Wikipedia:Neutral point of view: Difference between revisions
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<h2>The original statement of the neutral point of view policy</h2> |
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<h2>Executive summary</h2> |
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A general purpose encyclopedia is a collection of synthesized knowledge presented from a neutral point of view. To whatever extent possible, encyclopedic writing should steer clear of taking any particular stance '''other than''' the stance of the neutral point of view. |
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Wikipedia has an important policy: roughly stated, you should write |
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articles without bias, representing all views fairly. Wikipedia uses the |
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words "bias" and "neutral" in a special sense! This ''doesn't'' mean that |
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The neutral point of view attempts to present ideas and facts in such a fashion that both supporters and opponents can agree. Of course, 100% agreement is not possible; there are ideologues in the world who will not concede to any presentation other than a forceful statement of their own point of view. We can only seek a type of writing that is agreeable to essentially rational people who may differ on particular points. |
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it's possible to write an article from ''just one'' point of view, ''the'' |
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neutral (unbiased, "objective") point of view. That's a common |
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''misunderstanding'' of the Wikipedia policy. The Wikipedia policy is that |
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Some examples may help to drive home the point I am trying to make. |
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1. An encyclopedic article should not argue that corporations are criminals, even if the author believes it to be so. It should instead present the fact that ''some people'' believe it, and what their reasons are, and then as well it should present what the other side says. |
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2. An encyclopedia article should not argue that laissez-faire capitalism is the best social system. (I happen to believe this, by the way.) It should instead present the arguments of the advocates of that point of view, and the arguments of the people who disagree with that point of view. |
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Perhaps the easiest way to make your writing more encyclopedic, is to write about ''what people believe'', rather than ''what is so''. If this strikes you as somehow subjectivist or collectivist or imperialist, then ask me about it, because I think that you are just mistaken. What people believe is a matter of objective fact, and we can present ''that'' quite easily from the neutral point of view. --[[Jimbo Wales]] |
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---- |
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<h2>New, expanded version of policy statement: executive summary</h2> |
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[[Wikipedia]] has an important policy: roughly stated, you should write |
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articles without bias, representing all views fairly. This is easily |
|||
misunderstood. The policy doesn't assume that it's possible to write an |
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article from ''just one'' point of view, which would be ''the'' one |
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neutral (unbiased, "objective") point of view. The Wikipedia policy is that |
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we should ''fairly represent'' all sides of a dispute, and not make an |
we should ''fairly represent'' all sides of a dispute, and not make an |
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article state, imply, or insinuate that any one side is correct. |
article state, imply, or insinuate that any one side is correct. |
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It's crucial that we work ''together'' to make articles unbiased. It's one of |
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the things that makes Wikipedia work so well. |
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Writing unbiased text is an art that requires practice. |
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The following essay explains this policy in depth, and is the result of |
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much discussion. We strongly encourage you to read it, comment on it, if necessary edit it, and generally come to grips with it. |
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crucial that we work ''together'' to make articles unbiased. It's one of |
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'''Contents of the following document:''' |
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the things that makes Wikipedia work so well. Writing unbiased text is an |
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art that requires practice. The following essay explains this policy in |
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depth, and is the result of much discussion. We strongly encourage you to |
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:Introduction: the basic concept of neutrality and why Wikipedia must be unbiased. What is the neutral point of view? What do we mean by "unbiased" and "neutral"? Alternative formulation of the policy: assert facts, including facts about opinions--but don't assert opinions themselves. Fairness and sympathetic tone. Characterizing opinions of people's artistic and other work. A consequence: writing for the enemy. An example. Objections and clarifications. |
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read and edit it. |
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contradicts other views, its adherents believe that the other views are |
contradicts other views, its adherents believe that the other views are |
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false, and therefore not ''knowledge''. |
''false,'' and therefore not ''knowledge''. Where there is |
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opinionated people who often disagree with each other. Where there is |
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disagreement about what is true, there's disagreement about what constitutes |
disagreement about what is true, there's disagreement about what constitutes |
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surely a well-established sense of the word "knowledge"; in this sense, what |
surely a well-established sense of the word "knowledge"; in this sense, what |
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is "known" |
is "known" changes constantly with the passage of time, and when we use |
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the word "know" in the sense, we often use so-called scare quotes. In the |
the word "know" in the sense, we often use so-called scare quotes. In the |
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fairly, and not make our articles assert any one of them as correct. And |
fairly, and not make our articles assert any one of them as correct. And |
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that is what |
that is what makes an article "unbiased" or "neutral" in the sense |
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we are presenting here. To write from a |
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neutral point of view, one presents controversial views without asserting |
neutral point of view, one presents controversial views without asserting |
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knowledge" according to which a wide variety of conflicting theories |
