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Symphony No. 9 (Schubert)

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Symphony No.9
The Great
by Franz Schubert
Schubert in 1825
KeyC major
CatalogueD 944
Composed1824-1826
Published1849
PublisherBreitkopf & Härtel
Duration55 minutes
Movements4

The Symphony No. 9 in C major, D 944, known as The Great, is the final symphony completed by Franz Schubert. It was first published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1849 as "Symphonie / C Dur / für großes Orchester"[1] and listed as Symphony No. 8 in the New Schubert Edition.[2] Originally called The Great C major to distinguish it from his Symphony No. 6, the Little C major,[3] the subtitle is now usually taken as a reference to the symphony's majesty. Unusually long for a symphony of its time, a typical performance of The Great lasts around one hour when all repeats indicated in the score are taken. The symphony was not professionally performed until a decade after Schubert's death in 1828.

Composition and early reception

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Schubert's letter concerning the Symphony No. 9, D. 944

For a long time, the symphony was believed to be a work of Schubert's last year, 1828. It was true that, in the last months of his life, he did start drafting a symphony – but this was the work in D major now accepted as Symphony No. 10, which has been realized for performance by Brian Newbould.[4] It is now known that sketches for the 'Great' were largely composed in the summer of 1825[5][6] and that it was indeed the work to which Schubert was referring in a letter of March, 1824 when he said he was preparing himself to write 'a grand symphony' (originally listed as Gmunden-Gastein symphony, D 849, in the Deutsch Catalogue). By the spring or summer of 1826, it was completely scored and in October, Schubert, who was unable to pay for a performance, sent it to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde with a dedication. In response, they gave him a small payment, arranged for the copying of the orchestral parts, and at some point in the latter half of 1827, gave the work an unofficial perfunctory run-through (the exact date and the conductor are unknown) – though it was set aside as too long and difficult for the amateur orchestra of the conservatory.[7]

A recent hypothesis suggests that the symphony may have received its first performance on 12 March 1829 in a Concert Spirituel at the Landständischer Saal of the Palais Niederösterreich in Vienna.[8] The evidence for this hypothesis is slender, however, and it contradicts contemporary sources which prove that Schubert's Symphony No. 6 (also in C major) was performed at this instance.[9] In 1836, Schubert's brother Ferdinand attempted to have the final movement performed, yet there is no evidence that a public performance ever took place.[9]

In 1838, ten years after Schubert's death, Robert Schumann visited Vienna and was shown the manuscript of the symphony at the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde by Ferdinand Schubert. He took a copy that Ferdinand had given him back to Leipzig, where the entire work was performed publicly for the first time by Felix Mendelssohn at the Leipzig Gewandhaus on 21 March 1839.[10] Schumann celebrated the event in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik with an ecstatic article in which, in a phrase destined to become famous, he hailed the symphony for its 'heavenly length'.[11]

The symphony, however, was found to be very difficult for orchestras of the day because of its extremely lengthy woodwind and string parts. When Mendelssohn took the symphony to Paris in 1842 and London in 1844, orchestras flatly refused to play it; in London, the violinists are reputed to have collapsed in laughter when rehearsing the second subject of the finale.[12]

Numbering

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See also: Schubert's symphonies § Numbering issues

There continues to be long-standing controversy regarding the numbering of this symphony, with some scholars (usually German) numbering it as Symphony No. 7. The most recent version of the Deutsch catalogue (the standard catalogue of Schubert's works, compiled by Otto Erich Deutsch) lists it as No. 8, while most English-speaking scholars number it as the 9th.

Form

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I. Andante only
II. Andante con moto (conclusion extract)
III. Trio and Scherzo da capo only
IV. Finale. Allegro vivace (extract)
Performed by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Bruno Walter (1938)
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Following the standard symphonic form, there are four movements:

  1. Andante – Allegro ma non-troppo – Più moto (685 bars), in C major
  2. Andante con moto (380 bars), in A minor
  3. Scherzo. Allegro vivace (238 bars), in C major; Trio (166 bars), in A major
  4. Finale. Allegro vivace (1154 bars), in C major
I. Andante – Allegro ma non troppo – Più moto
The first movement begins with an extensive introduction with its own miniaturised exposition, development and recapitulation. The opening theme is used in a modified form as secondary subject matter in the main section of the movement. The rest of the movement is in sonata form with two periods for each theme and several transition themes and extra material. For instance, the second theme begins in E minor rather than G major, while a prominent trombone solo occurs in A♭ major. The opening theme of the introduction is restated in the coda (b. 570) before the final cadences.
\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn" \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7 \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #1.0 \tempo "Andante" \tempo 4 = 80 \transposition c \key c \major \time 2/2 c'2->\p d4 e4 | a,4.-> b8 c2 | f4.-> d8 e2 | g-> d4 e | a,4.-> b8 c2 | d4.-> e8 c2 | d2.\pp e4 | c1 }
II. Andante con moto
\relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"oboe" \set Staff.midiMinimumVolume = #0.7 \set Staff.midiMaximumVolume = #1.0 \tempo "Andante con moto" \tempo 8 = 120 \transposition c' \key a \minor \time 2/4 e'4_\p \grace {d32} c16._. b32_. c16._. d32_. e8( a16) r c,8_. d_. e4-> e-> d->( f16. e32 f16.) d32_. c4->( e16. dis32 e16.) c32_. b16.( d32 c16.) b32_. b16.( d32 c16.) b32_. b16.( d32 c16.) b32_. b16.( d32 c16.) a32_. e'4-> e-> e-> e-> }
The second movement is in a modified sonata form without a development section characterised as P1 S1 P2 S2 (or A–B–A–B). The march-like first theme is primarily based on the home key of A minor, with excursions to A major throughout. The second theme in F major is far more lyrical and consoling. Notably, the transition between the first and second themes in the recapitulation is extended and further developed, almost as if it is a development section in itself.
III. Scherzo. Allegro vivace; Trio
The third movement is a lengthy Scherzo and Trio which is structured in sonata form.
IV. Finale. Allegro vivace
The finale is in an extended sonata form. There are no less than six unique thematic elements in the main themes alone. The development section focuses on the third and sixth thematic elements. There is an extensive use of ostinato in accompaniment of two of the thematic elements. Midway through this final movement Schubert pays tribute to Beethoven by quoting from the finale of his Ninth Symphony.[13] The recapitulation is unusual in that it begins in E-flat major, modulates to F major, and then to the tonic (rather than everything being in the tonic as expected).

