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Beijing National Stadium

Coordinates: 39°59′30″N 116°23′26″E / 39.99167°N 116.39056°E / 39.99167; 116.39056
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(Redirected from National Stadium in Beijing)
For the indoor stadium in Beijing, see National Indoor Stadium.

National Stadium
国家体育场·鸟巢
Bird's Nest
Exterior view of the stadium
Map
Full nameNational Stadium
Location1 National Stadium South Road, Beijing, China
Public transitBeijing Subway  8   15  Olympic Park
Beijing Subway  8  Olympic Sports Center
Executive suites140
Capacity80,000 (91,000 with temporary seats)[2]
Record attendance89,102 (Nigeria–Argentina Olympic football match, 23 August 2008)
SurfaceGrass, All-weather running track
Construction
Broke ground24 December 2003; 21 years ago (2003-12-24)
Built2003–2008
Opened28 June 2008; 16 years ago (2008-06-28)
Construction costCN¥2.3 billion
ArchitectHerzog & de Meuron[1]
ArupSport
China Architectural Design & Research Group
Ai Weiwei (Artistic consultant)
Structural engineerArup[1]
Tenants
China national football team (selected matches)
China women's national football team (selected matches)
China national basketball team (2009–2010)
Website
n-s.cn
Beijing National Stadium
Simplified Chinese北京国家体育场
Traditional Chinese北京國家體育場
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinBěijīng Guójiā Tǐyùchǎng
Wade–GilesPěichīng Kwóchiā T'ǐyǜch'ǎng
Yale RomanizationBěijīng Gwójyā Tǐyùchǎng
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationBàk gìng Gwok gà Tái yuhk chèuhng
JyutpingBak1ging1 Gwok3gaa1 Tai2juk6coeng4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJPak-kiaⁿ Kok-ka Thái-io̍k-tiûⁿ
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese鸟巢
Traditional Chinese鳥巢
Literal meaningBird's Nest
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinNiǎo Cháo
Wade–GilesNiǎo Ch'áo
Yale RomanizationNyǎu Cháu
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationNíuh Chàauh
JyutpingNiu5 Caau4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJChiáu Châu

The National Stadium[3] (国家体育场), a.k.a. the Bird's Nest (鸟巢),[4] is a stadium at Olympic Green in Chaoyang, Beijing, China. The National Stadium, covering an area of 204,000 square meters with 91,000 capacity, broke ground in December 2003, officially started construction in March 2004, and was completed in June 2008.[5]

The National Stadium is owned and operated by a partnership company between Beijing Municipal State-owned Assets Management Co Ltd (58%) and CITIC Group (42%).[6]

The stadium was designed for the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. It was also used during the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.

Bird's nest at night during 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games

History

[edit]
Bird's Nest in 2008

Located at the Olympic Green in Beijing, the stadium cost US$428 million. The design was awarded to a submission from the Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron in April 2003 after a bidding process that included 13 final submissions. The design, which originated from the study of Chinese ceramics, implemented steel beams in order to hide supports for the retractable roof; giving the stadium the appearance of a bird's nest. Leading Chinese artist Ai Weiwei was the artistic consultant on the project.[7] The retractable roof was later removed from the design after inspiring the stadium's most recognizable aspect. Ground was broken on 24 December 2003 and the stadium officially opened on 28 June 2008. A shopping mall and a hotel are planned to be constructed to increase use of the stadium, which has had trouble attracting events, football and otherwise, after the Olympics.[8]

Bidding

[edit]

In 2001, before Beijing had been awarded the games, the city held a bidding process to select the best arena design. Multiple requirements including the ability for post-Olympics use, a retractable roof, and incredibly low maintenance costs, were required of each design.[9] The entry list was narrowed to thirteen final designs.[10] Of the final thirteen, Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research Group (CADG), said after he placed the model of the "nest" proposal at the exhibition hall and saw the rival entries he thought to himself, "We will win this."[9] The model was approved as the top design by a professional panel and later exhibited to the public. Once again, it was selected as the top design.[9] The "nest scheme" design became official in April 2003.[9]

Design

[edit]
Under construction in September 2007

Why does a Chinese bowl or a Chinese window have this kind of pattern? Maybe the Chinese people like things to appear in this irregular way, but underneath there are very clear rules. The Bird's Nest developed in this way.