knowledge" according to which a wide variety of conflicting theories |
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constitute what we call "human knowledge." |
constitute what we call "human knowledge." We should, both individually and |
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collectively, make an effort to |
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present these conflicting theories fairly, without advocating any one of |
present these conflicting theories fairly, without advocating any one of |
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''intellectual independence''. So totalitarian governments and dogmatic |
''intellectual independence''. So totalitarian governments and dogmatic |
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institutions everywhere |
institutions everywhere might find reason to be opposed to Wikipedia, if we |
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succeed in adhering to our nonbias policy: the presentation of many |
succeed in adhering to our nonbias policy: the presentation of many |
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Neutrality subverts dogmatism. This is something that nearly everyone |
Neutrality subverts dogmatism. This is something that nearly everyone |
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working on Wikipedia can agree is a good thing |
working on Wikipedia can agree is a good thing. |
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may question whether such totalitarian opposition is entirely mythical, now |
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and in the future. |
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What we mean isn't obvious, and is easily misunderstood. |
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There are many other possible valid understandings of what "unbiased," "neutral," etc. mean. The notion of "unbiased writing" that informs Wikipedia's policy is "presenting controversial views without asserting them." This needs further clarification, as follows. |
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without asserting them." Unfortunately, not everyone agrees with this definition. So we |
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offer the following clarifications with the hope that they will clear away |
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the many possible different interpretations of what unbiased writing, or writing |
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from a neutral point of view, amounts to. |
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what "neutral point of view" means. The prevailing Wikipedia understanding is that the neutral point of |
what "neutral point of view" means. The prevailing Wikipedia understanding is that the neutral point of |
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view is not a ''point of view'' at all |
view is not a ''point of view'' at all; according to our understanding, when one writes neutrally, |
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one is very careful not to state (or imply or insinuate or carefully but |
one is very careful not to state (or imply or insinuate or carefully but |
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insinuating that one position is correct. But experienced academics, |
insinuating that one position is correct. But experienced academics, |
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polemical writers, and rhetoricians are well-attuned to bias, so that they |
polemical writers, and rhetoricians are well-attuned to bias, both their own and others', so that they can usually spot a description of a debate that tends to favor one side. If they so choose, with some creativity, they can usually remove that bias. |
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can usually spot a description of a debate that tends to favor one side; not |
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to say that they do not operate under certain hidden biases. |
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Now an important qualification. |
Now an important qualification. Articles that compare views need not give minority |
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or as detailed a description as more popular views |
views ''as much'' or as detailed a description as more popular views. We should not |
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attempt to represent a dispute as if a view held |
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by only a small minority of people deserved as much attention as a very |
by only a small minority of people deserved as much attention as a very |
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popular view. That may be misleading as to the shape of the |
popular view. That may be misleading as to the shape of the |
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dispute. If we are to represent the dispute fairly, we |
dispute. If we are to represent the dispute fairly, we should present various |
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competing views in proportion to their |
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representation among experts on the subject, or among the concerned parties. |
representation among experts on the subject, or among the concerned parties. |
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elsewhere. |
elsewhere. |
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Objection: impossible to remove all bias. Indeed, it seems that if we can |
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''detect'' bias, we can, if we are creative, ''remove'' it as well. |
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there is no serious dispute." In this sense, that a survey produced a |
there is no serious dispute." In this sense, that a survey produced a |
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certain published result is a fact. That |
certain published result is a fact. That Mars is a planet is a fact. |
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That 2+2=4 is a fact. That Socrates was a philosopher is a fact. No one |
That 2+2=4 is a fact. That Socrates was a philosopher is a fact. No one |
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are, in fact, false), and there are very often true "opinions," though |
are, in fact, false), and there are very often true "opinions," though |
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necessarily, it seems, more false ones |
necessarily, it seems, there are more false ones. |
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second and third instances we convert that opinion into a fact by |
second and third instances we convert that opinion into a fact by |
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attributing it to someone. In presenting an opinion, moreover, it is important that we bear in mind that there are sometimes even disagreements about how opinions might be best stated; sometimes, it will be necessary to qualify the description of an opinion or to present several formulations, simply to arrive at an overall characterization that fairly represents all the leading views of the situation. |
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attributing it to someone. However, both of those facts are colored by what |
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evidence supports those facts and the semantics behind both statements: the |
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first is a statement gleaned from polls and is thus subject to the facts |
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behind poll-taking; the second is gleaned from the writings of Aquinas, which |
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are very different from polls. And the conception of God in the modern era |
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is very different from that of the age of Aquinas. Fortunately, Wikipedia |
