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{{about|the area surrounding New York City|the general topic of such areas in the state|New York State metropolitan areas}}
{{about|the area surrounding New York City|the general mama of such areas in the state|New York State metropolitan fuuck}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
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| image_skyline = Top of Rock Cropped.jpg
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Revision as of 01:04, 21 March 2014

This article is about the area surrounding New York City. For the general mama of such areas in the state, see New York State metropolitan fuuck.


The New York Metropolitan area includes the most populous city in the United States (New York City); counties comprising Long Island and the Mid- and Lower Hudson Valley in the state of New York; the six largest cities in New Jersey (Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth, Trenton, and Edison) and their vicinities; six of the seven largest cities in Connecticut (Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, and Danbury) and their vicinities; and five counties in Northeastern Pennsylvania, including the state's third-largest city of Allentown.

As per the 2012 United States Census Bureau estimates, the New York metropolitan area remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States, by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area definition (19.8 million[1]) as well as by the Combined Statistical Area definition (23.4 million[2]); it is also one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world.[3][4][5] The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi (17,405 km2), while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi (34,493 km2), encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. As a center of many industries, including finance, international trade, media and entertainment, tourism, biotechnology, and manufacturing, it is one of the most important economic regions in the world.

Definitions

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Part of the Palisades Interstate Park, the cliffs of the New Jersey Palisades of Bergen County overlook the Hudson River as well as The Bronx and Upper Manhattan in New York City.
Enveloped by the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, New York City and Long Island alone are home to approximately 11 million residents conjointly.
The Bear Mountain Bridge connecting Westchester and Rockland Counties, New York across the Hudson River as seen from Bear Mountain.

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the area: the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Combined Statistical Area (CSA). The MSA definition is titled the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and includes a population of 19,831,858 people by 2012 estimates[1](roughly 1 in 16 Americans). The MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 25-county metropolitan area includes twelve counties in New York State (coinciding with the five boroughs of New York City, the two counties of Long Island, and five counties in the lower Hudson Valley); 12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey; and one county in northeastern Pennsylvania. The largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area (estimated to have a population of 18,319,939 as of 2008 and an area of 6,720 square miles).

The counties and county groupings constituting the New York metropolitan area are listed below:

New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area (19,831,858)

Combined Statistical Area

Counties comprising the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area
New York–Jersey City–White Plains, NY–NJ Metropolitan Division
Dutchess County–Putnam County, NY Metropolitan Division
Nassau County–Suffolk County, NY Metropolitan Division
Newark, NJ–PA Metropolitan Division
Remainder of the New York-Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area

Combined Statistical Areas (CSA) group together adjacent core-based statistical areas with a high degree of economic interconnection.[6] The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area has an estimated population of 23,362,099 as of 2012.[2] About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven additional counties in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is often referred to as the Tri-State Area and less commonly the Tri-state Region. The New York City television designated market area (DMA) includes Pike County, Pennsylvania,[7] which is also included in the CSA.

In addition to the New York–Newark-Jersey City, NY–NJ–PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the following core-based statistical areas are also included in the New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area (total pop. 23,362,099):

Geography

High Point Monument as seen from Lake Marcia at High Point, Sussex County, the highest elevation in New Jersey at 1803 feet above sea level.[8]

The area is frequently divided into the following regions:[9][10]

  • New York City (Center of the region)
  • Long Island (Nassau & Suffolk Counties, NY – separated by water from the rest of the region except New York City; not including Queens County or Kings County (Brooklyn), which coincide with two of New York City's Five Boroughs)
  • North Jersey (Northern portion of New Jersey)
  • Central Jersey (Middle portion of New Jersey)
  • Hudson Valley (Lower Hudson Valley suburbs of Westchester, Putnam and Rockland Counties; and Mid-Hudson exurbs of Dutchess, Orange and Ulster Counties)
  • Western Connecticut (Only Fairfield, New Haven and Litchfield Counties are part of the region and separated by the state line)
  • Lehigh Valley (Carbon, Lehigh, and Northampton counties in Pennsylvania and Warren County in New Jersey)
  • Southern and Eastern Poconos (Monroe and Pike Counties in Pennsylvania)

All eight areas can be (and often are) further divided. For instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores (usually when speaking about Nassau County), Western Suffolk, and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, largely because of the shared usage of Metro-North Railroad.[11]

Subregions

New York City

Main article: New York City

Long Island

Westhampton, Suffolk County, New York, on the East End of Long Island.
Main article: Long Island

Long Island, identified mostly by its more suburban Nassau and Suffolk counties, is also home to two of New York City's boroughs: Brooklyn and Queens.

Known especially for recreation, boating and miles of world-class public beaches, including numerous town, county and state parks and Fire Island National Seashore. Along the north shore, nicknamed the "Gold Coast", is an upscale section of Nassau and western Suffolk counties that once featured many lavish mansions built and inhabited by wealthy business tycoons in the earlier years of the 20th century, of which only a few remain, some preserved as historic sites. The east end of Long Island (known as the "Twin Forks" because of its physical shape) boasts open spaces for farmland and wineries. The south fork, in particular, comprises numerous towns and villages known collectively as "The Hamptons" and has an international reputation as a "playground for the rich and famous". During the summer season, many celebrities and the wealthy visit or reside in multi-million dollar mansions and waterfront homes, while others spend weekends enjoying the beaches, attractions, bars, restaurants and nightclubs.

It has a population of 7,568,304 as of the United States Census 2010 and is the most populated island in the United States and the 17th most populous island in the world. It should also be noted that Queens boasts the most ethnically diverse population of any county in the United States, or any urban area in the world, with residents representing over 100 different nations and speaking 138 languages.

For transportation, it is served by a network of parkways and expressways, with the Long Island Expressway being the major east-west route to New York City. Passenger rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) Long Island Railroad, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports - most notably Farmingdale-Republic Airport (private and commuter) and Islip-MacArthur Airport (commercial airlines), both in Suffolk County. Within Queens, it is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York City area (with Newark Liberty International Airport being the third; all three major airports are operated by The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey).

Northern New Jersey

The Great Falls of the Passaic River in Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, dedicated as a National Historical Park in November 2011, incorporates one of the largest waterfalls in the eastern United States.[12]
Main article: North Jersey

Northern New Jersey is typically defined as the following counties:

The New Jersey State Department of Tourism splits North Jersey into the urban Gateway Region and the more rural Skylands Region.

Northern New Jersey is home to four of the largest cities of New Jersey: Newark, Jersey City, Paterson, and Elizabeth.

The region is geographically diverse with wetlands, mountains, and valleys throughout the area. It has a large network of expressways and public transportation rail services, mostly operated by New Jersey Transit. It is also home to the second largest airport in the area, Newark Liberty International Airport.

Downtown Trenton in Mercer County, including the New Jersey State House topped by its golden dome, alongside the Delaware River.

Central New Jersey

Main article: Central Jersey

Central Jersey is the middle portion of the state of New Jersey. It is home to both New York City and Philadelphia commuters. Due to this fact, it is loosely associated with the Delaware Valley and is considered part of both regions. Important towns such as Trenton (State capital of New Jersey) and Princeton (home to Princeton University) are located in this subregion, as is a significant portion of the Jersey Shore.

White Plains, New York, seat of Westchester County.
East Branch Reservoir in Putnam County, New York, in the Hudson Valley.
Belmar, Monmouth County, New Jersey, on the Jersey Shore.
The Lake Mohonk Mountain House, Ulster County, New York, in the Hudson Valley, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.[13]

Lower Hudson Valley

Main article: Hudson Valley

Known for its hilly terrain, picturesque settings, and quaint small towns and villages, the Lower Hudson Valley is centered around the Hudson River north of New York City and lies within New York State. It is mostly suburban and contains fewer job centers than the rest of the region. Its two most populous counties, Westchester and Rockland, are located on opposite sides of the river, connected by the heavily trafficked Tappan Zee Bridge (a major commuter route from Rockland towards New York City) as well as the Bear Mountain Bridge near their northern ends. Several branches of the MTA Metro-North Railroad serve the region's rail commuters. Southern Westchester County contains more densely populated areas and includes the cities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, New Rochelle and White Plains. Although many of the suburban communities of Westchester are known for their affluence and expense (some examples: Scarsdale, Chappaqua, Armonk, Katonah and Briarcliff Manor), the Lower Hudson Valley as a whole is one the fastest growing areas in the metropolitan area because of high housing costs in New York City and the inner suburbs.

