New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad
The New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad (reporting mark NYP&N) was a railroad that owned and operated a line that ran down the spine of the Delmarva Peninsula from Delmar, Maryland to Cape Charles, Virginia and then by ferry to Norfolk, Virginia. It became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad system.[1]
History
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The idea of a railroad on the Eastern Shore dated back to the 1853 when the North and South Railroad was chartered by the Virginia legislature. It never initiated construction and in 1878 the Peninsula Railroad of Virginia acquired the rights. In 1882 the NYP&N was created by consolidating the unbuilt Peninsula Railroad Company of Maryland and the Peninsula Railroad of Virginia to create a railroad from the existing southern terminus at Pocomoke City to Norfolk.[2]
The rail line to Pocomoke City had been built in stages, first by the Delaware Railroad and then by the Eastern Shore Railroad. The Delaware Railroad was only allowed to construct a rail line within the state of Delaware. After it reached Delmar in 1859, the 1835 charter of the Eastern Shore was revived and, in 1866 - after the disruption of the Civil War, the Eastern Shore extended the line to Crisfield, Maryland. It built a branch from a point at Kings Creek, called Peninsular Junction, to Pocomoke City in 1871; but it struggled and it was foreclosed on in 1879.[3]
The NYP&N was the vision of William Lawrence Scott, an Erie, Pennsylvania, coal magnate, who wanted to build a shorter railroad route between the coal wharfs of Hampton Roads by utilizing a ferry line across the Chesapeake Bay and a railroad line up the Delmarva Peninsula to the industrial north.[4] His plan was to continue the rail line from Pocomoke City to Cape Charles and use a rail ferry to reach Norfolk. Scott enlisted engineering help from Pennsylvania Railroad Vice-President, Alexander J. Cassatt, who saw the merits of the plan and took a hiatus from PRR to work on the new line.[5] Cassatt surveyed the line on horseback, designed ferries and wharfs, acquired other railroads, most notably the Eastern Shore Railroad.
Work began on the line south of Pocomoke City in April of 1884 and the line to what would become Cape Charles was ready for operation on October 25, 1884.[2] Two weeks later the first passenger steamer left Cape Charles for Norfolk.[6] The same year it absorbed the Eastern Shore Railroad.[2] The next year the railroad started using barges, or car floats, to carry railroad cars to Norfolk via Port Norfolk(Portsmouth).[6]
The Cape Charles Railroad, a subsidiary of the NYP&N, was incorporated on March 24, 1906 and began building a rail line from a point just east of Cape Charles, which became known as Cape Junction, down the peninsula a few years later.[7] They opened the line to Townsend by December 1, 1910 and it opened to Kiptopeke on March 8, 1912. This was the furthest south any railroad ever reached on the peninsula.[7] The Cape Charles Railroad was folded into the parent company in 1917.[2]
The NYP&N was always affiliated with the PRR which would eventually take control of it. In addition to Cassatt the PRR financed construction of the rail line.[8] In 1908 it purchased a controlling share of the NYP&N's stock. In 1920 it took over operations with a 999-year lease and in 1922 it converted the railroad into the "Norfolk Division" of the Pennsylvania Railroad.[2] When the PRR reorganized in 1930, The Norfolk Division became part of the Delmarva Division.[2]
In 1940, the United States Army built Fort Winslow just south of Kiptopeke and the following summer, the PRR laid track into the fort.[9]
Passenger service
[edit]Through the first half of the 20th century, several trains a day ran along the train line. From the 1920s to the 1950s, the PRR operated the day train, the Del-Mar-Va Express, and the night train, the Cavalier. At peak levels in the mid-1940s, the company also operated southbound, the Furlough, and an additional night train, the Mariner, in addition to unnamed local trains. Northbound the PRR added the Sailor, the Mariner night train, and an unnamed local train.[10]
The PRR began to scale back passenger service in 1949 when they close several stations on the line, including Kiptopeke, Townsend, Capeville, Bayview, Weirwood, Keller, Melfa, Hopeton, Bloxom and Mears.[11] The passenger ferry service from Cape Charles was shut down on March 1, 1953 and by 1957 all that remained was a once-a-day Philadelphia–Cape Charles train.[12][2][13] In 1958, passenger rail south of Delmar ended and after the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel opened in 1964 all ferry service from Kiptopeke ended.[14][2]