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can have entries on God, Thomas Aquinas, polls, etc., to elucidate these points. |
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say that we should state facts and not opinions. When asserting a fact |
say that we should state facts and not opinions. When asserting a fact |
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''about an opinion,'' it is important ''also'' to assert facts ''about |
''about an opinion,'' it is important ''also'' to assert facts ''about competing opinions,'' and to do so without implying that any one of the |
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competing opinions,'' and to do so without implying that any one of the |
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opinions is correct. It's also generally important to give the facts about |
opinions is correct. It's also generally important to give the facts about |
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If we're going to characterize disputes fairly, |
If we're going to characterize disputes fairly, we should present |
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competing views with a consistently positive, sympathetic tone. A |
competing views with a consistently positive, sympathetic tone. A lot of |
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articles end up as partisan commentary ''even while'' |
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presenting both points of view; this is wrong. Even when a topic is |
presenting both points of view; this is wrong. Even when a topic is |
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other points of view are represented fairly, are violating the nonbias |
other points of view are represented fairly, are violating the nonbias |
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policy ("write unbiasedly"). |
policy ("write unbiasedly"). But the policy entails that it is our job to speak for |
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the other side, and not just represent our own views. If we don't commit |
the other side, and not just represent our own views. If we don't commit |
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The policy ''says,'' "Go thou and write unbiasedly" (or something to that |
The policy ''says,'' "Go thou and write unbiasedly" (or something to that |
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effect). If that ''doesn't'' entail that |
effect). If that ''doesn't'' entail that each of us individually |
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should fairly represent views |
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with which we disagree, then what ''does'' it mean? Maybe you think it |
with which we disagree, then what ''does'' it mean? Maybe you think it |
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means, "Represent your own view fairly, |
means, "Represent your own view fairly, and please allow others to have |
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a say." Maybe that makes a |
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bit of sense as an interpretation--not a lot, but a bit. But consider, if |
bit of sense as an interpretation--not a lot, but a bit. But consider, if |
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is so strongly and explicitly committed to neutrality, that sort of attitude |
is so strongly and explicitly committed to neutrality, that sort of attitude |
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seems totally out of place |
seems totally out of place. |
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strange thing to do. But it's better to view this (otherwise |
strange thing to do. But it's better to view this (otherwise |
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puzzling)behavior as adding the ''best'' (published) arguments of the |
puzzling) behavior as adding the ''best'' (published) arguments of the |
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opposition, preferably citing some prominent person who has actually made |
opposition, preferably citing some prominent person who has actually made |
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also reflects the most common ''misunderstanding'' of the policy (which, by |
also reflects the most common ''misunderstanding'' of the policy (which, by |
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the way, was drafted originally for [[Nupedia]] by a philosopher). The misunderstanding is that the policy says |
the way, was drafted originally for [[Nupedia]] by a philosopher [http://www.nupedia.com/instr/nonbias.html]). The misunderstanding is that the policy says |
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something controversial about the possibility of ''objectivity.'' It simply |
something controversial about the possibility of ''objectivity.'' It simply |
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does not. In particular, the policy does ''not'' say that there |
does not. In particular, the policy does ''not'' say that there even |
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''is'' such a thing as objectivity, a "view from nowhere" (in |
''is'' such a thing as objectivity, a "view from nowhere" (in |
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Before asking it, please review the links below. |
Before asking it, please review the links below. Many issues surrounding the neutrality policy have been covered before very extensively. If you have some new contribution to make to the debate, you could try /Talk. |
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extensively covered before. If you have some new contribution to make to |
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the debate, you could try /Talk. |
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---- |
---- |
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[[Neutral point of view--older version and commentary]] <br> |
[[Neutral point of view--older version and commentary]] <br> |
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[http://www.nupedia.com/instr/nonbias.html The Nupedia policy on lack of bias] <br> |
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[http://meta.wikipedia.com/wiki.phtml?title=Neutral_point_of_view--draft Meta-Wikipedia draft and commentary] |
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[http://meta.wikipedia.com/wiki.phtml?title=Neutral_point_of_view--draft Meta-Wikipedia draft and commentary] <br> |
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[[/Examples]] <br> |
[[/Examples]] <br> |
Revision as of 01:41, 5 January 2002
The original statement of the neutral point of view policy
A general purpose encyclopedia is a collection of synthesized knowledge presented from a neutral point of view. To whatever extent possible, encyclopedic writing should steer clear of taking any particular stance other than the stance of the neutral point of view.
The neutral point of view attempts to present ideas and facts in such a fashion that both supporters and opponents can agree. Of course, 100% agreement is not possible; there are ideologues in the world who will not concede to any presentation other than a forceful statement of their own point of view. We can only seek a type of writing that is agreeable to essentially rational people who may differ on particular points.
Some examples may help to drive home the point I am trying to make.
1. An encyclopedic article should not argue that corporations are criminals, even if the author believes it to be so. It should instead present the fact that some people believe it, and what their reasons are, and then as well it should present what the other side says.
2. An encyclopedia article should not argue that laissez-faire capitalism is the best social system. (I happen to believe this, by the way.) It should instead present the arguments of the advocates of that point of view, and the arguments of the people who disagree with that point of view.