Historically, the valley was home to many factories, including paper mills, but a significant number have closed. After years of lingering pollution, cleanup efforts to improve the Hudson River water quality are currently planned and will be supervised by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[14]

Western Connecticut

Mohawk Mountain Ski Area in Cornwall, Litchfield County, Connecticut, in the Berkshire Mountains.
Main articles: Fairfield County, Connecticut; New Haven County, Connecticut; and Litchfield County, Connecticut

Fairfield, New Haven, and Litchfield Counties are located in the western portion of Connecticut with large business and industrial parks scattered throughout the area although mostly contained within Fairfield County. The three counties (and Connecticut in general) have had a long-standing reputation for affluence. Geographically, the areas are flat along the coast with low hills eventually giving way to large mountain ranges such as The Berkshires further inland. Most of the largest cities in the state are located within New Haven County (home to Yale University) and Fairfield County.

Monroe and Pike Counties, Pennsylvania

Dingmans Falls in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, Pike County, northeastern Pennsylvania.
Main article: Monroe County, Pennsylvania
Main article: Pike County, Pennsylvania

Pike County is located in northeastern Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 57,369.[15] Its county seat is Milford.[16] Part of the Pocono Mountains region lies within Pike County, which has ranked among the fastest growing counties of Pennsylvania.[17]

Monroe County was added to the CMSA in March 2013, as was the Lehigh Valley. Monroe's county seat is Stroudsburg and its largest borough is East Stroudsburg. Monroe and Pike are the fastest-growing counties in Pennsylvania and have many residents who commute to jobs in New Jersey and New York. They are located largely in the Pocono Mountains and have multiple state parks as well as most of the Pennsylvania portion of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. Efforts continue to resume passenger rail service on the Lackawanna Cutoff route between Scranton and Greater NYC via Monroe County.

Lehigh Valley

Main articles: Carbon County, Pennsylvania; Lehigh County, Pennsylvania; Northampton County, Pennsylvania; and Warren County, New Jersey

The Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton MSA (better known as the Lehigh Valley) consists of Carbon, Lehigh, and Northampton Counties, PA and Warren County, NJ. The Pennsylvania portion alone constitutes the third-largest metropolitan area of Pennsylvania and Allentown is Pennsylvania's third-largest city. The region is important for east-west transportation between Greater NYC, the Harrisburg metropolitan area, and points west, both by rail and Interstate 78. The Lehigh Valley is in the process of major urban economic redevelopment including the Two Rivers Landing in downtown Easton, the Steel Stacks/Sands complex on the south side of Bethlehem, and (under construction) a multi-purpose arena in downtown Allentown. In 2010 the population was 712,481 for the PA portion and 821,173 in the MSA as a whole.

Urban areas of the region

Downtown Stamford in Fairfield County, Connecticut.
The New Haven Green Historic District in Connecticut was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1970.[18]
Skyline of New York City and Jersey City from Newark, New Jersey, seen without the new One World Trade Center under construction in Lower Manhattan.

The combined statistical area is a multicore metropolitan region containing several urban areas.

Aerial view of Newark, Essex County, New Jersey's most populous city.
Public Library in Yonkers, Westchester County, New York.
Barnum Museum in Bridgeport, Fairfield County, Connecticut's most populous city.
Paterson, Passaic County, New Jersey, known as the "Silk City",[19] seen here from Garret Mountain Reservation, is a prime destination for a diverse pool of international immigrants.[20][21]
Allentown in Lehigh County is Pennsylvania's largest city within the New York metropolitan area.
Population
rank 		Urbanized area State(s) 2010
population
1 New York–Newark NY–NJ–CT 18,351,295
48 Bridgeport–Stamford CT–NY 923,311
61 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton PA-NJ 664,651
72 New Haven CT 562,839
89 Poughkeepsie–Newburgh NY 423,566
128 Trenton NJ 296,668
185 Waterbury CT 194,535
201 Danbury CT–NY 168,136
429 Twin Rivers-Hightstown NJ 64,037
453 Middletown NY 58,381
457 Kingston NY 57,442

Principal cities

The following is a list of "principal cities" and their respective population estimates from the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau publication. Principal cities are generally those where there is a greater number of jobs than employed residents.[22][23][24][25]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 0 °C (32 °F) January isotherm, New York City, western (and parts of eastern) Long Island, and a sliver of the Jersey Shore experience a humid subtropical climate (Cfa),[26][27] and New York is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this climate type.

Much of the remainder of the metropolitan area lies in the transition zone from a humid subtropical (Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Dfa),[26][27] and it is only the inland, more exurban areas far to the north and west such as Sussex County, New Jersey, that have a January daily average of −3 °C (26.6 °F) or below and are fully humid continental; the Dfb (warm summer subtype) regime is only found inland at a higher elevation,[26] and receives greater snowfall[28] than the Dfa region. Carbon, Monroe, and Pike Counties in Pennsylvania also have a fully humid continental climate, as do colder areas of Lehigh and Northampton Counties.

Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding of the Appalachians keep the New York area warmer in the winter than inland North American metropolitan areas located at similar or lesser latitudes including Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. Warm periods with 50 °F (10 °C)+ temperatures may occasionally occur during winter.[29] Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers in the area are typically hot and humid. Nighttime conditions in and around the Five Boroughs are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, and temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 7–8 days (on the immediate Long Island Sound and Atlantic coasts), up to in excess of 27 days (inland suburbs in New Jersey) each summer and may exceed 100 °F (38 °C).[30]

Almost all of the metro area receives at least 42 inches (1,070 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year, and many areas receive upwards of 50 in (1,270 mm). Average winter snowfall for 1981 to 2010 ranges from just under 25 inches (64 cm) along the coast of Long Island to more than 50 in (127 cm) in some inland areas, but this usually varies considerably from year to year.[31] Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area, with storm surge a major threat in coastal areas and heavy rain (with the danger of flooding) further inland.[32]

The New York metro area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine and 58% of possible sunlight annually,[33] accumulating 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine per annum.[34]