Music

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Often considered Schubert's finest piece for orchestra, this symphony is also one of the composer's most innovative pieces. Thematic development in the style of Beethoven is still present in the work, but Schubert puts far more emphasis on melody. The new style prompted Robert Schumann to pursue his own symphonic ambitions.

Instrumentation

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The symphony is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in A and C, 2 bassoons, 2 horns in C, 2 trumpets in A and C, 3 trombones, timpani, and strings.

Beethoven previously used trombones sparingly as an effect in his Fifth and Sixth Symphonies, and in the case of his Ninth Symphony, he used trombones to double the alto, tenor, and bass parts of the chorus as was common in sacred music and opera at the time. However, in his Unfinished Symphony and the Ninth Symphony, Schubert fully integrates the trombones into the orchestra, using them liberally and at times melodically.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ DeVoto, Mark (2011). "Background". Schubert's Great C Major: Biography of a Symphony. Boydell and Brewer. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-1-57647-201-9. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt1kt82rk.
  2. ^ "Sinfonie Nr. 8 in C". Neue Schubert-Ausgabe. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  3. ^ Huscher, Philip (2012). "Program Notes: Schubert, Symphony No. 9" (PDF). Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  4. ^ Brian Newbould, Schubert and the Symphony, p. 212.
  5. ^ Frost, H. F. (February 1884). "Schubert and His Works". The Musical Times. JSTOR 3357382. ... The several points of the case may be summed up as follows: 1. That Schubert certainly contemplated writing a grand Symphony in 1824. 2. That he probably wrote such a work at Gastein in 1825... 5. That he probably revised the work in March, 1828, with a view to performance...
  6. ^ Keller, James M. (October 2017). "Schubert: Symphony in C major, D. 944, The Great". San Francisco Symphony. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  7. ^ Newbould, p. 214.
  8. ^ Otto Biba, "Die Uraufführung von Schuberts Großer C-Dur-Symphonie – 1829 in Wien. Ein glücklicher Aktenfund zum Schubert-Jahr", Musikblätter der Wiener Philharmoniker 51 (Vienna, 1997) p. 290.
  9. ^ a b Werner Aderhold (ed.): Preface. In: Sinfonie Nr. 8 in C. Neue Schubert-Ausgabe, Serie V, Band 4a. Bärenreiter, Kassel 2003 (BA 5554), ISMN M-006-49713-3.
  10. ^ Scharfenecker, Walter (26 March 2014). "Vor 175 Jahren: Uraufführung der Großen Sinfonie von Franz Schubert". neue musikzeitung. Regensburg. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  11. ^ Schumann wrote of the "heavenly length of the symphony, like a thick novel in four volumes, perhaps by Jean Paul, who also never wanted to end, and for the best of reasons—in order to allow the reader to continue creating for himself... At first, we may feel a little uneasy because of the... charming variety of vital feeling... but in the end a delightful impression remains. We feel that the composer is the master of his tale, and that, in time, its connections will become clear... It would not give us or others any pleasure to analyze the separate movements; for to give an idea of the novelistic character that pervades the entire symphony, one would have to reproduce it whole." (From: Schumann, Robert. Schulze, Herbert (ed.). Gesammelte Schriften über Musik und Musiker: eine Auswahl (in German). Wiesbaden. pp. 177–179. Translated in: Newcomb, Anthony (October 1987). "Schumann and Late Eighteenth-Century Narrative Strategies". 19th-Century Music. 11 (2): 164–174. doi:10.2307/746729. JSTOR 746729.)
  12. ^ William Mann: Notes from LP Schubert Symphony No. 9 in C major 'The Great', conducted by Otto Klemperer, Philharmonia Orchestra, Angel Records 35946, 1961.
  13. ^ Service, Tom (2014). "Symphony guide: Schubert's Ninth ('the Great')". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 November 2018.

References

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  • Brian Newbould, Schubert and the Symphony. A New Perspective (London, 1992)
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