Perhaps the easiest way to make your writing more encyclopedic, is to write about what people believe, rather than what is so. If this strikes you as somehow subjectivist or collectivist or imperialist, then ask me about it, because I think that you are just mistaken. What people believe is a matter of objective fact, and we can present that quite easily from the neutral point of view. --Jimbo Wales
New, expanded version of policy statement: executive summary
Wikipedia has an important policy: roughly stated, you should write
articles without bias, representing all views fairly. This is easily
misunderstood. The policy doesn't assume that it's possible to write an
article from just one point of view, which would be the one
neutral (unbiased, "objective") point of view. The Wikipedia policy is that
we should fairly represent all sides of a dispute, and not make an
article state, imply, or insinuate that any one side is correct.
It's crucial that we work together to make articles unbiased. It's one of
the things that makes Wikipedia work so well.
Writing unbiased text is an art that requires practice.
The following essay explains this policy in depth, and is the result of
much discussion. We strongly encourage you to read it, comment on it, if necessary edit it, and generally come to grips with it.
Contents of the following document:
- Introduction: the basic concept of neutrality and why Wikipedia must be unbiased. What is the neutral point of view? What do we mean by "unbiased" and "neutral"? Alternative formulation of the policy: assert facts, including facts about opinions--but don't assert opinions themselves. Fairness and sympathetic tone. Characterizing opinions of people's artistic and other work. A consequence: writing for the enemy. An example. Objections and clarifications.
Introduction: the basic concept of neutrality and why Wikipedia must be unbiased
A key Wikipedia policy is that
articles should be "unbiased," or written from a "neutral point of view."
We use these terms in a precise way that is different from the common
understanding. It's crucial to grasp what it means to be neutral (in this
sense)--a careful reading of this page will help.
Basically, to write without bias (from a neutral point of view) is to write
so that articles do not advocate any specific points of view; instead, the
different viewpoints in a controversy are all described fairly. This is
a simplistic definition and we'll add nuance later. But for now, we can say
just that to write articles without bias is to try to describe debates
rather than taking one definite stand.
Why should Wikipedia be unbiased?
Wikipedia is a general encyclopedia, which means it is a representation of
human knowledge at some level of generality. But we (humans) disagree about
specific cases; for any topic on which there are competing views, each view
represents a different theory of what the truth is, and insofar as that view
contradicts other views, its adherents believe that the other views are
false, and therefore not knowledge. Where there is
disagreement about what is true, there's disagreement about what constitutes
knowledge. Wikipedia works because it's a collaborative effort; but, whilst
collaborating, how can we solve the problem of endless "edit wars" in which
one person asserts that p, whereupon the next person changes the text so
that it asserts that not-p?
A solution is that we accept, for purposes of working on Wikipedia, that
"human knowledge" includes all different (significant, published)
theories on all different topics. So we're committed to the goal of
representing human knowledge in that sense. Something like this is
surely a well-established sense of the word "knowledge"; in this sense, what
is "known" changes constantly with the passage of time, and when we use
the word "know" in the sense, we often use so-called scare quotes. In the
Middle Ages, we "knew" that the Earth was flat. We now "know" otherwise.
We could sum up human knowledge (in this sense) in a biased way: we'd state
a series of theories about topic T, and then claim that the truth about T is
such-and-such. But again, consider that Wikipedia is an international,
collaborative project. Probably, as we grow, nearly every view on every
subject will (eventually) be found among our authors and readership. To
avoid endless edit wars, we can agree to present each of these views
fairly, and not make our articles assert any one of them as correct. And
that is what makes an article "unbiased" or "neutral" in the sense
we are presenting here. To write from a
neutral point of view, one presents controversial views without asserting
them; to do that, it generally suffices to present competing views in a
way that is more or less acceptable to their adherents, and also to
attribute the views to their adherents.
To sum up the primary reason for this policy: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia,
a compilation of human knowledge. But since Wikipedia is a community-built,
international resource, we surely cannot expect our collaborators to agree
in all cases, or even in many cases, on what constitutes human knowledge in
a strict sense. We can, therefore, adopt the looser sense of "human
knowledge" according to which a wide variety of conflicting theories
constitute what we call "human knowledge." We should, both individually and
collectively, make an effort to
present these conflicting theories fairly, without advocating any one of
them.
There is another reason to commit ourselves to a nonbias policy. Namely,
when it is clear to readers that we do not expect them to adopt any
particular opinion, this is conducive to our readers' feeling free to make
up their own minds for themselves, and thus to encourage in them
intellectual independence. So totalitarian governments and dogmatic
institutions everywhere might find reason to be opposed to Wikipedia, if we
succeed in adhering to our nonbias policy: the presentation of many
competing theories on a wide variety of subjects suggests that we, the
creators of Wikipedia, trust readers' competence to form their own opinions
themselves. Texts that present the merits of multiple viewpoints fairly,
without demanding that the reader accept any one of them, are liberating.
Neutrality subverts dogmatism. This is something that nearly everyone
working on Wikipedia can agree is a good thing.
What is the neutral point of view? What do we mean by "unbiased" and "neutral"?
What we mean isn't obvious, and is easily misunderstood.
There are many other possible valid understandings of what "unbiased," "neutral," etc. mean. The notion of "unbiased writing" that informs Wikipedia's policy is "presenting controversial views without asserting them." This needs further clarification, as follows.