— Li Xinggang, head architect of CADG[11]

Beijing National Stadium (BNS) was a joint venture among architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron, project architect Stefan Marbach and CADG, which was led by chief architect Li Xinggang.[12] During their first meeting in 2003, at Basel, the group decided to do something unlike Herzog and de Meuron had traditionally designed. "China wanted to have something new for this very important stadium," Li stated.[12] In an effort to design a stadium that was "porous" while also being "a collective building, a public vessel",[11] the team studied Chinese ceramics.[13] This line of thought brought the team to the "nest scheme".[11] The stadium consists of two independent structures, standing 50 feet apart:[1] a red concrete seating bowl and the outer steel frame around it.[11]

In an attempt to hide steel supports for the retractable roof, required in the bidding process, the team developed the "random-looking additional steel" to blend the supports into the rest of the stadium.[11] Twenty-four trussed columns encase the inner bowl,[14] each one weighing 1,000 tons.[9] Despite the random appearance of the Stadium, each half is nearly symmetrical.[15] After a collapse of a roof at the Charles de Gaulle Airport,[9] Beijing reviewed all major projects. It was decided to eliminate the retractable roof, the original inspiration for the "nest" design,[9] as well as 9,000 seats from the design.[15] The removal of the elements helped to bring the project under the reduced construction budget of $290 million, from an original $500 million.[9] With the removal of the retractable roof, the building was lightened, which helped it stand up to seismic activity; however, the upper section of the roof was altered to protect fans from weather.[15] Enerpac was granted the contract to perform the stage lifting and lowering of the stadium roof as part of the construction process.[16] China National Electric Engineering Co Ltd and China National Mechanical Engineering Corporation lifted and welded the steel structure. Due to the stadium's outward appearance, it was nicknamed "The Bird's Nest". The phrase was first used by Herzog & de Meuron, though the pair still believes "there should be many ways of perceiving a building."[11] The use is a compliment Li explained, "In China, a bird's nest is very expensive, something you eat on special occasions."[9]

Construction

[edit]

Construction of the stadium proceeded in several distinct phases, the first phase involving the construction of a concrete supporting structure upon the concrete foundations laid for the construction site. This was followed by the phased installation of the curved steel frame surrounding the stadium, which is largely self-supporting. This phased installation involved the interconnection of sections of the curved steel frame constructed in Shanghai and transported to Beijing for assembly and welding. The entire structure of interconnected sections was welded together as the primary means of interconnection used to assemble the entire surrounding nest structure. Upon removal of the supporting columns used for the purpose of expediting the assembly of the interconnecting sections, the completed nest structure as a whole settled approximately 27  cm to attain full stability before the interior design and construction of the stadium could be installed and completed.[17]

Completion

[edit]

Ground was broken, at the Olympic Green,[18] for Beijing National Stadium on 24 December 2003.[19] At its height, 17,000 construction workers worked on the stadium.[20] Portraits of 143 migrant workers at the construction site were featured in the book Workers (Gong Ren) by artist Helen Couchman. On 1 January 2008, The Times reported that 10 workers had died throughout construction; despite denial from the Chinese government.[21] However, in a story the following week, Reuters, with the support of the Chinese government, reported that only two workers had died.[20] All 121,000 tons of steel were made in China. On 14 May 2008 the grass field of 7,811 square meters was laid in 24 hours.[22] The field is a modular turf system by GreenTech ITM.[23] Building the Beijing Olympic Field Beijing National Stadium officially opened at a ceremony on 28 June 2008.[24]

Features and events

[edit]
The 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. The cauldron that would burn for the duration of the games is pictured on the left hand side, hidden in darkness away from the spectators.

The eastern and western stands of Beijing National Stadium are higher than northern and southern stands, in order to improve sightlines.[25] A 24-hour-per-day rainwater collector is located near the stadium; after water is purified, it is used throughout and around the stadium.[26][27] Pipes placed under the playing surface gather heat in the winter to warm the stadium and disperse heat in the summer to cool the stadium.[28] The stadium's design originally planned to have capacity of 100,000 people; however, 9,000 were removed during a simplification of the design. The new total of 91,000 was shaved further when 11,000 temporary seats were removed after the 2008 Summer Olympics; decreasing the stadium's capacity to current 80,000.[29][30] The farthest seat is 460 feet (140 meters) from center field.[1][28] Temperature and airflow of every surface were optimized to increase ventilation.[28]

Beijing National Stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, athletic events, and football final of the 2008 Summer Olympics from 8 to 24 August 2008.[3] The stadium also hosted the Opening and Closing ceremonies and athletic events of the 2008 Summer Paralympics from 6 to 17 September 2008.[3] Though designed for track and field events of the Olympics, the stadium continued to host sporting events, such as football, afterwards.[15] A shopping mall and a hotel, with rooms overlooking the field, are planned to help increase use after the Olympics.[1] Li stated, "This will become the most important public space in Beijing."[1]

Although ignored by the Chinese media, design consultant Ai Weiwei has voiced his anti-Olympics views and distanced himself from the project, saying, "I've already forgotten about it. I turn down all the demands to have photographs with it," and that it is part of a "pretend smile" of bad taste.[31][32][33][34]

Football

[edit]

China men's and women's team has not played any matches since the opening of the stadium.