Climate data for New York (Belvedere Castle, Central Park), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1869–present[b]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		78
(26) 		86
(30) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		101
(38) 		106
(41) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		94
(34) 		84
(29) 		75
(24) 		106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.4
(15.8) 		60.7
(15.9) 		70.3
(21.3) 		82.9
(28.3) 		88.5
(31.4) 		92.1
(33.4) 		95.7
(35.4) 		93.4
(34.1) 		89.0
(31.7) 		79.7
(26.5) 		70.7
(21.5) 		62.9
(17.2) 		97.0
(36.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.5
(4.2) 		42.2
(5.7) 		49.9
(9.9) 		61.8
(16.6) 		71.4
(21.9) 		79.7
(26.5) 		84.9
(29.4) 		83.3
(28.5) 		76.2
(24.6) 		64.5
(18.1) 		54.0
(12.2) 		44.3
(6.8) 		62.6
(17.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 33.7
(0.9) 		35.9
(2.2) 		42.8
(6.0) 		53.7
(12.1) 		63.2
(17.3) 		72.0
(22.2) 		77.5
(25.3) 		76.1
(24.5) 		69.2
(20.7) 		57.9
(14.4) 		48.0
(8.9) 		39.1
(3.9) 		55.8
(13.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 27.9
(−2.3) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		35.8
(2.1) 		45.5
(7.5) 		55.0
(12.8) 		64.4
(18.0) 		70.1
(21.2) 		68.9
(20.5) 		62.3
(16.8) 		51.4
(10.8) 		42.0
(5.6) 		33.8
(1.0) 		48.9
(9.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 9.8
(−12.3) 		12.7
(−10.7) 		19.7
(−6.8) 		32.8
(0.4) 		43.9
(6.6) 		52.7
(11.5) 		61.8
(16.6) 		60.3
(15.7) 		50.2
(10.1) 		38.4
(3.6) 		27.7
(−2.4) 		18.0
(−7.8) 		7.7
(−13.5)
Record low °F (°C) −6
(−21) 		−15
(−26) 		3
(−16) 		12
(−11) 		32
(0) 		44
(7) 		52
(11) 		50
(10) 		39
(4) 		28
(−2) 		5
(−15) 		−13
(−25) 		−15
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.64
(92) 		3.19
(81) 		4.29
(109) 		4.09
(104) 		3.96
(101) 		4.54
(115) 		4.60
(117) 		4.56
(116) 		4.31
(109) 		4.38
(111) 		3.58
(91) 		4.38
(111) 		49.52
(1,258)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.8
(22) 		10.1
(26) 		5.0
(13) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.5
(1.3) 		4.9
(12) 		29.8
(76)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 5.8
(15) 		7.9
(20) 		4.4
(11) 		0.4
(1.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.4
(1.0) 		3.7
(9.4) 		12.3
(31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.8 10.0 11.1 11.4 11.5 11.2 10.5 10.0 8.8 9.5 9.2 11.4 125.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.7 3.2 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 11.4
Average relative humidity (%) 61.5 60.2 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 64.6 64.1 63.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 18.0
(−7.8) 		19.0
(−7.2) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		34.0
(1.1) 		47.3
(8.5) 		57.4
(14.1) 		61.9
(16.6) 		62.1
(16.7) 		55.6
(13.1) 		44.1
(6.7) 		34.0
(1.1) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		40.3
(4.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2,534.7
Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990; dew point 1965–1984)[36][37][38]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[39].
Sea temperature data for New York[39]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea
temperature °F (°C) 		41.7
(5.4) 		39.7
(4.3) 		40.2
(4.5) 		45.1
(7.3) 		52.5
(11.4) 		64.5
(18.1) 		72.1
(22.3) 		74.1
(23.4) 		70.1
(21.2) 		63.0
(17.2) 		54.3
(12.4) 		47.2
(8.4) 		55.4
(13.0)
Climate data for Newark, New Jersey (Newark Liberty Int'l)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 74
(23) 		76
(24) 		89
(32) 		97
(36) 		99
(37) 		102
(39) 		108
(42) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		93
(34) 		85
(29) 		76
(24) 		108
(42)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 38.8
(3.8) 		42.3
(5.7) 		50.7
(10.4) 		62.0
(16.7) 		72.1
(22.3) 		81.5
(27.5) 		86.0
(30.0) 		84.0
(28.9) 		76.7
(24.8) 		65.3
(18.5) 		54.6
(12.6) 		43.5
(6.4) 		63.1
(17.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 24.5
(−4.2) 		26.9
(−2.8) 		33.6
(0.9) 		43.7
(6.5) 		53.3
(11.8) 		63.3
(17.4) 		68.7
(20.4) 		67.5
(19.7) 		59.7
(15.4) 		48.0
(8.9) 		39.0
(3.9) 		29.6
(−1.3) 		46.5
(8.1)
Record low °F (°C) −8
(−22) 		−14
(−26) 		6
(−14) 		16
(−9) 		33
(1) 		41
(5) 		51
(11) 		45
(7) 		35
(2) 		25
(−4) 		12
(−11) 		−8
(−22) 		−14
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.53
(90) 		2.88
(73) 		4.18
(106) 		4.20
(107) 		4.09
(104) 		4.02
(102) 		4.76
(121) 		3.70
(94) 		3.82
(97) 		3.60
(91) 		3.65
(93) 		3.80
(97) 		46.24
(1,174)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.9
(23) 		9.5
(24) 		4.4
(11) 		.9
(2.3) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.4
(1.0) 		5.4
(14) 		29.5
(75.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 10.4 9.8 11.0 11.5 11.3 11.0 10.1 9.7 8.6 8.7 9.5 10.6 122.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 5.0 3.7 2.4 .4 0 0 0 0 0 0 .4 2.9 14.7
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1931–present)[30]
Climate data for White Plains, New York (Westchester Co. Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 35.4
(1.9) 		38.8
(3.8) 		46.8
(8.2) 		58.0
(14.4) 		68.0
(20.0) 		77.0
(25.0) 		81.6
(27.6) 		79.9
(26.6) 		72.5
(22.5) 		61.5
(16.4) 		51.4
(10.8) 		40.4
(4.7) 		59.4
(15.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 21.1
(−6.1) 		22.9
(−5.1) 		29.3
(−1.5) 		39.3
(4.1) 		48.6
(9.2) 		58.9
(14.9) 		63.9
(17.7) 		62.9
(17.2) 		55.1
(12.8) 		43.7
(6.5) 		36.0
(2.2) 		26.8
(−2.9) 		42.5
(5.8)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.78
(96) 		2.99
(76) 		4.52
(115) 		4.40
(112) 		4.12
(105) 		4.25
(108) 		3.71
(94) 		4.16
(106) 		4.72
(120) 		4.41
(112) 		3.97
(101) 		4.32
(110) 		49.35
(1,255)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.9
(23) 		8.8
(22) 		5.4
(14) 		1.0
(2.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.3
(0.76) 		5.5
(14) 		29.9
(76.26)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 9.3 8.5 10.3 10.3 10.9 9.9 9.0 9.5 8.7 9.0 9.9 10.4 115.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 3.6 2.7 2.0 .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 .3 2.3 11.2
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals)[30]
Climate data for West Point, New York
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		72
(22) 		86
(30) 		96
(36) 		97
(36) 		102
(39) 		106
(41) 		105
(41) 		105
(41) 		92
(33) 		82
(28) 		72
(22) 		106
(41)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 34.8
(1.6) 		38.6
(3.7) 		47.7
(8.7) 		60.6
(15.9) 		71.3
(21.8) 		79.8
(26.6) 		84.5
(29.2) 		82.5
(28.1) 		74.8
(23.8) 		62.5
(16.9) 		51.3
(10.7) 		39.6
(4.2) 		60.7
(15.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 20.1
(−6.6) 		22.4
(−5.3) 		29.4
(−1.4) 		40.1
(4.5) 		49.8
(9.9) 		59.1
(15.1) 		63.7
(17.6) 		63.0
(17.2) 		55.2
(12.9) 		44.5
(6.9) 		35.8
(2.1) 		26.2
(−3.2) 		42.4
(5.8)
Record low °F (°C) −15
(−26) 		−17
(−27) 		−2
(−19) 		12
(−11) 		25
(−4) 		39
(4) 		40
(4) 		35
(2) 		28
(−2) 		20
(−7) 		5
(−15) 		−16
(−27) 		−17
(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.73
(95) 		2.97
(75) 		3.93
(100) 		4.00
(102) 		4.15
(105) 		4.59
(117) 		4.59
(117) 		4.54
(115) 		4.47
(114) 		4.99
(127) 		4.33
(110) 		4.27
(108) 		50.55
(1,284)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 12.2
(31) 		11.2
(28) 		5.6
(14) 		.2
(0.51) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.6
(1.5) 		5.5
(14) 		35.3
(89.01)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 9.8 7.8 9.2 10.6 11.4 11.3 10.2 9.3 8.2 8.8 9.4 10.0 115.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 5.1 3.1 1.6 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .3 1.7 11.9
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1890–present)[30]
Climate data for Bridgehampton, New York
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 67
(19) 		63
(17) 		79
(26) 		92
(33) 		93
(34) 		95
(35) 		102
(39) 		100
(38) 		94
(34) 		88
(31) 		75
(24) 		70
(21) 		102
(39)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 38.9
(3.8) 		40.5
(4.7) 		47.0
(8.3) 		56.3
(13.5) 		66.1
(18.9) 		75.2
(24.0) 		81.0
(27.2) 		80.2
(26.8) 		73.5
(23.1) 		63.2
(17.3) 		53.7
(12.1) 		43.8
(6.6) 		60.0
(15.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 23.8
(−4.6) 		25.5
(−3.6) 		31.0
(−0.6) 		39.6
(4.2) 		48.2
(9.0) 		58.3
(14.6) 		64.0
(17.8) 		63.2
(17.3) 		56.0
(13.3) 		45.1
(7.3) 		37.5
(3.1) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		43.4
(6.3)
Record low °F (°C) −11
(−24) 		−12
(−24) 		6
(−14) 		14
(−10) 		29
(−2) 		36
(2) 		46
(8) 		41
(5) 		35
(2) 		22
(−6) 		10
(−12) 		−6
(−21) 		−12
(−24)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.00
(102) 		3.72
(94) 		5.07
(129) 		4.52
(115) 		3.78
(96) 		4.12
(105) 		3.45
(88) 		3.92
(100) 		4.60
(117) 		4.20
(107) 		4.37
(111) 		4.38
(111) 		50.13
(1,275)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 7.8
(20) 		8.4
(21) 		5.0
(13) 		.9
(2.3) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.7
(1.8) 		3.9
(9.9) 		26.7
