peripatetic+minorities%22&source=bl&ots=v-mSo8ybRo&sig=rJ6DGC0kDqyROnw0o1fActKlpDk&hl=en&ei=H_YDS6zNBtT4_AajsZzhDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=nomads%20customary%20%22peripatetic%20minorities%22&f=false Customary strangers: new perspectives on peripatetic peoples in the Middle East, Africa and Asia Edited by Joseph C. Berland and Aparna Rao]</ref>

===Yörüks===
[[Yörük|Yörüks]] are the nomadic people who live in [[Turkey]]. Still some groups such as [[Sarıkeçililer]] continues nomadic lifestyle beteween coastal [[Mediterranean]] and [[Taurus Montains]] even though most of them were settled by both late [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Republic of Turkey|Tukish]] republic governments.

== Gallery ==
{{cleanup-gallery}}
<gallery>
File:Snake_charmer(js).jpg|Snake charmer from Telungu community of Sri Lanka.
File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG|A [[Scythian]] horseman from the general area of the [[Ili river]], [[Ukok Plateau|Pazyryk]], c.300 BCE.
Image:Schongauer.jpg|[[Yeniche people]] in the 15th century
File:Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg|A young [[Bedouin]] lighting a camp fire in [[Wadi Rum]], [[Jordan]].
File:Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg|[[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, Uzbekistan, by pioneer color photographer [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], c. 1910.
File:Mali1974-151 hg.jpg|[[Tuareg]] in Mali, 1974.
File:Перекочевка киргизов.jpg|[[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] nomads, 1869-1870.
File:Giulio Rosati 5.jpg|''Nomads in the Desert'' ([[Giulio Rosati]]).
File:AtsinaMovingCamp.jpg|[[Gros Ventre people|Gros Ventre]] (Atsina) American Indians moving camps with [[travois]] for transporting [[tipi|skin lodges]] and belongings.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Woonschuit van een Oerang-Laoet familie Ka. Toengkal TMnr 10010488.jpg|House barge of the [[Sea Gypsies]], Indonesia. 1914-1921
File:Bedouins - Tunisia - 1899.jpg|Photograph of [[Bedouin]]s (wandering Arabs) of Tunisia, 1899
File:Lambani_Women_closeup.jpg|A [[Lambadi]] Woman of India.
File:R_Varma_Gypsies.jpg|Indian Gypsies painting by well-known artiste [[Raja Ravi Varma]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[List of nomadic peoples]]
*[[Eurasian nomads]]
*[[Nomadic peoples of Europe]]
*[[Seasonal human migration]]
*[[Nomadic empire]]s
*[[Nomadic tents]]
*[[Nomads of India]]
*[[Sea Gypsies]]
*[[Antlers Gallery|Antlers Gallery: The 'nomadic' gallery, Bristol]]
Figurative use of the term:
* [[Global nomad]]
* [[Snowbird (people)]]
* [[Military brat]]
* [[Perpetual traveler]]
* [[RV lifestyle]]
* [[Third culture kid]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category|Nomads}}
*Oberfalzerova, Alena. (2006): ''Metaphors and Nomads'', Triton, Prague. ISBN 80-7254-849-2
*Sadr, Karim. ''The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8122-3066-3
*[[Gregory Cowan|Cowan, Gregory]]. "Nomadology in Architecture: Ephemerality, Movement and Collaboration" University of Adelaide 2002 (available: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37830 [http://thesis.library.adelaide.edu.au/public/adt-SUA20060904.161630/])
* Chatty, Dawn. [http://www.nomadsinoman.com/nomadic-life/articles Articles on Nomadic life] (1983–2009)
*[[Bruce Chatwin|Chatwin, Bruce]]. ''[[The Songlines]]'' (1987)
*[[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze]] and [[Félix Guattari|Guattari]], ''[[A Thousand Plateaus]]'' (1980)
*[[Melvyn Goldstein]]: [http://www.cwru.edu/affil/tibet/booksAndPapers/Impact_China_Reform_Policy.html The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet]
*[http://www.cwru.edu/affil/tibet/booksAndPapers/Remote%20World%20of%20Tibet%27s%20Nomads.html The Remote World of Tibet's Nomads]
*[[René Grousset|Grousset, René]]. ''L'Empire des Steppes'' (1939) {{fr icon}}
*Michael Haerdter [http://www.neme.org/137/nomadism Remarks on modernity, mobility, nomadism and the arts]
*[[Nikolay Kradin|Kradin, Nikolay]]. Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective. In ''Alternatives of Social Evolution''. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, A.V. [[Korotayev]], [[Dmitri Bondarenko]], V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p.&nbsp;274-288). [[Vladivostok]]: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in: The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues. Ed. by [[Leonid Grinin]] et al. (р. 501-524). Volgograd: Uchitel', 2004.
* Kradin, Nikolay N. 2002. [http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol8/number3/pdf/jwsr-v8n3-kradin.pdf Nomadism, Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development. ''Journal of World-System Research'' 8: 368-388].
* Kradin, Nikolay N. 2003. Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline. In ''Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution''. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, [[Dmitri Bondarenko]], and T. Barfield (p.&nbsp;73-87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]].
* Kradin, Nikolay N. 2006. [http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/SF/Complex_lat-1.doc Cultural Complexity of Pastoral Nomads. ''World Cultures'' 15: 171-189].
* Beall, Cynthia and Goldstein, Melvyn: ''Past becoming future gor Mongolian nomads'' [[National Geographic Magazine]] May 1993
* Vigo, Julian. 'Nomadic Sexualities and Nationalities: Postcolonial Performative Words and Visual Texts'. ''Inscriptions in the Sand'' Famagusta: Eastern Mediterranean University Press, 2005.

[[Category:Nomads|*]]
[[Category:Cultural anthropology]]

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