On its first anniversary, 8 August 2009, the stadium hosted a performance of the opera Turandot, and the 2009 Supercoppa Italiana (Italian Super Cup) final, the traditional curtain raiser to the Italian football league season.[35] In August 2011, the Bird's Nest once again hosted the Supercoppa Italiana, the stadium's second in three years, and also in 2012.

The Beijing Guo’an football club was scheduled to play at the stadium, but later backed out of their agreement, citing the embarrassment of using an 80,000+ seat venue for games that routinely draw only slightly more than 10,000.[8][36]

In July 2010, the stadium hosted a friendly football match between Football League Championship team Birmingham City and Beijing Guoan as a part of Birmingham's pre-season trip to China, homeland of the club's owner Carson Yeung. Birmingham City recorded a 1–0 victory in the game.[37]

Arsenal and Manchester City played each other in the inaugural 'China Cup', a one-off match in Beijing's played on 27 July 2012. Manchester City won the match with a score of 2–0.[38]

On 25 July 2016 Manchester City were scheduled to meet Manchester United as part of the 2016 International Champions Cup. However the game was cancelled due to heavy rain soaking the pitch, poor pitch conditions due to fungus and the pitch being relaid with turf.[39][40]

On 22 July 2017, Arsenal and Chelsea played against each other in a friendly match.[41]

After China became the host of the 2023 AFC Asian Cup on 4 June 2019 which the stadium was originally intended as the Beijing venue, but it was replaced by Workers' Stadium on 4 January 2020. However, on 14 May 2022, AFC announced that China would not be able to host the tournament due to the exceptional circumstances caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[42]

Other sports events

[edit]
The stage for the 2017 League of Legends World Championship finals between SK Telecom T1 and Samsung Galaxy

The stadium hosted the 2009 Race of Champions motor racing carnival.[43] In 2014 and 2015, the FIA Formula E Championship motor racing series hosted the Beijing ePrix at the Beijing Olympic Park.

On 1 November 2010, the IAAF announced that the 2015 World Championships in Athletics would take place at the Beijing National Stadium.[44] and the event will return to the same stadium in 2027.[45]

On 29 July 2017, the stadium hosted Monster Jam and the Stadium Super Trucks, marking the first Chinese race for both racing series. Chinese driver Li Ya Tao was among the ten drivers competing in the Stadium Super Truck race.[46]

On 4 November 2017, the stadium hosted the League of Legends World Championship 2017 Finals.[47]

Concerts

[edit]

Jackie Chan was the first artist to hold a pop concert at the stadium on 2 April 2009.

"King of Chinese Pop" Wang Leehom held the first solo pop concert at the stadium on 14 April 2012 for a sold-out crowd of 90,000 fans.[48] Taiwanese band Mayday performed at the stadium for two nights from 29 to 30 April 2012, as part of their Mayday No Where Tour. They were the first band ever to hold two-day concerts at the stadium. They returned in August 2013 to hold one show as part of their Mayday Now Here Tour. They came back to the stadium to hold their three shows of their Just Rock It!!! World Tour in August 2016 and five shows of their Mayday Life Tour in August 2017 and 2018. They returned in August 2019 to hold three shows of their Just Rock It!!! World Tour to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the release of their first album in 1999.

Korean pop artists under S.M. Entertainment including Kangta, BoA, TVXQ, Super Junior (Super Junior-M), Girls' Generation, SHINee, f(x), EXO, Zhang Liyin, and Tasty performed at the stadium for the first time on 19 October 2013 as part of the SMTown Live World Tour III.

Chinese pop star Jason Zhang held the Future Live concert at the stadium on 11 August 2018.

Chinese pop and rock star Hua Chenyu was the first solo artist under 30 to hold a concert, let alone two, on 8 September 2018, to 9 September 2018.

Since 2014, the finals for the Chinese singing competition The Voice of China and Sing! China, based on the hit international singing competition The Voice, were held at the stadium. The finals were usually held on either 7 October or on a Sunday of the Golden Week to commemorate the event.

Pageants

[edit]

In 4th quarter of 2017, this stadium is also open for both local & international pageant events.