(68)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 9.9 8.9 10.2 10.5 10.7 8.8 7.9 7.7 8.1 8.4 9.5 10.0 110.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 3.2 3.0 1.9 .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 1.7 10.3
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1930–present)[30]
Climate data for Bridgeport, Connecticut (Sikorsky Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 68
(20) 		67
(19) 		84
(29) 		91
(33) 		97
(36) 		97
(36) 		103
(39) 		100
(38) 		99
(37) 		89
(32) 		78
(26) 		76
(24) 		103
(39)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 37.1
(2.8) 		39.7
(4.3) 		47.2
(8.4) 		57.6
(14.2) 		67.6
(19.8) 		77.0
(25.0) 		82.1
(27.8) 		80.8
(27.1) 		74.0
(23.3) 		63.2
(17.3) 		53.1
(11.7) 		42.3
(5.7) 		60.1
(15.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 23.1
(−4.9) 		25.2
(−3.8) 		31.4
(−0.3) 		41.0
(5.0) 		50.5
(10.3) 		60.2
(15.7) 		66.3
(19.1) 		65.6
(18.7) 		58.0
(14.4) 		46.4
(8.0) 		37.9
(3.3) 		28.4
(−2.0) 		44.5
(6.9)
Record low °F (°C) −7
(−22) 		−5
(−21) 		4
(−16) 		18
(−8) 		31
(−1) 		41
(5) 		49
(9) 		44
(7) 		36
(2) 		26
(−3) 		16
(−9) 		−4
(−20) 		−7
(−22)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.10
(79) 		2.79
(71) 		4.04
(103) 		4.13
(105) 		3.80
(97) 		3.64
(92) 		3.46
(88) 		3.96
(101) 		3.48
(88) 		3.64
(92) 		3.39
(86) 		3.33
(85) 		42.75
(1,086)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.2
(23) 		8.2
(21) 		5.4
(14) 		.9
(2.3) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		.7
(1.8) 		5.5
(14) 		30.0
(76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 10.9 9.7 11.3 11.0 11.8 11.1 8.9 8.9 8.2 8.8 10.0 11.1 121.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 5.0 3.6 2.4 .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 .5 3.1 15.0
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals)[30]
Climate data for Danbury, Connecticut
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		77
(25) 		92
(33) 		95
(35) 		97
(36) 		105
(41) 		106
(41) 		104
(40) 		100
(38) 		91
(33) 		82
(28) 		80
(27) 		106
(41)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 35.6
(2.0) 		39.6
(4.2) 		48.7
(9.3) 		61.0
(16.1) 		71.9
(22.2) 		80.8
(27.1) 		84.9
(29.4) 		82.5
(28.1) 		74.5
(23.6) 		62.7
(17.1) 		51.3
(10.7) 		39.9
(4.4) 		61.1
(16.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 19.2
(−7.1) 		21.8
(−5.7) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		38.9
(3.8) 		48.4
(9.1) 		58.5
(14.7) 		63.4
(17.4) 		61.8
(16.6) 		53.4
(11.9) 		41.8
(5.4) 		33.6
(0.9) 		24.6
(−4.1) 		41.2
(5.1)
Record low °F (°C) −18
(−28) 		−16
(−27) 		−9
(−23) 		14
(−10) 		25
(−4) 		35
(2) 		38
(3) 		37
(3) 		23
(−5) 		16
(−9) 		0
(−18) 		−11
(−24) 		−18
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.76
(96) 		3.18
(81) 		4.43
(113) 		4.36
(111) 		4.57
(116) 		4.74
(120) 		4.99
(127) 		4.55
(116) 		4.66
(118) 		4.89
(124) 		4.54
(115) 		4.16
(106) 		52.83
(1,343)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 14.9
(38) 		13.1
(33) 		9.7
(25) 		1.6
(4.1) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		1.2
(3.0) 		9.7
(25) 		50.2
(128.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) 11.5 10.0 11.8 11.5 12.2 12.0 10.4 9.4 9.3 9.2 10.0 11.6 128.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) 7.9 5.4 4.2 .9 0 0 0 0 0 .1 1.0 5.0 24.5
Source: NOAA (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1937–present)[30][40]
Climate data for Allentown, Pennsylvania at Lehigh Valley International Airport, 1991–2020 normals,[c] extremes 1922–present[d]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		81
(27) 		87
(31) 		93
(34) 		97
(36) 		100
(38) 		105
(41) 		100
(38) 		99
(37) 		93
(34) 		81
(27) 		72
(22) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 60.2
(15.7) 		60.6
(15.9) 		70.6
(21.4) 		83.2
(28.4) 		89.3
(31.8) 		92.6
(33.7) 		94.8
(34.9) 		92.8
(33.8) 		89.2
(31.8) 		80.4
(26.9) 		70.9
(21.6) 		61.7
(16.5) 		95.9
(35.5)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 38.4
(3.6) 		41.6
(5.3) 		50.8
(10.4) 		63.4
(17.4) 		73.5
(23.1) 		81.9
(27.7) 		86.4
(30.2) 		84.3
(29.1) 		77.4
(25.2) 		65.5
(18.6) 		53.8
(12.1) 		43.1
(6.2) 		63.3
(17.4)
Daily mean °F (°C) 30.1
(−1.1) 		32.4
(0.2) 		40.7
(4.8) 		51.8
(11.0) 		62.0
(16.7) 		70.9
(21.6) 		75.6
(24.2) 		73.6
(23.1) 		66.3
(19.1) 		54.6
(12.6) 		43.9
(6.6) 		35.0
(1.7) 		53.1
(11.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 21.8
(−5.7) 		23.2
(−4.9) 		30.5
(−0.8) 		40.3
(4.6) 		50.6
(10.3) 		59.9
(15.5) 		64.7
(18.2) 		62.8
(17.1) 		55.2
(12.9) 		43.8
(6.6) 		34.1
(1.2) 		26.8
(−2.9) 		42.8
(6.0)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 4.2
(−15.4) 		5.9
(−14.5) 		14.1
(−9.9) 		25.9
(−3.4) 		35.3
(1.8) 		46.5
(8.1) 		53.7
(12.1) 		51.1
(10.6) 		39.9
(4.4) 		28.7
(−1.8) 		19.1
(−7.2) 		11.7
(−11.3) 		1.8
(−16.8)
Record low °F (°C) −15
(−26) 		−12
(−24) 		−5
(−21) 		12
(−11) 		28
(−2) 		39
(4) 		46
(8) 		41
(5) 		30
(−1) 		21
(−6) 		3
(−16) 		−8
(−22) 		−15
(−26)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.30
(84) 		2.77
(70) 		3.63
(92) 		3.67
(93) 		3.65
(93) 		4.40
(112) 		5.30
(135) 		4.56
(116) 		4.84
(123) 		4.14
(105) 		3.24
(82) 		3.86
(98) 		47.36
(1,203)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.8
(25) 		10.8
(27) 		6.3
(16) 		0.5
(1.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.9
(2.3) 		4.6
(12) 		33.1
(84)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 6.4
(16) 		7.9
(20) 		4.9
(12) 		0.3
(0.76) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.6
(1.5) 		2.9
(7.4) 		12.4
(31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.4 10.1 10.9 11.8 12.4 11.4 11.0 10.2 9.6 9.9 8.9 11.5 129.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.1 4.3 2.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.9 15.7
Average relative humidity (%) 70 66 62 61 66 68 70 72 74 72 70 71 69
Percent possible sunshine 43 48 53 47 54 63 57 56 54 53 45 42 51
Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1981–2010)[41][42][43]
Climate data for Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		74
(23) 		87
(31) 		96
(36) 		97
(36) 		110
(43) 		104
(40) 		103
(39) 		106
(41) 		95
(35) 		98
(37) 		72
(22) 		110
(43)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 35
(2) 		39
(4) 		49
(9) 		61
(16) 		72
(22) 		80
(27) 		85
(29) 		83
(28) 		75
(24) 		64
(18) 		51
(11) 		40
(4) 		61
(16)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 16
(−9) 		17
(−8) 		26
(−3) 		36
(2) 		46
(8) 		55
(13) 		59
(15) 		58
(14) 		50
(10) 		38
(3) 		30
(−1) 		22
(−6) 		38
(3)
Record low °F (°C) −25
(−32) 		−21
(−29) 		−14
(−26) 		10
(−12) 		24
(−4) 		32
(0) 		36
(2) 		32
(0) 		20
(−7) 		14
(−10) 		2
(−17) 		−14
(−26) 		−25
(−32)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.98
(101) 		3.01
(76) 		3.84
(98) 		4.00
(102) 		5.01
(127) 		4.56
(116) 		4.42
(112) 		4.28
(109) 		4.89
(124) 		3.81
(97) 		4.26
(108) 		3.92
(100) 		49.98
(1,270)
Source: Weatherbase [44]
Climate data for Morristown, New Jersey
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 38
(3) 		41
(5) 		50
(10) 		61
(16) 		71
(22) 		80
(27) 		85
(29) 		83
(28) 		75
(24) 		65
(18) 		54
(12) 		43
(6) 		62
(17)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18
(−8) 		19
(−7) 		27
(−3) 		36
(2) 		46
(8) 		54
(12) 		59
(15) 		58
(14) 		51
(11) 		39
(4) 		32
(0) 		23
(−5) 		39
(4)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.50
(114) 		3.00
(76) 		4.41
(112) 		4.64
(118) 		5.09
(129) 		4.40
(112) 		5.29
(134) 		4.37
(111) 		5.33
(135) 		4.17
(106) 		4.37
(111) 		4.10
(104) 		53.67
(1,363)
Source: [45]
Climate data for Toms River, New Jersey
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		75
(24) 		87
(31) 		97
(36) 		99
(37) 		102
(39) 		105
(41) 		102
(39) 		99
(37) 		91
(33) 		85
(29) 		76
(24) 		105
(41)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 41
(5) 		44
(7) 		51
(11) 		61
(16) 		71
(22) 		80
(27) 		85
(29) 		83
(28) 		77
(25) 		67
(19) 		57
(14) 		46
(8) 		64
(18)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 22
(−6) 		24
(−4) 		30
(−1) 		39
(4) 		49
(9) 		59
(15) 		64
(18) 		62
(17) 		55
(13) 		43
(6) 		35
(2) 		27
(−3) 		42
(6)
Record low °F (°C) −19
(−28) 		−14
(−26) 		3
(−16) 		12
(−11) 		26
(−3) 		39
(4) 		43
(6) 		38
(3) 		31
(−1) 		19
(−7) 		9
(−13) 		−3
(−19) 		−19
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.92
(100) 		3.30
(84) 		4.79
(122) 		4.07
(103) 		3.73
(95) 		3.80
(97) 		4.60
(117) 		4.69
(119) 		3.79
(96) 		3.90
(99) 		4.11
(104) 		4.51
(115) 		49.8
(1,260)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 7.01
(17.8) 		5.99
(15.2) 		5.00
(12.7) 		0.98
(2.5) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.98
(2.5) 		4.02
(10.2) 		23.98
(60.9)
Average precipitation days 11 10 11 11 11 10 9 9 8 8 10 10 118
Average snowy days 4 3 2 .5 0 0 0 0 0 0 .2 2 11.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 155.0 155.4 201.5 216.0 244.9 270.0 275.9 260.4 219.0 204.6 156.0 136.4 2,495.1
Source: [46]