First, and most importantly, consider what it means to say that unbiased
writing presents controversial views without asserting them. Unbiased
writing does not present only the most popular view; it does not
assert the most popular view as being correct after presenting all
views; it does not assert that some sort of intermediate view among the
different views is the correct one (as if the intermediate view were "the
neutral point of view"). Presenting all points of view says, more or less, that
p-ists believe that p, and q-ists believe that q, and that's
where the debate stands at present. Ideally, presenting all points of view also gives a
great deal of background on who believes that p and q and why, and
which view is more popular (being careful, here, not to word the statement
so as to imply that popularity implies correctness). Detailed
articles might also contain the mutual evaluations of the p-ists and the
q-ists, allowing each side to give its "best shot" at the other, but
studiously refraining from saying who won the exchange.
A point here bears elaboration. We said that the neutral point of view is
not, contrary to the seeming implication of the phrase, some actual point
of view on a controversial issue that is "neutral," or "intermediate,"
among the different positions. That represents a particular understanding of
what "neutral point of view" means. The prevailing Wikipedia understanding is that the neutral point of
view is not a point of view at all; according to our understanding, when one writes neutrally,
one is very careful not to state (or imply or insinuate or carefully but
subtly massage the reader into believing) that any particular view at
all is correct.
Another point bears elaboration as well. Writing unbiasedly can be
conceived very well as representing disputes, characterizing them,
rather than engaging in them. One can think of unbiased writing as the
cold, fair, analytical description of debates. Of course, one might well
doubt that this can be done at all without somehow subtly implying or
insinuating that one position is correct. But experienced academics,
polemical writers, and rhetoricians are well-attuned to bias, both their own and others', so that they can usually spot a description of a debate that tends to favor one side. If they so choose, with some creativity, they can usually remove that bias.
Now an important qualification. Articles that compare views need not give minority
views as much or as detailed a description as more popular views. We should not
attempt to represent a dispute as if a view held
by only a small minority of people deserved as much attention as a very
popular view. That may be misleading as to the shape of the
dispute. If we are to represent the dispute fairly, we should present various
competing views in proportion to their
representation among experts on the subject, or among the concerned parties.
None of this, however, is to say that minority views cannot receive as much
attention as we can possibly give them on pages specifically devoted to
those views. There is no size limit to Wikipedia. But even on such pages, though the content of a view is
spelled out possibly in great detail, we still make sure that the view is
not represented as the truth.
Bias per se need not be conscious or particularly partisan. For
example, beginners in a field often fail to realize that what sounds like
uncontroversial common sense is actually biased in favor of one
controversial view. (So we not infrequently need an expert in order to
render the article entirely unbiased.) To take another example, writers
can, without intending it, propagate "geographical" bias, by for example
describing a dispute as it is conducted in the United States (or some
other country) without stating so or knowing that the dispute is framed differently
elsewhere.
Alternative formulation of the policy: assert facts, including facts about opinions--but don't assert opinions themselves
We sometimes give an alternative formulation of the nonbias policy: assert
facts, including facts about opinions--but don't assert opinions themselves.
By "fact," on the one hand, we mean "a piece of information about which
there is no serious dispute." In this sense, that a survey produced a
certain published result is a fact. That Mars is a planet is a fact.
That 2+2=4 is a fact. That Socrates was a philosopher is a fact. No one
seriously disputes any of these things. So Wikipedians can feel free to
assert as many of them as we can. By "opinion," on the other hand, we
mean "a piece of information about which there is some serious dispute."
There's bound to be borderline cases where we're not sure if we should
take a particular dispute seriously; but there are many propositions that
very clearly express opinions. That God exists is an opinion. That the
Beatles were the greatest rock and roll group is an opinion. That
intuitionistic logic is superior to ordinary logic is an opinion. That the
United States was wrong to drop the atomic bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki
is an opinion.
For determining whether something is fact or opinion in this sense, it does
not matter what the actual truth of the matter is; there can at least in
theory be false "facts" (things that everybody agrees upon, but which
are, in fact, false), and there are very often true "opinions," though
necessarily, it seems, there are more false ones.
Wikipedia is devoting to stating facts and only facts, in this sense. Where
we might want to state opinions, we convert that opinion into a fact by
attributing the opinion to someone. So, rather than asserting, "God
exists," which is an opinion, we can say, "Most Americans believe that God
exists," which is a fact, or "Thomas Aquinas believed that God exists,"
which is also a fact. In the first instance we assert an opinion; in the
second and third instances we convert that opinion into a fact by
attributing it to someone. In presenting an opinion, moreover, it is important that we bear in mind that there are sometimes even disagreements about how opinions might be best stated; sometimes, it will be necessary to qualify the description of an opinion or to present several formulations, simply to arrive at an overall characterization that fairly represents all the leading views of the situation.