Post-Olympics legacy

[edit]

On 12 January 2009 the venue's owners announced plans for the stadium to anchor a shopping and entertainment complex. These plans, having been developed by operator CITIC Group, were projected to take three to five years to achieve. The stadium also continues to function as a tourist attraction, while hosting sports and entertainment events.[36] However, by 2013 the stadium had fallen into visual disrepair and was criticized as appearing rusty and neglected by visitors to Beijing.

In 2009, the stadium was the site of a Pit Stop for the double-length penultimate leg in the 14th season of The Amazing Race.[49] In 2010, an Olympic-themed Detour was held here in the fifth leg of the first season of The Amazing Race: China Rush.[50] Later in 2016, the first leg of the third season of The Amazing Race China featured a Roadblock where a team member reenacted a dancing segment from the opening ceremony.[51]

The National Stadium was intended to be a Monument of New China, expected to be visited by millions of tourists and showcased through an array of media representations.[52]

In spite of the lack of significant events, the stadium appears to be quite profitable, drawing some 20,000 to 30,000 people a day at the price of a 50 yuan admission.[53] In 2010 it was used as a snow theme park.[54] The venue costs approximately $9 million to maintain per year.[8][36]

The stadium was used for the finals of the 2017 League of Legends World Championship.[55] This included performances by Jay Chou.

The stadium was used to host "The Great Journey", an art performance marking the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party on 1 July 2021.[56]

2022 Winter Olympics

[edit]

The stadium was used for the opening and closing ceremonies of 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics. It is the only stadium to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics and Paralympics opening and closing ceremonies.[8]

  • The Beijing National Stadium at night during the Summer Olympics
    The Beijing National Stadium at night during the Summer Olympics
  • Inside of the stadium during the 2008 Summer Olympics
    Inside of the stadium during the 2008 Summer Olympics
  • Interior view of the stadium
    Interior view of the stadium
  • 2008 Summer Olympics flame
    2008 Summer Olympics flame
  • 2008 Summer Olympics flame
    2008 Summer Olympics flame
  • Detail of the exterior
    Detail of the exterior
  • Architectural detail of the stadium's exterior
    Architectural detail of the stadium's exterior
  • Entrance during the 2008 Summer Olympics
    Entrance during the 2008 Summer Olympics
  • Beijing National Stadium at night
    Beijing National Stadium at night
  • Golden hall, the lounge for national leaders
    Golden hall, the lounge for national leaders
  • Silver hall, the lounge for IOC officials
    Silver hall, the lounge for IOC officials