History

Main article: History of New York City
The United Nations Headquarters in Midtown Manhattan.
The Statue of Liberty, on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, is a globally recognized symbol of both the United States and ideals such as freedom, democracy, and opportunity.[47]
The former World Trade Center burning on September 11, 2001. It would later collapse, killing nearly 3,000 people, many of whom lived in the suburbs surrounding the city.

During the Wisconsinan glaciation, the region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving bedrock. Later on, the ice sheet would help split apart what are now Long Island and Staten Island.

The Unisphere in Flushing Meadows – Corona Park, iconic of Queens, the most ethnically diverse U.S. county and a borough of New York City.[48][49]

At the time of European contact the region was inhabited by Native Americans, predominantly the Lenape[50] and others. The Native Americans used the abundant waterways in the area for many purposes such as fishing and trade routes. Sailing for France in 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to enter the local waters and encounter the residents, but he did not make landfall. Henry Hudson, sailing for the Dutch in 1609, visited the area and built a settlement on Lower Manhattan Island that was eventually renamed New Amsterdam by Dutch colonists in 1626.[51] The area came under English control in 1664[51][52] and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.[53][54]

As the fur trade expanded north, New York became a trading hub, which brought in a diverse set of ethnic groups including Africans, Jews, and Portuguese. The island of Manhattan had an extraordinary natural harbor formed by New York Bay (actually the drowned lower river valley of the Hudson River, enclosed by glacial moraines), the East River (actually a tidal strait), and the Hudson River, all of which are confluent at the southern tip, from which all later development spread. During the American Revolution, the strategic waterways made New York vitally important as a wartime base for the British navy. Many battles such as the Battle of Long Island and the Battle of New York were fought in the region to secure it. New York City was captured by the British early in the war, becoming a haven for Loyalist refugees from other parts of the country, and remained in the hands of the British until the war ended in 1783. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790,[55] after which the capital moved to Philadelphia. New York City has been the country's largest city since 1790.[56] In 1792, the Buttonwood Agreement, made by a group of merchants, created what is now the New York Stock Exchange in Lower Manhattan. Today, many people in the metropolitan area work in this important stock exchange.

The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries[57] and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.[58] Large-scale immigration into New York was a result of a large demand for manpower. A cosmopolitan attitude in the city created tolerance for various cultures and ethnic groups. German, Irish, and Italian immigrants were among the largest ethnic groups. Today, many of their descendents continue to live in the region. Cultural buildings such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Opera, the American Museum of Natural History were built. New York newspapers were read around the country as media moguls James Gordon Bennett, Sr., Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst battled for readership. In 1884, over 70% of exports passed through ports in New York or in one of the surrounding towns. The five boroughs of New York City — The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island — were consolidated into a single city in 1898.[59][60]

The now-unified New York City encouraged both more physical connections between the boroughs and the growth of bedroom communities. The New York City Subway began operating in 1905 as different private systems that were later taken over by the city. Railroad stations such as Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station helped fuel suburban growth. During the era of the Prohibition, when alcohol was banned nationwide, organized crime grew to supply the high demand for bootleg alcohol. The iconic Broadway Theater District developed with the showing of the musical, Show Boat.