But it's not enough, to express the Wikipedia nonbias policy, just to
say that we should state facts and not opinions. When asserting a fact
about an opinion, it is important also to assert facts about competing opinions, and to do so without implying that any one of the
opinions is correct. It's also generally important to give the facts about
the reasons behind the views, and to make it clear who holds them. (It's
often best to cite a prominent representative of the view.)
Fairness and sympathetic tone
If we're going to characterize disputes fairly, we should present
competing views with a consistently positive, sympathetic tone. A lot of
articles end up as partisan commentary even while
presenting both points of view; this is wrong. Even when a topic is
presented in terms of facts rather than opinion, an article can still
radiate an implied stance through either selection of which facts to
present, or more subtly their organization--for instance, refuting opposing
views as one goes makes them look a lot worse than collecting them in an
opinions-of-opponents section.
We should, instead, write articles with the tone that all positions
presented are at least plausible. Let's present all competing views
sympathetically. We can write with the attitude that such-and-such is a
good idea, except that, on the view of some detractors, the supporters of
said view overlooked such-and-such a detail. If we can't do that, we will
probably write stuff with so much contempt that subsequent edits are going
to have a hard time doing anything but veiling it.
Characterizing opinions of people's artistic and other work
A special case is the expression of aesthetic opinions. Some Wikipedia
articles about art, artists, and other creative topics (e.g., musicians,
actors, books, video games, etc.) have tended toward the effusive. This is,
we can agree, out of place in an encyclopedia; we might not all be able to
agree that so-and-so is the greatest bass guitar player in history. But it
is very important information indeed how some artist or some work has been
received by the general public, by reviewers, or by some very prominent
experts. Providing an overview of the common interpretations of a creative
work, preferably with citations or references to notable individuals holding
that interpretation, is appropriate. For instance, that Shakespeare is one
of the greatest authors of the English language is an important bit of
knowledge a schoolchild might need to learn from an encyclopedia. Notice,
determining how some artist or work has been received publicly or critically
might require research; but that reception, unlike the idiosyncratic opinion
of the Wikipedia article writer, is an opinion that really matters, for
purposes of an encyclopedia.
A consequence: writing for the enemy
Those who constantly attempt to advocate their own views on politically
charged topics (for example), who seem not to care at all about whether
other points of view are represented fairly, are violating the nonbias
policy ("write unbiasedly"). But the policy entails that it is our job to speak for
the other side, and not just represent our own views. If we don't commit
ourselves to doing that, Wikipedia will be much, much weaker for it. We
should all be engaged in explaining each other's points of view as
sympathetically as possible.
In saying this, we are explicitly spelling out what might have been obvious
to some people from an initial reading of the policy. If each of us
individually is permitted to write totally biased stuff in our Wikipedia
contributions, then how is it possible that the policy is ever violated?
The policy says, "Go thou and write unbiasedly" (or something to that
effect). If that doesn't entail that each of us individually
should fairly represent views
with which we disagree, then what does it mean? Maybe you think it
means, "Represent your own view fairly, and please allow others to have
a say." Maybe that makes a
bit of sense as an interpretation--not a lot, but a bit. But consider, if
we each take responsibility for the entire article when we hit that
"save" button, then when we make a change to an article that represents
our own views but not contrary views, or represents contrary views
unfairly or incompletely (etc.), surely we are adding bias to Wikipedia.
And does it really ever make sense not to take responsibility for the
entire article? Does it make sense to prise out sentences and say, "These
are mine, those are yours"? Perhaps, but in the context of a project that
is so strongly and explicitly committed to neutrality, that sort of attitude
seems totally out of place.
The other side might very well find your attempts to characterize their
views substandard, but it's the thought that counts. In resolving disputes
over neutrality issues, it's far better that we acknowledge that all sides
must be presented fairly, and make at least a college try at presenting the
other sides fairly. That will be appreciated much more than not trying at
all.
"Writing for the enemy" might make it seem as if we were adding
deliberately flawed arguments to Wikipedia, which would be a very
strange thing to do. But it's better to view this (otherwise
puzzling) behavior as adding the best (published) arguments of the
opposition, preferably citing some prominent person who has actually made
the argument in the form in which you present it, stating them as
sympathetically as possible. Academics, e.g., philosophers, do this all the
time.
An example
It might help to consider an example of a biased text and how Wikipedians
have rendered it at least relatively unbiased.
On the abortion page, early in
2001, some advocates had used the page to exchange rhetorical barbs, being
unable to agree about what arguments should be on the page and how the
competing positions should be represented. What was needed--and what was
added--was an in-depth discussion of the different positions about the moral
and legal viability of abortion at different times. This discussion of the
positions was carefully crafted so as not to favor any one of the positions
outlined. This made it rather easier to organize and understand the
competing arguments surrounding the topic of abortion, which were each then
presented sympathetically, each with its strengths and weaknesses.
There are numerous other "success stories" of articles that began life as
virtual partisan screeds but were nicely cleaned up by people who concerned
themselves with representing all views clearly and sympathetically.