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Pasternack 2008, pp. 98
  2. ^ "Bird's Nest Beijing: Beijing National Stadium, How to Visit Bird's Nest, Location".
  3. ^ a b c "The National Stadium". Competition Venues. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
  4. ^ "鸟巢 - 鸟巢官网,国家体育场,国家体育馆,奥运-国家体育场官方网站". www.n-s.cn. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  5. ^ "2015京台基礎教育論壇校長峰會 2015 Beijing–Taiwan Basic Education Forum Principal Summit" (PDF). 臺中市政府 Taichung City Government. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  6. ^ "国家体育场："鸟巢"--嵊州新闻网". Zhejiang Online. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  7. ^ "China's New Faces: Ai Weiwei". BBC News. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d Demick, Barbara (22 February 2009). "Beijing's Olympic building boom becomes a bust". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lubow, Arthur (6 May 2006). "The China Syndrome". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  10. ^ "Presentation of Competation". Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Pasternack 2008, pp. 94
  12. ^ a b Pasternack 2008, pp. 93
  13. ^ Pasternack 2008, pp. 93–4
  14. ^ Pasternack 2008, pp. 94, 7
  15. ^ a b c d Pasternack 2008, pp. 97
  16. ^ "The Engineer". Enerpac Helps the Beijing's 'Bird Nest' to Stand on its own two feet. 13 March 2007. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  17. ^ National Geographic Megastructures. Beijing National Stadium. 8 April 2014. [1] Archived 27 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ^ Goldberger, Paul (2 June 2008). "Out of the Blocks". The Sky Line. The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  19. ^ "Milestones in the construction of the Bird's Nest". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 28 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
  20. ^ a b Mulvenney, Nick; Alex Richardson (28 January 2008). "Beijing says 2 died in Bird's Nest construction". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  21. ^ "China hushes up Olympic deaths". The Times. London. 20 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  22. ^ "Asia's first mobile turf installed in world's biggest 'nest'". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 29 June 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  23. ^ https://www.canr.msu.edu Archived 24 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine › C...PDF
  24. ^ "Newly completed National Stadium welcomes guests". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 28 June 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
  25. ^ "Architect: After-Games use is taken into consideration". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 28 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  26. ^ "Bird's Nest welcomes rain". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 29 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  27. ^ "A green Bird's Nest". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 22 May 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  28. ^ a b c "Bird's Nest: Personalized design furnishes best experience for the audience". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 28 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  29. ^ "Beijing National Stadium, Olympic Green". East Asia. Arup. Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  30. ^ "Boxes inside 'Bird's Nest'". National Stadium. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. 29 June 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  31. ^ Cooper, Rafi (6 July 2008). "Cultural revolutionary". The Observer. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  32. ^ "Artist behind Beijing's 'bird's nest' stadium boycotts Olympics". CBC News. 11 August 2007. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  33. ^ "Stadium designer blasts China Olympics". Al Jazeera. 6 July 2008. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
  34. ^ "Chinese architect slams Olympic 'pretend smile'". CNN. 13 August 2007. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  35. ^ "Italian Supercoppa 2009 in Beijing". Italian-Calcio Blog. 24 December 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
  36. ^ a b c "Beijing's Bird's Nest to anchor shopping complex". ABC News/Associated Press. 30 January 2009. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
  37. ^ "Birmingham enjoy friendly win". Italian-Calcio Blog. 21 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  38. ^ "Arsenal and Man City to play in Beijing". Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  39. ^ "Manchester 'derby' friendly called off in Beijing". Sky Sports. 25 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  40. ^ "Manchester derby in China cancelled due to weather and state of pitch". eurosport.com. 25 July 2016. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  41. ^ https://www.itv.com/news/2017-07-22/chelsea-beat-arsenal-3-0-in-pre-season-friendly-in-beijing/ Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Arsenal v. Chelsea
  42. ^ "Important update on AFC Asian Cup 2023™ hosts". Asian Football Confederation. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  43. ^ "Race of Champions moves to Beijing". Autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. 16 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  44. ^ "Beijing selected to host 2015 World Championships". iaaf.org. IAAF. 20 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  45. ^ Beijing to host 2027 World Athletics Championships after Italy withdraws bid CBC News
  46. ^ "Stadium SUPER Trucks To Race in Beijing, China With Monster Jam". Stadium Super Trucks. 27 July 2017. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  47. ^ "League of Legends 2017 International Events". Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  48. ^ "Pop sensation Wang Lee-hom rocks "Bird's Nest" - China.org.cn". Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  49. ^ "Amazing Race 14 Episode 11 Recap". Reality Wanted. 4 May 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  50. ^ "Let the race begin! 'Amazing Race: China Rush' airs this weekend". CNN Go. 6 August 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  51. ^ 霍启刚郭晶晶"妇唱夫随" 为推广奥运献综艺首秀 (in Chinese). People's Daily. 8 July 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  52. ^ Kang, Jaeho; Traganou, Jilly (2011). "The Beijing National Stadium as Media-space". Design and Culture. 3 (2): 145–163. doi:10.2752/175470811X13002771867761. S2CID 143762612.
  53. ^ "China tourists twig to Beijing's Bird's Nest". uk.Reuters.com. Reuters UK. 22 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  54. ^ "In pictures: Bird's Nest winter wonderland". BBC News. 5 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
  55. ^ "LoL Esports". www.lolesports.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  56. ^ "China to broadcast art performance marking CPC centenary". SHINE(Shanghai Daily). Xinhua News Agency. 1 July 2021. Archived from the original on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.

Sources

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[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beijing National Stadium.

39°59′30″N 116°23′26″E / 39.99167°N 116.39056°E / 39.99167; 116.39056

Preceded by Summer Olympics
Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium)
2008 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Olympic Stadium
Athens
 Summer Olympics
Athletics competitions
Main venue
2008 		Succeeded by
Olympic Stadium
London
Preceded by
Olympic Stadium
Athens
 Summer Olympics
Men's football gold medal match venue
2008 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Olympic Stadium
Athens
 Summer Paralympics
Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium)
2008 		Succeeded by
Olympic Stadium
London
Preceded by
Olympic Stadium
Athens
 Summer Olympics
Athletics competitions
Main venue
2008 		Succeeded by
Olympic Stadium
London
Preceded by World Championships in Athletics
Main venue
2015 		Succeeded by
Preceded by League of Legends World Championship
Final venue
2017 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Winter Olympics
Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium)
2022 		Succeeded by
San Siro, Milan (opening)
Verona Arena, Verona (closing)
Preceded by Winter Paralympics
Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium)
2022 		Succeeded by
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