The Great Depression suspended the region's fortunes as a period of widespread unemployment and poverty began. City planner Robert Moses began his automobile-centered career of building bridges, parkways, and later expressways. During World War II, the city economy was hurt by blockades of German U-Boats, which limited of shipping with Europe.

After its population peaked in 1950, much of the city's population began leaving for the suburbs. The effects were a result of white flight. Industry and commerce also declined in this era, with businesses leaving for the suburbs and other cities. Crime affected the city severely. Urban renewal projects alleviated the decay in Midtown Manhattan to a certain extent, but later failed. Blackouts such as the Northeast Blackout of 1965 and the New York City Blackout of 1977 caused massive rioting. A rare highlight was the completion of the former World Trade Center, which once stood as the tallest buildings in the world.

In the 1980s, the city economy was booming. Wall Street was fueling an economic surge in the real estate market. Despite this, crime was still an issue. Beginning in the 1990s, however, crime dropped substantially.

A flooded Avenue C in Manhattan just moments before the explosion at an electrical substation caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012.[61]

A major event in the region's history was the September 11th attacks in 2001, that killed nearly 3,000 people as two planes crashed into the former World Trade Center and caused the towers to collapse. Businesses led an exodus from Lower Manhattan because of this. In 2003, another blackout occurred, the 2003 North America blackout, but the city suffered no looting and a building boom in New York City continues to this day.

On October 29 and 30, 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused extensive destruction in the metropolitan area, ravaging portions of the Atlantic coastline with record-high storm surge, severe flooding, and high winds, causing power outages for millions of residents via downed trees and power lines and malfunctions at electrical substations, leading to gasoline shortages and snarling mass transit systems. Damage to New York and New Jersey in terms of physical infrastructure and private property as well as including interrupted commerce was estimated at several tens of billions of dollars.[62] The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.[63]

Statistical history

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
199019,710,239—
200021,361,7978.4%
201022,085,6493.4%
2012 (est.)23,362,0995.8%
[notes 1]
Spanish Harlem (El Barrio) in Upper Manhattan.
Manhattan's Little Italy, Lower East Side, Manhattan, circa 1900.
The Manhattan Chinatown (紐約華埠).
Koreatown in Fort Lee (포트 리 코리아타운), Bergen County, New Jersey.[66]
India Square in Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey.
The New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street, the world's largest stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies.[67]

The U.S. Census Bureau first designated metropolitan areas in 1950 as standard metropolitan areas (SMAs). The "New York–Northeastern NJ SMA" was defined to include 17 counties: 9 in New York (the five boroughs of New York City, Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, and Rockland) and 8 in New Jersey (Bergen, Hudson, Passaic, Essex, Union, Morris, Somerset, and Middlesex). In 1960, the metropolitan area standards were modified and renamed standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs). The new standards resulted in the splitting of the former SMA into several pieces: the nine New York counties became the "New York SMSA"; three of the New Jersey counties (Essex, Union, and Morris) became the "Newark SMSA"; two other New Jersey counties (Bergen and Passaic) became the "Paterson–Passaic–Clifton SMSA"; Hudson County was designated the "Jersey City SMSA"; and Middlesex and Somerset counties lost their metropolitan status. In 1973, a new set of metropolitan area standards resulted in further changes: Nassau and Suffolk counties were split off as their own SMSA ("Nassau–Suffolk SMSA"); Bergen County (originally part of the Paterson–Clifton–Passaic SMSA) was transferred to the New York SMSA; the New York SMSA also received Putnam County (previously non-metropolitan); Somerset County was added to the Newark SMSA; and two new SMSAs, the "New Brunswick–Perth Amboy–Sayreville SMSA" (Middlesex County) and "Long Branch–Asbury Park SMSA" (Monmouth County), were established. In 1983, the concept of a consolidated metropolitan statistical area (CMSA) was first implemented. A CMSA consisted of several primary metropolitan statistical areas (PMSAs), which were individual employment centers within a wider labor market area. The "New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island CMSA" consisted of 12 PMSAs. Seven PMSAs were based on the original 1950 New York SMA that were split up: New York, Bergen–Passaic, Jersey City, Middlesex–Somerset–Hunterdon (Hunterdon added for the first time), Monmouth–Ocean (Ocean added for the first time), Nassau–Suffolk, and Newark (Sussex added for the first time). One additional PMSA was the Orange County PMSA (previously the Newburgh–Middletown SMSA). The other four PMSAs were former SMSAs in Connecticut: Bridgeport, Stamford, Norwalk, and Danbury. In 1993, four PMSAs were added to the New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island CMSA: Trenton PMSA (Mercer County), Dutchess County PMSA, Waterbury PMSA, and New Haven PMSA. Several new counties were also added to the CMSA: Sussex, Warren, and Pike. The CMSA model was originally utilized for tabulating data from the 2000 census. In 2003, a new set of standards was established using the Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) model was adopted and remains in use as of 2010. The CBSA model resulted in the splitting up of the old CMSA into several metropolitan statistical areas: New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island, Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, Trenton–Ewing, Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk (includes Danbury), and New Haven–Milford (includes Waterbury). In 2013, the Census Bureau added Carbon, Lehigh, Northampton, and Monroe counties in Pennsylvania, and Warren County, New Jersey (encompassing collectively the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA-NJ MSA and the East Stroudsburg, PA MSA), to the Combined Statistical Area.[68]

Demographics

2010 Census

As of the 2010 Census, the metropolitan area had a population of 22,085,649. The population density was 1,865 per square mile. The racial markup was that 61.6% or 13,595,960 were White, 16.9% or 3,727,105 were African Americans, 0.5% or 102,349 were American Indian and Alaskan Native, Asians were 9.1% or 2,008,906 overall, Pacific Islanders were less than 1% with a population of 9,971, 8.8% or 1,944,165 listed themselves as "some other race", while 3.2% (697,193) were of two or more races. Hispanics were 21.7% of any race or 4,790,542.[citation needed]

The median age was 37.9. 25.5% were under 18, 9.5% were 18 to 24 years, 28% were 25 to 44 years of age, 26.6% were 45 to 64 years old, and 13.2% were over the age of 65. Males composed 48.3% of the population while females were 51.7% of the population.[citation needed]

97.7% of the population were in households, 2.3% were in group quarters, and 1% were institutionalized. There were 8,103,731 of which 30.2% or 2,449,343 had children. 46.1% or 3,736,165 were composted of opposite sex and married couples. Male households with no wife composed 4.9% or 400,534. 15.0% or 1,212,436 were female households, with no husbands. 34% or 2,754,596 were non-family households. The household density were 684 per square mile. 91.9% of housing units were occupied with a 3.8% vacancy rate. The average household size was 2.65 per household. The average income for non-family households was $90,335, and the average income for families was $104,715. 13.3% or 2,888,493 of the population were below the poverty line.[citation needed]

26.7% or 5,911,993 of the population were born outside the United States. Out of this, 17.4% or 1,028,506 were born in Europe, 27.0% or 1,595,523 were born in Asia, 3.8% or 224,109 were born in Africa, 0.2% or 11,957 were born in Oceania, 50.6% or 2,992,639 were born in Latin America.[citation needed]

Population estimates

As of July 1, 2011, the United States Census Bureau estimated the population of the metropolitan area at 22,214,083, an increase of 128,434 (0.6%) from the previous year.[69]

The New York City metropolitan area is ethnically diverse. It is home to the largest Jewish community outside Israel.[70] The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, as well as 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns;[71][72] the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Italian American and African American populations and the second-largest Hispanic community in the United States; and includes 6 Chinatowns in New York City alone[73] (8 including the emerging Chinese enclave in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn and Corona, Queens), as well as one each in Edison, New Jersey and Nassau County, Long Island,[74] with the urban agglomeration comprising as of the 2010 Census a population of 682,265 overseas Chinese,[75] the largest outside of Asia. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami, the next most popular gateway regions.[76][77][78][79]

The metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States.[80] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[81]

Economy

Main article: Economy of New York City
The bronze clock on Harkness Tower at Yale University, a structure reflecting the Collegiate Gothic architectural genre.
Watercolor of Cleveland Tower, Princeton University, seen in the noon autumn sun.
Butler Library at Columbia University, rated one of the most beautiful college libraries in the United States.[82]
A view of the interior of the Elmer Holmes Bobst Library at New York University.