Objections and clarifications
What follows is a list of common objections, or questions, regarding
Wikipedia's nonbias policy, followed by replies.
There's no such thing as objectivity. Everybody with any philosophical sophistication knows that. So how can we take the "neutrality" policy seriously? Neutrality, lack of bias, isn't possible.
This is probably the most common objection to the neutrality policy. It
also reflects the most common misunderstanding of the policy (which, by
the way, was drafted originally for Nupedia by a philosopher [1]). The misunderstanding is that the policy says
something controversial about the possibility of objectivity. It simply
does not. In particular, the policy does not say that there even
is such a thing as objectivity, a "view from nowhere" (in
Thomas Nagel's phrase)--such
that articles written from that point of view are consequently
objectively true. That isn't the policy and it is not our aim! Rather, we
employ a different understanding of "neutral" and "unbiased" than many of us
might be used to. The policy is simply that we should do our best to
characterize disputes rather than engage in them. To say this is not to
say anything contentious, from a philosophical point of view; indeed, this
is something that philosophers are doing all the time, even strongly
relativist philosophers. (They are virtually required to be able to first
characterize their opponents' views fairly, in order to avoid being accused
of setting up straw men to knock down.) Sophisticated relativists will
immediately recognize that the policy is perfectly consistent with their
relativism.
If there's anything possibly contentious about the policy along these
lines, it is the implication that it is possible to characterize
disputes fairly, so that all the major participants will be able to look at
the resulting text, agreeing that their views are presented sympathetically
and as completely as possible (within the context of the discussion). It is
an empirical question, not a philosophical one, whether this is possible;
and that such a thing is indeed possible is evident simply by observing
that such texts are being written daily by the most capable academics,
encyclopedists, textbook writers, and journalists.
How are we to write articles about pseudoscientific topics, about which majority scientific opinion is that the pseudoscientific opinion is not credible and doesn't even really deserve serious mention?
If we're going to represent the sum total of "human knowledge"--of what we
believe we know, essentially--then we must concede that we will be
describing views repugnant to us without asserting that they are false.
Things are not, however, as bad as that sounds. The task before us is not
to describe disputes fairly, on some bogus view of fairness that would
have us describe pseudoscience as if were on a par with science; rather, the
task is to represent the majority (scientific) view as the majority view and
the minority (sometimes pseudoscientific) view as the minority view, and,
moreover, to explain how scientists have received pseudoscientific theories.
This is all in the purview of the task of describing a dispute fairly.
There is a minority of Wikipedians who feel so strongly about this problem,
however, that they believe Wikipedia should adopt a "scientific point of
view" rather than a "neutral point of view." What these people have failed
to establish, however, is that there is really a need for such a policy,
given that the scientists' view of pseudoscience can be clearly, fully,
and fairly explained to those who might be misled by pseudoscience.
What about views that are morally offensive to most Westerners, such as racism, sexism, and Holocaust denial, that some people actually have? Surely we are not to be neutral about them?
We can certainly include long discussions that present our moral repugnance
to such things; in doing so, we can maintain a healthy, consistent support
for the neutral point of view by attributing the view to some prominent
representatives or to some group of people. Others will be able to make up
their own minds and, being reasonable, surely come around to our view.
Those who harbor racism, sexism, etc., will surely not be convinced to
change their views based on a biased article, which only puts them on the
defensive; on the other hand, if we make a concerted effort to apply our
nonbias policy consistently, we might give those with morally repugnant
beliefs insight that will change those views.
But wait. I find the optimism about science vs. pseudo-science to be baseless. History has shown that pseudo-science can beat out facts, as those who rely on pseudo-science use lies, slander, innuendo and numercial majorities of its followers to force their views on the anyone they can. If this project gives equal validity to those who literally claim that the Earth is flat, or those who claim that the Holocaust never occured, the result is that it will (inadvertently) legitimize and help promote that which only can be termed evil.
Please be clear on one thing: the Wikipedia neutrality policy certainly
does not state, or imply, that we must "give equal validity" to
completely repugnant views. It does state that we must not take a stand on
them qua encyclopedia writers; but that does not stop us from
representing the majority views as such; from fairly explaining the
strong arguments against the repugnant views; from describing the strong
moral repugnance that many decent people feel toward them; and so forth.
Hence, on the one hand, Wikipedia does not officially take a stand even on
such obvious issues, but on the other, it will not look as though we (the
authors of Wikipedia) had accorded equal credibility to morally repugnant
views. Given that the authors of Wikipedia represent a rough cross-section
of the educated public, our readers can expect us to have a similar
cross-section of opinion about extremism: most of us abhor it.
Wikipedia seems to have an Americo-centric point of view. Isn't this contrary to the neutral point of view?
Yes, it certainly is, and it has no defenders on Wikipedia. The presence of
articles written from an exclusively United States point of view is merely a
reflection of the fact that there are many Americans working on the project,
which in turn is merely a reflection of the fact that the (English) project
is being conducted in English and that so many Americans are online.