Ferry service
[edit]The original ferry crossing was 36 miles.[15] Both passenger and freight ferries existed. Up to 30 freight cars could be loaded on flat barges pulled by a tugboat for the trip. The original passenger ferries, Cape Charles & Old Point Comfort, side-wheeler paddle steamers, could hold an entire train on their two tracks. In 1889 the New York the first propeller driven ship, 200 feet long, 31 feet beam was built for the run to Norfolk, and in 1890 the Pennsylvania, a larger vessel (260 feet long, 36 feet beam) was added. In 1907 the Maryland was built with the same dimensions, and the last ship was the Virginia Lee.[16]
Because the NYP&N had trouble getting other railroads to interchange with it, it orchestrated the creation of the Norfolk & Portsmouth Belt Line Railroad in 1898, to serve as a "neutral" terminal switching company and interchange rail cars between the various competing railroads near the Elizabeth River.[2]
In 1926 the NYP&N built the Little Creek Extension and acquired tracking rights over Norfolk Southern Railroad from the Little Creek inlet, which cut the crossing distance to 26 miles.[6]
In 1953, the railroad cancelled rail ferry service from Cape Charles and instead used a ferry running between Kiptopeke and Little River.[12]
Demise
[edit]In 1956, the PRR and Norfolk Southern tried to get the planned Chesapeake Bay Tunnel to include railroad tracks but were unsuccessful and when the tunnel opened it dealt a serious blow to rail demand on the peninsula.[17]
In 1968 the railroad moved with all of the other PRR properties to the Penn Central, where the NYP&N ceased as an entity. The Penn Central declared bankruptcy just two years later.
Penn Central abandoned the Cape Charles-Kiptopeke branch, which was down to two agricultural supply customers, in 1972.[18] The Nature Conservancy purchased the abandoned right-of-way in 1985 and the track was removed.[2]
The rail line became part of Conrail which first made plans to abandon the rail line south of Pocomoke City, but Northampton and Accomack counties intervened and moved operations between a series of short line railroads. The Virginia and Maryland Railroad owned the line and operated freight service on it between Pocomoke City, Maryland, and Norfolk, Virginia from 1977 to 1981. In 1981 the Eastern Shore Railroad took over operations and, to keep the line running, Northampton and Accomack counties bought the line in 1986. In 2006, Cassatt Management, LLC. took over the ESHR and changed the name to the Bay Coast Railroad.[2] It ceased operations on May 18, 2018 and the Delmarva Central Railroad took over operations. It merged the line from Pocomoke City to Hallwood, Virginia into its Delmarva Subdivision and abandoned the line between Hallwood and Cape Charles.[19] [20] Service on the Norfolk side was taken over by the Buckingham Branch Railroad.[21]
Legacy
[edit]Railroad
[edit]The railroad from Pocomoke City to Hammond is an active rail line owned by Canonie Atlantic Company, which is in turn owned by the Accomack-Northampton Transportation District Commission (A-NTDC). Delmarva Central Railroad operates it.
Rail Trails
[edit]
The Surface Transportation Board approved the abandonment of the Hallwood-Cape Charles section on 31 October 2019 and in 2021 the state began removing the track.[22] In 2020, VDOT produced a feasibility study for converting the railroad into a shared use path.[23] VDOT plans to start work on two segments of the trail, totaling 3.5 miles in length, in Spring 2025 and complete it in Summer 2026.[24]
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which oversees the Eastern Shore National Wildlife Refuge has converted most of the right-of-way between Cape Charles and Kiptopeke into the Southern Tip Bike & Hike Trail and plans to build more. The Nature Conservancy donated part of the easement and land for the trail and the Service constructed 5-miles of trail, in two phases, in 2011 and 2019. The trail extends from the Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge north to Capeville Road in Capeville, Virginia.[25] Future phases are planned to extend the trail all the way to Cape Charles and may or may not use the right-of-way.[26] Along this right-of-way, several bridges and culverts from the railroad remain.[26]
Buildings
[edit]
Several stations remain
- Salisbury Union Station - used for commercial purposes.
- Bloxom railroad station - the Cape Charles Museum and Welcome Center built a replica of this station, including roof supports salvaged from the original building, next to their museum.