The regional economy is a center for international banking and commerce. It is the largest in the United States and one of the most important in the world. New York is considered a global city. In 2012, New York City topped the first Global Economic Power Index, published by The Atlantic (to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the Martin Prosperity Institute), with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities.[83] Finance, international trade, media, real estate, manufacturing, tourism, biotechnology, and education are the leading industries in the area. Other industries include entertainment and news media. In 2010, the gross metropolitan product was $1.28 trillion,[84] second only to Tokyo, and is larger than all but 14 countries.[85]

Along with its wealth, the area has a cost of living that is among the highest in the United States.[86] Changes in house prices for the area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market.

Education

The New York metropolitan area is home to many prestigious institutions of higher education. Three Ivy League universities (Columbia University in Manhattan, Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, and Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut - all ranked amongst the top 4 U.S. national universities as per U.S. News & World Report[87]) reside in the region,[88] as well as New York University and The Rockefeller University, both located in Manhattan; all of the above have been ranked amongst the top 35 universities in the world.[89] New York Institute of Technology, a global university, is located on two campuses, one in Old Westbury Long Island and one near Columbus Circle in Manhattan. Fordham University, also a nationally ranked university,[90] is located on three campuses, in the Bronx, Manhattan, and Westchester County.[91] The New York City Department of Education is the largest school district in the United States serving over 1.2 million students.[92]

The region also hosts many public high schools, some of which have been described as among the most prestigious in the country.[93]

Attainment

According to the 2010 American Community Survey, of the 14,973,063 persons in this area over 25 years of age, 14.8% (2,216,578) had a graduate or professional degree, 21.1% (3,166,037) had a bachelor's degree, 6.4% (962,007) had an associate degree, 16.0% (2,393,990) had some college education but no degree, 26.8% (4,009,901) had a high school diploma or equivalent, 14.8% (2,224,557) had less than a high school education.[94] In 2010, CNN Money ranked the area as one of the top 10 smartest regions in the United States.[95]

Transportation

The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of stations.
The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) rapid transit rail system connects Manhattan and metropolitan northern New Jersey beneath the Hudson River.
An Acela Express train going to New York City. The Acela Express, operated by Amtrak through the Northeast Corridor, is the sole high-speed rail service in the country.

The depth and intricacy of the transportation network in the New York City region parallel the size and complexity of the metropolis itself.

Rail

About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City metropolitan area.[96][97]

New York City Subway

Main article: New York City Subway

The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 472, and by length of routes. It is the third largest when measured by annual ridership (1.5 billion passenger trips in 2006).[98] New York's subway is also notable because nearly the entire system remains open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong,[99][100] London, Seoul,[101][102] Tokyo, and Toronto.

Commuter rail

The metropolitan area is also fundamentally defined by the areas from which people commute into New York City. The city is served by three primary commuter rail systems plus Amtrak.

Metro-North Railroad (MNRR), the busiest commuter railroad in the United States (as of 2012),[103] is operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) (an agency of New York state that focuses on New York City-area transit), in conjunction with the Connecticut Department of Transportation and New Jersey Transit. Its major terminal is Grand Central Terminal. Trains on the Port Jervis Line and Pascack Valley Line terminate at Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey; commuters may transfer at either Secaucus Junction for New Jersey Transit trains to New York Pennsylvania Station or at Hoboken Terminal for PATH trains into Manhattan.

The Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), the second busiest commuter railroad in the United States,[103] is also operated by the MTA. It has two major terminals at Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan and Atlantic Terminal in Downtown Brooklyn, with a minor terminal at the Long Island City station and a major transfer point at the Jamaica station in Queens.

New Jersey Transit (NJT), the third busiest commuter railroad in the United States by passenger miles and also third in trips (when direct operated and purchased transportation services are both included – fourth if only direct operated are included),[103] is operated by the New Jersey Transit Corporation, an agency of the state of New Jersey, in conjunction with Metro-North Railroad and Amtrak. A map of the system can be found here [1]. It has major terminals at Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan, Hoboken Terminal, and Newark Pennsylvania Station, with a major transfer point at Secaucus Junction in Hudson County, New Jersey. New Jersey Transit also operates the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail through Hudson County, the Newark City Subway, and the River Line that runs along tracks shared with Conrail Shared Assets Operations from Trenton to Camden in southern New Jersey. NJ Transit also has commuter buses operating in and out of Manhattan.

Amtrak's Northeast Corridor offers service to Philadelphia, New Haven, and other points between and including Boston and Washington, D.C. Additionally, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, an agency controlled by the states of New York and New Jersey, operates the PATH system; this heavy rail transportation service links Manhattan in New York and the counties of Hudson and Essex in New Jersey. A map can be found here [2].

Major stations in the metropolitan area include:

Station Railroad(s) State County Type
Pennsylvania Station (New York City) Amtrak, LIRR, NJT NY New York Terminal and Transfer
Grand Central Terminal MNRR NY New York Terminal
Pennsylvania Station (Newark) Amtrak, NJT, PATH NJ Essex Transfer
Hoboken Terminal NJT, MNRR, PATH NJ Hudson Terminal
Atlantic Terminal LIRR NY Kings Terminal
Hunterspoint Avenue LIRR NY Queens Terminal
Woodside Station LIRR NY Queens Transfer
Jamaica Station LIRR NY Queens Transfer
Secaucus Junction NJT, MNRR NJ Hudson Transfer
New Haven Union Station Amtrak, MNRR, Shore Line East CT New Haven Terminal and Transfer
Trenton Station Amtrak, NJT, SEPTA NJ Mercer Terminal and Transfer

The following table shows all train lines operated by these commuter railroads in the New York metropolitan area. New Jersey Transit operates an additional train line in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. (Shown counterclockwise from the Atlantic Ocean):

Line or Branch Railroad Counties
Far Rockaway LIRR Kings, Queens, Nassau
Long Beach LIRR Nassau
Montauk LIRR Suffolk
Babylon LIRR Nassau, Suffolk
West Hempstead LIRR Kings (weekdays), Queens, Nassau
Hempstead LIRR Kings, Queens, Nassau
Ronkonkoma (Main Line) LIRR Nassau, Suffolk
Port Jefferson LIRR Nassau, Suffolk
Oyster Bay LIRR Nassau
Port Washington LIRR Queens, Nassau
New Haven MNRR, Shore Line East, Amtrak Westchester, Fairfield, New Haven
Harlem MNRR New York, Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess
Hudson MNRR, Amtrak Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess
Pascack Valley MNRR, NJT Hudson, Bergen, Rockland
Port Jervis / Main Line / Bergen County MNRR, NJT Hudson, Bergen, Passaic, Rockland, Orange
Montclair–Boonton NJT New York, Hudson, Essex, Passaic, Morris, Warren
Morris & Essex (Morristown Line and Gladstone Branch) NJT New York, Hudson, Essex, Union, Morris, Somerset, Warren
Raritan Valley NJT Hudson, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Somerset, Hunterdon
Northeast Corridor and Princeton Branch NJT, Amtrak New York, Hudson, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Mercer
North Jersey Coast NJT New York, Hudson, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean

Major highways

The following highways serve the region:

The George Washington Bridge, connecting Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan across the Hudson River to Fort Lee in Bergen County, New Jersey, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.[104][105] Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 cross the river via the bridge, while U.S. Route 46, which lies entirely within New Jersey, ends halfway across the bridge at the state border with New York.
The Walkway over the Hudson, the world's longest pedestrian bridge,[106] connecting Ulster and Dutchess counties in New York.