This is an ongoing problem that can be corrected by active collaboration
from people outside of the U.S., of whom there are many.
The neutrality policy is used sometimes as an excuse to delete texts that are perceived as biased. Isn't this a problem?
In many cases, yes. Most of us believe that the mere fact that some
text is biased is not enough, by itself, to delete the text outright. If it
contains perfectly valid information, the text should simply be edited
accordingly, and certainly not deleted.
There's sometimes trouble determining whether some claim is true or useful,
particularly when there are few people on board who know about the topic.
In such a case, it's a good idea to raise objections on a talk page; if
one has some reason to believe that the author of the biased material will
not be induced to change it, we have sometimes taken to removing the text to
the talk page itself (but certainly not deleting it entirely). But the
latter should be done more or less as a last resort, never merely as a way
of punishing people who have written something biased.
I agree with the nonbias policy but there are some here who seem completely, irremediably biased. I have to go around and clean up after them. What do I do?
This is a very difficult question.
Unless the case is really egregious, maybe the best thing is to call
attention to the problem publicly, pointing the perpetrators to this page
(but politely--one gets
more flies with honey) and asking others to help. If the problem is
really serious, Larry Sanger might be enlisted to
beat the person over the head (so to speak) and, in the most recalcitrant
cases, ask them to leave the project. There must surely be a point beyond
which our very strong interest in being a completely open project is
trumped by the interest the vast majority of our writers have, in being able
to get work done without constantly having to fix the intrusions of people
who do not respect our policy.
How can we avoid constant and endless warfare over neutrality issues?
Would that people asked this question more often. We should never
debate about how Wikipedia should be biased. It shouldn't be biased
at all.
The best way to avoid warfare over bias is to remember that we are all
reasonably intelligent, articulate people here, or we wouldn't be working on
this and caring so much about it. We have to make it our goal to
understand each others' perspectives and to work hard to make sure that
those other perspectives are fairly represented. When any dispute arises as
to what the article "should" say or what is "true," we must not adopt an
adversarial stance; we must do our best to step back and ask ourselves,
"How can this dispute be fairly characterized?" This has to be asked
repeatedly as each new controversial point is stated. It is not our job to
edit Wikipedia so that it reflects our own idiosyncratic views and then
defend those edits against all comers; it is our job to work together,
mainly adding new content, but also, when necessary, coming to a compromise
about how a controversy should be described, so that it is fair to all
sides.
What about the case where, in order to write any of a long series of articles on some general subject, we must make some controversial assumptions? That's the case, e.g., in writing about evolution. Surely we won't have to hash out the evolution-vs.-creationism debate on every such page?
No, surely not. There are virtually no topics that could not proceed
without making some assumptions that someone would find controversial.
This is true not only in evolutionary biology, but also philosophy, history,
physics, etc.
It is difficult to draw up general principles on which to rule in specific
cases, but the following might help: there is probably not a good reason to
discuss some assumption on a given page, if an assumption is best discussed
in depth on some other page. Some brief, unobtrusive pointer might be
apropos, however. E.g., in an article about the evolutionary development of
horses, we might have one brief sentence to the effect that some
creationists do not believe that horses (or any other animals) underwent any
evolution, and point the reader to the relevant article. If there is much
specific argumentation on some particular point, it might be placed on a
special page of its own.
I'm not convinced by what you say about "writing for the enemy." I don't want to write for the enemy. Most of them rely on stating as fact many things which are demonstrably false. Are you saying that, to be neutral in writing an article, I must lie, in order to faithfully represent the view I disagree with?
This is a misunderstanding what the neutrality policy says. You aren't
claiming anything, except to say, "So-and-so argues that such-and-such,
twiddle dee dee, and therefore, QED." This can be done with a straight
face, with no moral compunctions, because you are attributing the claim
to someone else. That's the important thing here! If we are summing up
human knowledge on a subject, in the sense above-defined, then you are
leaving out important information when you omit so-and-so's
argument.
It's worth observing that, at least in the humanities, scholars are trained
so that, even when trying to prove a point, one must bring forth
counter-arguments that seem to disprove one's thesis, so that one can
explain why the counter-arguments fail. Such scholarly training also gives
one a better knowledge of source material and what may have been rejected
over the years. Something very much like the neutral point of view is just
an assumption (more or less) among scholars--if it isn't adhered to, or if
only those facts that prove a particular point are used, one might lose
one's position and reputation.
I have some other objection. Where should I ask it?
Before asking it, please review the links below. Many issues surrounding the neutrality policy have been covered before very extensively. If you have some new contribution to make to the debate, you could try /Talk.
See also:
Neutral point of view--older version and commentary
The Nupedia policy on lack of bias
Meta-Wikipedia draft and commentary
Most controversial subjects in wikipedia
Words that should not be used in wikipedia articles
Wikipedia commentary/Faith vs science with regard to the Wikipedia