- Hopeton Train Station - The former Hopeton, Virginia station was donated to Parksley in 1988, moved there and restored as part of the Eastern Shore Railway museum.[27]
- Onley Historic Train Station - was restored by a local historical group in 2011-15 and is now used by them.[28]
- Belle Haven depot - Depot was moved to Exmore, Virginia, after the Exmore station was destroyed by fire
- Nassawadox depot - Depot was moved to Smith Beach, Virginia where it still stands.[29]
- Cape Junction Depot - used to stand at Cape Junction where the Cape Railroad connected to the NYP&N line, was moved to a nearby farm.[7]
- Townsend Railroad Depot - was moved from it`s original location.[7]
The Cape Charles Museum and Welcome Center collection consists of thousands of photographs, documents and objects, many of which relate to the railroad.[30] The pilot house from the barge Captain Edward Richardson, which used to ferry railcars across the Chesapeake, is located on the grounds next door.[31]
The Cape Charles Railroad yard was cleared for development and all of its contents sold, donated or scrapped.[32]
The owner of the Capeville Station intentionally burned it down in 2018 after the they were issued a dangerous structure notice from Northampton County, but the locked safe was salvaged for the Cape Charles Museum.[7]
See also
[edit]
- Pennsylvania Railroad
- Bay Coast Railroad
- Train ferry: United States for a list of current and former car floats and train ferries
References
[edit]- ^ "New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad (NYP&N)". Retrieved October 2, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad". Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Maryland Railroads Statewide Historic Context" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ Hayman, John (1979). Rails Along The Chesapeake. Marvadel.
- ^ In 1899 Cassatt returned to the PRR as its 7th President.
- ^ a b c "New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad (NYP&N)". Retrieved 4 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Cape Charles Railroad Spur to Southern Tip of Peninsula". 4 May 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ Staufer, Alvin F., Edson, D. William, and Harley, E. Thomas. Pennsy Power lll. Staufer. ISBN 0-944513-10-7
- ^ McGovern, Terry (Winter 2019). "2019 CDSG Annual Conference Special Tour to Fort John Custis and Fisherman Island MR" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Railroad, Table 78". Official Guide of the Railways. 78 (12). National Railway Publication Company. May 1946.
- ^ "Pennsy Would Close 14 Virginia Stations". The Washington Post. 16 August 1949.
- ^ a b "ENDING OF RAIL FERRY OPPOSED". The Baltimore Sun. 12 February 1953.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Railroad, Table 65". Official Guide of the Railways. 90 (7). National Railway Publication Company. December 1957.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Railroad, Table 67". Official Guide of the Railways. 91 (3). National Railway Publication Company. August 1958.
- ^ Schafer, Mike; Solomom, Brian (1997). Pennsylvania Railroad. MBI. p. 52. ISBN 0-7603-0379-7.
- ^ Williams, W.D. (13 June 1946). "A Short History of Cape Charles, Part 1". Northampton Times. University of Virginia. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ "BAY TUNNEL RAIL LINE CONSIDERED:". The Baltimore Sun. 17 August 1956.
- ^ Samuelson, Robert J. (13 February 1972). "Abandoning The Rails of Kiptopeke". The Washington Post.
- ^ Delmarva Central Railroad (PDF) (Map). Carload Express. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
- ^ "Docket No. FD 36196 - Delmarva Central Railroad Company - Change in Operator Exemption - Cassatt Management, LLC d/b/a Bay Coast Railroad" (PDF). Surface Transportation Board. May 29, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- ^ "Norfolk Division". Archived from the original on 2023-08-01. Retrieved 2024-05-03.
- ^ "Railroad track removal begins in Bloxom area". 27 April 2021.
- ^ "Eastern Shore Rail to Trail study". Retrieved 6 December 2024.
- ^ "Eastern Shore Rail to Trail Projects - Cape Charles and Cheriton segments". Retrieved 6 December 2024.
- ^ "Southern Tip Bike & Hike Trail". Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ a b "Southern Tip Phases III and IV Preliminary Engineering Report and Feasibility Study" (PDF). Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ "The Hopeton Passenger Station". Retrieved 11 December 2024.
- ^ "Society for the Preservation of the Onley Train Station". Retrieved 11 December 2024.
- ^ "Nassawadox History Walking Tour" (PDF). Retrieved 11 December 2024.
- ^ "Bloxom Station". Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ "Cape Charles Museum Exhibits". Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ "Railroad Service May Be Gone From Cape Charles, but It Is Remembered at Cape Charles Museum". Eastern Shore Post. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2024.