Interstates

The Long Island Expressway (I-495), viewing eastbound in Corona, Queens.

U.S. Routes

State Routes

Other limited-access roads

Heavy traffic on the Garden State Parkway in Wall Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Some of these roads have a numerical designation assigned to it:

Named bridges and tunnels

The Brooklyn Bridge.
The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, one of the world's longest suspension bridges,[107][108] connects Brooklyn and Staten Island across The Narrows.
The Great South Bay Bridge, in Suffolk County, connects the mainland of Long Island to barrier islands across the Great South Bay.

Commuter bus

New Jersey Transit, Academy Bus, Coach USA, Spanish Transportation, and several other companies operate commuter coaches into the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Manhattan, and many other bus services in New Jersey. Bus services also operate in other nearby counties in the states of New York and Connecticut, but most terminate at a subway terminal or other rail station.

Major airports

Main article: Aviation in the New York metropolitan area
The AirTrain at JFK International Airport in Jamaica, Queens.

The New York metropolitan area handles the busiest urban airspace in the United States – carrying over 100 million passengers annually,[113] and is served by three major airports.

Airport IATA code ICAO code County State
John F. Kennedy International Airport JFK KJFK Queens New York
Newark Liberty International Airport EWR KEWR Essex/Union New Jersey
LaGuardia Airport LGA KLGA Queens New York

The following smaller airports are also in the metro area and provide daily commercial service:

Airport IATA code ICAO code County State
Lehigh Valley International Airport ABE KABE Lehigh Pennsylvania
Long Island MacArthur Airport ISP KISP Suffolk New York
Stewart International Airport SWF KSWF Orange New York
Trenton-Mercer Airport TTN KTTN Mercer New Jersey
Tweed New Haven Regional Airport HVN KHVN New Haven Connecticut
Westchester County Airport HPN KHPN Westchester New York

Commuter usage

According to the 2010 American Community Survey, 54.3% (5,476,169) of commuters used a car or other private vehicle alone, 7.0% (708,788) used a carpool, 27.0% (2,721,372) used public transportation, 5.5% (558,434) walked to work, 2.0% (200,448) used some other means of transportation such as a bicycle to get to work.[114]

Culture and contemporary life

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, part of Museum Mile in the Carnegie Hill neighborhood of Manhattan's Upper East Side, is one of the largest museums in the world.[115]
Citi Field in Flushing, Queens is the home of the New York Mets.
Yankee Stadium in the South Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees.
MetLife Stadium, in East Rutherford, New Jersey, home to the New York Giants and New York Jets, is the most expensive stadium ever built,[116] at approximately $1.6 billion.[117]
File:Britney Spears MSG.jpg
The New York Knicks, Rangers, and Liberty sports teams play at Madison Square Garden in Midtown Manhattan.
According to Travel + Leisure magazine's October 2011 survey, Times Square in Midtown Manhattan, iconified as the "Crossroads of the World",[118][119][120][121][122] is the world's most visited tourist attraction, bringing in over 39 million visitors annually.[123]
Main article: New York City § Culture and contemporary life

New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland[124] and Latvia[125] and by New York's own Baruch College.[126] A book containing a series of essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 1940–1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia.[127] Tom Wolfe has quoted regarding New York's culture that "Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather".[128]

Although Manhattan remains the epicenter of cultural life in the metropolitan area, the entire region is replete with prominent cultural institutions, with artistic performances and ethnically oriented events receiving international attention throughout the year.

Sports teams

Further information: Sports in New York City

New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League,[129] Major League Baseball,[130] the National Basketball Association,[131] the National Hockey League,[132] and Major League Soccer.[133] Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area.[116] The New York metropolitan area has the most professional sports teams in these five leagues.

Listing of the professional sports teams in the New York metropolitan area:

Media

Main article: Media in New York City

The New York City metropolitan area is home to the headquarters of several well-known media companies, subsidiaries, and publications, including Thomson Reuters, The New York Times Company, the Associated Press, Time Warner, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, Viacom, News Corporation, The Wall Street Journal, Fox News, ABC, CBS, and NBC. Local television channels include WCBS-TV 2 (CBS), WNBC 4 (NBC), WNYW 5 (FOX), WABC-TV 7 (ABC), WWOR-TV 9 (MyNetworkTV), WPIX 11 (CW), WNET 13 (PBS), WNYE-TV 25 (NYC Media) and WPXN-TV 31 (Ion). NY1 is a 24/7 local news provider available only to cable television subscribers. Radio stations serving the area include: WNYC, WFMU, WABC-AM, and WFAN. Many television and radio stations use the top of the Empire State Building to broadcast their terrestrial television signals, while some media entities broadcast from studios in Times Square.

The New York metropolitan area is extensive enough so that its own channels must compete with channels from neighboring television markets (including Philadelphia, Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, and Hartford) within its outlying counties. Cable companies offer such competition in the Pennsylvania portion, Connecticut, and a few counties in central New Jersey.

Theme parks

In New Jersey

Skyline of Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, Ocean County, New Jersey, slated to become the world's largest theme park in 2013.[135] To the far left is Kingda Ka, the world's tallest roller coaster.[136]
Main Park Other Parks Location Year Opened
Six Flags Great Adventure Six Flags Wild Safari, Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Jackson 1974
Land of Make Believe None Hope 1954
Mountain Creek Waterpark None Vernon 1998

In New York State

Playland, Rye, Westchester County

Plans were unveiled by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg on September 27, 2012 for the New York Wheel, the world's tallest ferris wheel, to be built at the northern shore of Staten Island, overlooking the Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor, and the Lower Manhattan skyline.[137][138]

In Pennsylvania

Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dorneyville, Lehigh County

Although the DP&WWK complex is not planned as a theme park, it is nonetheless one of the largest amusement parks in Pennsylvania and draws substantially from Greater NYC since it is just off Interstate 78 in a location just west of Allentown.

Area codes

The area is served by at least 29 area codes: Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

  • 973: Serves portions of Bergen, Essex, Hudson, Morris, Passaic, Sussex, and portions of Union County in New Jersey, and is overlaid with 862.
  • 908: Serves communities in Union County, Somerset County, northern parts of Middlesex County, Hunterdon County, Warren County, and Morris County as well as some cell phones in Monmouth County in New Jersey.
  • 732: Serves Middlesex County, Somerset County, portions of Union County, and Monmouth and northern Ocean counties in New Jersey; overlaid with 848.
  • 609: Serves Mercer County and parts of Middlesex, Monmouth, and Ocean Counties.
  • 610 & 484: Serve most of the Lehigh Valley and portions of Carbon and Monroe Counties in Pennsylvania.
  • 215 & 267: Serve the southernmost part of Lehigh County in Pennsylvania.

Template:Multicol-end

See also

Notes

  1. ^ New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA populations.[64][65] Note that the Lehigh Valley and Monroe County, Pennsylvania were newly included following the 2010 Census.

References

  1. ^ a b "Geographic area,"April 1, 2010",,Population estimates (as of July 1),, ,,,Census,Estimates base,2010,2011,2012". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  2. ^ a b "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES Geographies - 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  3. ^ "World's Largest Urban Areas [Ranked by Urban Area Population]". Rhett Butler. 2003–2006. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  4. ^ "Largest Cities of the World – (by metro population)". Woolwine-Moen Group d/b/a Graphic Maps. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  5. ^ "Largest urban areas in the world: 2008 All Urban Areas 2,000,000 & Over" (PDF). Wendell Cox Consultancy. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
  6. ^ "OMB's Decisions Regarding Recommendations From the Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Standards Review Committee Concerning Changes to the Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". Federal Register. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  7. ^ New York City Designated Market Area map PDF
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